I am an archaeologist and historical anthropologist of the Andean region of South America, with interests that center on the lived experiences of indigenous communities across the Spanish invasion of the Americas—how new kinds of people, places, and landscapes emerged through serial colonization by the Inkas and the Spanish. My work analytically integrates archaeological and documentary information sources through geospatial frameworks.
Archaeological surveys conducted through the inspection of high-resolution satellite imagery prom... more Archaeological surveys conducted through the inspection of high-resolution satellite imagery promise to transform how archaeologists conduct large-scale regional and supra-regional research. However, conducting manual surveys of satellite imagery is labour- and time-intensive, and low target prevalence substantially increases the likelihood of miss-errors (false negatives). In this article, the authors compare the results of an imagery survey conducted using artificial intelligence computer vision techniques (Convolutional Neural Networks) to a survey conducted manually by a team of experts through the Geo-PACHA platform (for further details of the project, see Wernke et al. 2023). Results suggest that future surveys may benefit from a hybrid approach—combining manual and automated methods—to conduct an AI-assisted survey and improve data completeness and robustness.
Recent archaeological research in the Andes suggests that Indigenous herders carefully managed th... more Recent archaeological research in the Andes suggests that Indigenous herders carefully managed their environments through the modification of local hydrology and vegetation. However, the limited geographical scale of previous research makes it challenging to assess the range and prevalence of pastoralist land management in the Andes. In this article, the authors utilise large-scale, systematic imagery survey to examine the distribution and environmental contexts of corrals and pastoralist settlements in Huancavelica, Peru. Results indicate that corrals and pastoralist settlements cluster around colonial and present-day settlements and that a statistically significant relationship exists between pastoral infrastructure and perennial vegetation. This highlights the utility of remote survey for the identification of trans-regional patterns in herder-environment relationships that are otherwise difficult to detect.
The north coast of Peru is among the most extensively surveyed regions in the world, yet variatio... more The north coast of Peru is among the most extensively surveyed regions in the world, yet variation in research questions, sampling strategies and chronological and geospatial controls among survey projects makes comparison of disparate datasets difficult. To contextualise these issues, the authors present a systematic survey of satellite imagery focusing on hilltop fortifications in the Jequetepeque and Santa Valleys. This digital recontextualisation of pedestrian survey data demonstrates the potential of hybrid methodologies to substantially expand both the identification of archaeological sites within difficult terrain and, consequently, our understanding of the function of defensive sites.
Fog oases (lomas) present pockets of verdant vegetation within the arid coastal desert of Andean ... more Fog oases (lomas) present pockets of verdant vegetation within the arid coastal desert of Andean South America and archaeological excavation within some of the oases has revealed a long history of human exploitation of these landscapes. Yet lomas settlements are under-represented in archaeological datasets due to their tendency to be located in remote inter-valley areas. Here, the authors employ satellite imagery survey to map the locations of anthropogenic surface features along the central Peruvian coast. They observe two categories of archaeological features, large corrals and clustered structures, and document a concentration of settlement features within lomas landscapes that suggests a pre-Hispanic preference for both short- and long-term occupation of these verdant oases.
In the Andean highlands, hilltop fortifications known as pukaras are common. Dating predominantly... more In the Andean highlands, hilltop fortifications known as pukaras are common. Dating predominantly to the Late Intermediate Period (AD 1000–1450), pukaras are important to archaeological characterisations of a political landscape shaped by conflict but the distribution of these key sites is not well understood. Here, the authors employ systematic satellite imagery survey to provide a contiguous picture of pukara distribution on an inter-regional scale covering 151 103km2 in the south-central highlands of Peru. They highlight the effectiveness of such survey at identifying pukaras and capturing regional variability in size and residential occupation, and the results demonstrate that satellite surveys of high-visibility sites can tackle research questions at larger scales of analysis than have previously been possible.
Imagery-based survey is capable of producing archaeological datasets that complement those collec... more Imagery-based survey is capable of producing archaeological datasets that complement those collected through field-based survey methods, widening the scope of analysis beyond regions. The Geospatial Platform for Andean Culture, History and Archaeology (GeoPACHA) enables systematic registry of imagery survey data through a ‘federated’ approach. Using GeoPACHA, teams pursue problem-specific research questions through a common data schema and interface that allows for inter-project comparisons, analyses and syntheses. The authors present an overview of the platform's rationale and functionality, as well as a summary of results from the first survey campaign, which was carried out by six projects distributed across the central Andes, five of which are represented here.
BACKGROUND There is marked geographic variation in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) initiation, rangin... more BACKGROUND There is marked geographic variation in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) initiation, ranging from 10% to 40% of eligible patients at the state level. The potential causes of this variation, such as patient access to CR centers, are not well studied. OBJECTIVES The authors sought to determine how access to CR centers affects CR initiation in Medicare beneficiaries. METHODS The authors used Medicare files to identify CR-eligible Medicare beneficiaries and calculate CR initiation rates at the hospital referral region (HRR) level. We used linear regression to evaluate the percent variation in CR initiation accounted for by CR access across HRRs. We then employed geospatial hotspot analysis to identify CR deserts, or counties in which patient load per CR center is disproportionately high. RESULTS A total of 1,269,147 Medicare beneficiaries were eligible for CR from 2014 to 2017, of whom 314,997 (25%) initiated CR. The West North Central Census Division had the highest adjusted CR initiation rate (37.0%) and the highest density of CR programs (5.89 per 1,000 CR-eligible Medicare beneficiaries). Density of CR programs accounted for 23.5%
ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 2023
Formal spatial modeling and analytical approaches to maroon settlement, fugitivity, and warfare i... more Formal spatial modeling and analytical approaches to maroon settlement, fugitivity, and warfare in the colonial-era Caribbean have tended to mine historical cartographic sources instrumentally to analyze the distributions and simulate processes driving marronage in St. Croix (Dunnavant 2021b; Ejstrud 2008; Norton and Espenshade, 2007). Through close-in analysis, we compare two Danish maps of St. Croix produced in 1750 and 1799 in relation to modern cartographic sources, to explore how cartographic forms and cartesian conventions (attempt to) elide blind spots in the colonial gaze. By modeling possible subject-oriented
Archaeology has long faced fundamental issues of sampling and scalar representation. Traditionall... more Archaeology has long faced fundamental issues of sampling and scalar representation. Traditionally, the local-to-regionalscale views of settlement patterns are produced through systematic pedestrian surveys. Recently, systematic manual survey of satellite and aerial imagery has enabled continuous distributional views of archaeological phenomena at interregional scales. However, such ‘brute force’ manual imagery survey methods are both time- and labour-intensive, as well as prone to inter-observer differences in sensitivity and specificity. The development of self-supervised learning methods (e.g. contrastive learning) offers a scalable learning scheme for locating archaeological features using unlabelled satellite and historical aerial images. However, archaeological features are generally only visible in a very small proportion relative to the landscape, while the modern contrastive-supervised learning approach typically yields an inferior performance on highly imbalanced datasets. In this work, we propose a framework to address this long-tail problem. As opposed to the existing contrastive learning approaches that typically treat the labelled and unlabelled data separately, our proposed method reforms the learning paradigm under a semi-supervised setting in order to fully utilize the precious annotated data (<7% in our setting). Specifically, the highly unbalanced nature of the data is employed as the prior knowledge in order to form pseudo negative pairs by ranking the similarities between unannotated image patches and annotated anchor images. In this study, we used 95,358 unlabelled images and 5,830 labelled images in order to solve the issues associated with detecting ancient buildings from a long-tailed satellite image dataset. From the results, our semi-supervised contrastive learning model achieved a promising testing balanced accuracy of 79.0%, which is a 3.8% improvement as compared to other state-of-the-art approaches.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2023
BACKGROUND There is marked geographic variation in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) initiation, rangin... more BACKGROUND There is marked geographic variation in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) initiation, ranging from 10% to 40% of eligible patients at the state level. The potential causes of this variation, such as patient access to CR centers, are not well studied. OBJECTIVES The authors sought to determine how access to CR centers affects CR initiation in Medicare beneficiaries. METHODS The authors used Medicare files to identify CR-eligible Medicare beneficiaries and calculate CR initiation rates at the hospital referral region (HRR) level. We used linear regression to evaluate the percent variation in CR initiation accounted for by CR access across HRRs. We then employed geospatial hotspot analysis to identify CR deserts, or counties in which patient load per CR center is disproportionately high. RESULTS A total of 1,269,147 Medicare beneficiaries were eligible for CR from 2014 to 2017, of whom 314,997 (25%) initiated CR. The West North Central Census Division had the highest adjusted CR initiation rate (37.0%) and the highest density of CR programs (5.89 per 1,000 CR-eligible Medicare beneficiaries). Density of CR programs accounted for 23.5%
This paper analyzes remotely sensed data sources to evaluate land-use history within the Peruvian... more This paper analyzes remotely sensed data sources to evaluate land-use history within the Peruvian department of Amazonas and demonstrates the utility of comparing present and past land-use patterns using continuous datasets, as a complement to the often dispersed and discrete data produced by archaeological and paleoecological field studies. We characterize the distribution of ancient (ca. AD 1–1550) terracing based on data drawn from high-resolution satellite imagery and compare it to patterns of deforestation between 2001 and 2019, based on time-series Landsat data. We find that the patterns reflected in these two datasets are statistically different, indicating a distinctive shift in land-use, which we link to the history of Inka and Spanish colonialism and Indigenous depopulation in the 15th through 17th centuries AD as well as the growth of road infrastructure and economic change in the recent past. While there is a statistically significant relationship between areas of ancien...
Archaeological surveys conducted through the inspection of high-resolution satellite imagery prom... more Archaeological surveys conducted through the inspection of high-resolution satellite imagery promise to transform how archaeologists conduct large-scale regional and supra-regional research. However, conducting manual surveys of satellite imagery is labour- and time-intensive, and low target prevalence substantially increases the likelihood of miss-errors (false negatives). In this article, the authors compare the results of an imagery survey conducted using artificial intelligence computer vision techniques (Convolutional Neural Networks) to a survey conducted manually by a team of experts through the Geo-PACHA platform (for further details of the project, see Wernke et al. 2023). Results suggest that future surveys may benefit from a hybrid approach—combining manual and automated methods—to conduct an AI-assisted survey and improve data completeness and robustness.
Recent archaeological research in the Andes suggests that Indigenous herders carefully managed th... more Recent archaeological research in the Andes suggests that Indigenous herders carefully managed their environments through the modification of local hydrology and vegetation. However, the limited geographical scale of previous research makes it challenging to assess the range and prevalence of pastoralist land management in the Andes. In this article, the authors utilise large-scale, systematic imagery survey to examine the distribution and environmental contexts of corrals and pastoralist settlements in Huancavelica, Peru. Results indicate that corrals and pastoralist settlements cluster around colonial and present-day settlements and that a statistically significant relationship exists between pastoral infrastructure and perennial vegetation. This highlights the utility of remote survey for the identification of trans-regional patterns in herder-environment relationships that are otherwise difficult to detect.
The north coast of Peru is among the most extensively surveyed regions in the world, yet variatio... more The north coast of Peru is among the most extensively surveyed regions in the world, yet variation in research questions, sampling strategies and chronological and geospatial controls among survey projects makes comparison of disparate datasets difficult. To contextualise these issues, the authors present a systematic survey of satellite imagery focusing on hilltop fortifications in the Jequetepeque and Santa Valleys. This digital recontextualisation of pedestrian survey data demonstrates the potential of hybrid methodologies to substantially expand both the identification of archaeological sites within difficult terrain and, consequently, our understanding of the function of defensive sites.
Fog oases (lomas) present pockets of verdant vegetation within the arid coastal desert of Andean ... more Fog oases (lomas) present pockets of verdant vegetation within the arid coastal desert of Andean South America and archaeological excavation within some of the oases has revealed a long history of human exploitation of these landscapes. Yet lomas settlements are under-represented in archaeological datasets due to their tendency to be located in remote inter-valley areas. Here, the authors employ satellite imagery survey to map the locations of anthropogenic surface features along the central Peruvian coast. They observe two categories of archaeological features, large corrals and clustered structures, and document a concentration of settlement features within lomas landscapes that suggests a pre-Hispanic preference for both short- and long-term occupation of these verdant oases.
In the Andean highlands, hilltop fortifications known as pukaras are common. Dating predominantly... more In the Andean highlands, hilltop fortifications known as pukaras are common. Dating predominantly to the Late Intermediate Period (AD 1000–1450), pukaras are important to archaeological characterisations of a political landscape shaped by conflict but the distribution of these key sites is not well understood. Here, the authors employ systematic satellite imagery survey to provide a contiguous picture of pukara distribution on an inter-regional scale covering 151 103km2 in the south-central highlands of Peru. They highlight the effectiveness of such survey at identifying pukaras and capturing regional variability in size and residential occupation, and the results demonstrate that satellite surveys of high-visibility sites can tackle research questions at larger scales of analysis than have previously been possible.
Imagery-based survey is capable of producing archaeological datasets that complement those collec... more Imagery-based survey is capable of producing archaeological datasets that complement those collected through field-based survey methods, widening the scope of analysis beyond regions. The Geospatial Platform for Andean Culture, History and Archaeology (GeoPACHA) enables systematic registry of imagery survey data through a ‘federated’ approach. Using GeoPACHA, teams pursue problem-specific research questions through a common data schema and interface that allows for inter-project comparisons, analyses and syntheses. The authors present an overview of the platform's rationale and functionality, as well as a summary of results from the first survey campaign, which was carried out by six projects distributed across the central Andes, five of which are represented here.
BACKGROUND There is marked geographic variation in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) initiation, rangin... more BACKGROUND There is marked geographic variation in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) initiation, ranging from 10% to 40% of eligible patients at the state level. The potential causes of this variation, such as patient access to CR centers, are not well studied. OBJECTIVES The authors sought to determine how access to CR centers affects CR initiation in Medicare beneficiaries. METHODS The authors used Medicare files to identify CR-eligible Medicare beneficiaries and calculate CR initiation rates at the hospital referral region (HRR) level. We used linear regression to evaluate the percent variation in CR initiation accounted for by CR access across HRRs. We then employed geospatial hotspot analysis to identify CR deserts, or counties in which patient load per CR center is disproportionately high. RESULTS A total of 1,269,147 Medicare beneficiaries were eligible for CR from 2014 to 2017, of whom 314,997 (25%) initiated CR. The West North Central Census Division had the highest adjusted CR initiation rate (37.0%) and the highest density of CR programs (5.89 per 1,000 CR-eligible Medicare beneficiaries). Density of CR programs accounted for 23.5%
ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 2023
Formal spatial modeling and analytical approaches to maroon settlement, fugitivity, and warfare i... more Formal spatial modeling and analytical approaches to maroon settlement, fugitivity, and warfare in the colonial-era Caribbean have tended to mine historical cartographic sources instrumentally to analyze the distributions and simulate processes driving marronage in St. Croix (Dunnavant 2021b; Ejstrud 2008; Norton and Espenshade, 2007). Through close-in analysis, we compare two Danish maps of St. Croix produced in 1750 and 1799 in relation to modern cartographic sources, to explore how cartographic forms and cartesian conventions (attempt to) elide blind spots in the colonial gaze. By modeling possible subject-oriented
Archaeology has long faced fundamental issues of sampling and scalar representation. Traditionall... more Archaeology has long faced fundamental issues of sampling and scalar representation. Traditionally, the local-to-regionalscale views of settlement patterns are produced through systematic pedestrian surveys. Recently, systematic manual survey of satellite and aerial imagery has enabled continuous distributional views of archaeological phenomena at interregional scales. However, such ‘brute force’ manual imagery survey methods are both time- and labour-intensive, as well as prone to inter-observer differences in sensitivity and specificity. The development of self-supervised learning methods (e.g. contrastive learning) offers a scalable learning scheme for locating archaeological features using unlabelled satellite and historical aerial images. However, archaeological features are generally only visible in a very small proportion relative to the landscape, while the modern contrastive-supervised learning approach typically yields an inferior performance on highly imbalanced datasets. In this work, we propose a framework to address this long-tail problem. As opposed to the existing contrastive learning approaches that typically treat the labelled and unlabelled data separately, our proposed method reforms the learning paradigm under a semi-supervised setting in order to fully utilize the precious annotated data (<7% in our setting). Specifically, the highly unbalanced nature of the data is employed as the prior knowledge in order to form pseudo negative pairs by ranking the similarities between unannotated image patches and annotated anchor images. In this study, we used 95,358 unlabelled images and 5,830 labelled images in order to solve the issues associated with detecting ancient buildings from a long-tailed satellite image dataset. From the results, our semi-supervised contrastive learning model achieved a promising testing balanced accuracy of 79.0%, which is a 3.8% improvement as compared to other state-of-the-art approaches.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2023
BACKGROUND There is marked geographic variation in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) initiation, rangin... more BACKGROUND There is marked geographic variation in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) initiation, ranging from 10% to 40% of eligible patients at the state level. The potential causes of this variation, such as patient access to CR centers, are not well studied. OBJECTIVES The authors sought to determine how access to CR centers affects CR initiation in Medicare beneficiaries. METHODS The authors used Medicare files to identify CR-eligible Medicare beneficiaries and calculate CR initiation rates at the hospital referral region (HRR) level. We used linear regression to evaluate the percent variation in CR initiation accounted for by CR access across HRRs. We then employed geospatial hotspot analysis to identify CR deserts, or counties in which patient load per CR center is disproportionately high. RESULTS A total of 1,269,147 Medicare beneficiaries were eligible for CR from 2014 to 2017, of whom 314,997 (25%) initiated CR. The West North Central Census Division had the highest adjusted CR initiation rate (37.0%) and the highest density of CR programs (5.89 per 1,000 CR-eligible Medicare beneficiaries). Density of CR programs accounted for 23.5%
This paper analyzes remotely sensed data sources to evaluate land-use history within the Peruvian... more This paper analyzes remotely sensed data sources to evaluate land-use history within the Peruvian department of Amazonas and demonstrates the utility of comparing present and past land-use patterns using continuous datasets, as a complement to the often dispersed and discrete data produced by archaeological and paleoecological field studies. We characterize the distribution of ancient (ca. AD 1–1550) terracing based on data drawn from high-resolution satellite imagery and compare it to patterns of deforestation between 2001 and 2019, based on time-series Landsat data. We find that the patterns reflected in these two datasets are statistically different, indicating a distinctive shift in land-use, which we link to the history of Inka and Spanish colonialism and Indigenous depopulation in the 15th through 17th centuries AD as well as the growth of road infrastructure and economic change in the recent past. While there is a statistically significant relationship between areas of ancien...
The revolutionary capabilities of digital aerial photogrammetry open new avenues for archaeologic... more The revolutionary capabilities of digital aerial photogrammetry open new avenues for archaeological research design, cultural heritage management, and spatial visualization and analysis. The low cost and high speed of aerial photogrammetry democratize and accelerate both the production and distribution of high resolution digital 2D and 3D spatial representations of archaeological features, sites, and landscapes. Compromises between scale and granularity are also dramatically mitigated. With cultural patrimony disappearing at alarming rates around the world, the adoption of these techniques is an urgent priority. We review our methods and experiences using 3D photogrammetric registry at several scales in the diverse environmental conditions of the Andean region, using an array of inexpensive aerial imagery capture platforms, including UAVs (drones), meteorological balloons, and poles. The accuracy and resolution of the resulting products enable photogrammetric representations (e.g., orthomosaics, 3D solids, DEMs) to serve as the primary spatial references for survey and excavations. The methodological implications of these rapid advances have yet to be fully integrated into most archaeological research designs. Rather than using photogrammetry as a “value added” technique appended to traditional survey or excavation, we outline workflows for rapid 3D photogrammetric documentation combined with mobile GIS. In sum, these transformative technologies and techniques enable the curation and broad dissemination of digital repositories of endangered cultural heritage, as well as dramatically richer spatial representations for an array of analytical ends in archaeological research.
This book includes the following papers: "Buscando un Inca de aqui y de alla. Los incas de nue... more This book includes the following papers: "Buscando un Inca de aqui y de alla. Los incas de nuestro tiempo, Alemania y Lima, Peru" by Karoline Noack; "Collecting Inca Antiquities: Antiquarianism and the Inca Past in 19th Century Cusco" by Stefanie Gaenger; "The Inca Collection at the Ethnologisches Museum Berlin, Genesis and Contexts" by Manuela Fisher; "Visions of the Inca Dynasty. Narrative Syyles, Emblematic Dress and the Power of Ancestors" by Ann H. Peters; "How did Huanuco Pampa Become a Ruin? From Thriving Settlement to Disappearing Walls" by Monica Barnes; "The Material Remains of Inca Power among Imperial Heartland Communities" by Kylie E. Quave and R. Alan Covey; "The Inca Takeover of the Ancient Centers in the Highlands of Piura" by Cesar W. Astuhuaman Gonzales; "Las motivaciones economicas y religiosas de la expansion incaica hacia la cuenca del lago Titicaca" by David Oshige Adams; "Inca Offerings Associated with the Frozen Mummies from Mount Llullaillaco" by Constanza Ceruti; "Tracing the Inca Past. Ritual Movement and Social Memory in the Inca Imperial Capital" by Steve Kosiba; "The Situa Ritual of the Inca. Metaphor and Performance of the State" by Brian S. Bauer and David A. Reid; "Building Tension, Dilemmas of the Built Environment through Inca and Spanish Rule" by Steven A. Wernke; "Sistema de tenencia de tierras de ayllus y panacas incas en el valle del Cusco, siglos XVI–XVII” by Donato Amado Gonzales; “What Would Have Happened After the Inca Civil War” by Kerstin Nowack.
Se investiga la trayectoria histórica de largo plazo desde la época inkaica hasta finales de la é... more Se investiga la trayectoria histórica de largo plazo desde la época inkaica hasta finales de la época colonial en Mawchu Llacta, antes conocido como Santa Cruz de Tute, una reducción toledana con evidencias de ocupación prehispánica tardía hasta principios de la época republicana. Los trabajos realizados por el Proyecto Arqueológico Tuti Antiguo en 2012 y 2013 consistieron en el levantamiento y prospección sistemática del sitio, dando como resultado un plano detallado con los atributos arquitectónicos de cada estructura; el fechado liquenométrico de los momentos de construcción y abandono de la reducción; y el análisis de la cerámica de superficie recolectada en el sitio. Los resultados indican que Mawchu Llacta fue establecida sobre un asentamiento de la época inkaica, confirmándose una secuencia ocupacional hasta mediados del siglo XIX. Sin embargo, y a pesar de los desplazamientos efectuados por la reducción, se reutilizaron espacios y elementos arquitectónicos del asentamiento inkaico como una plaza trapezoidal y piedras talladas de estilo cuzqueño en la iglesia y parroquia adyacente. De esta manera, la reducción habría sido diseñada como centro ritual y ceremonial de la localidad, debido a la presencia de una gran iglesia y de ocho capillas de variable tamaño.
Uploads
Papers by Steven A Wernke
are generally only visible in a very small proportion relative to the landscape, while the modern contrastive-supervised learning approach typically yields an inferior performance on highly imbalanced datasets. In this work, we propose a framework to address this long-tail problem. As opposed to the existing contrastive learning approaches that typically treat the labelled and unlabelled data separately, our proposed method
reforms the learning paradigm under a semi-supervised setting in order to fully utilize the precious annotated data (<7% in our setting). Specifically, the highly unbalanced nature of the data is employed as the prior knowledge in order to form pseudo negative pairs by ranking the similarities between unannotated image patches and annotated anchor images. In this study, we used 95,358 unlabelled images and 5,830 labelled images in order to solve the issues associated with detecting ancient buildings from a long-tailed satellite image dataset. From the results, our semi-supervised contrastive learning model achieved a promising testing balanced accuracy of 79.0%, which is a 3.8%
improvement as compared to other state-of-the-art approaches.
are generally only visible in a very small proportion relative to the landscape, while the modern contrastive-supervised learning approach typically yields an inferior performance on highly imbalanced datasets. In this work, we propose a framework to address this long-tail problem. As opposed to the existing contrastive learning approaches that typically treat the labelled and unlabelled data separately, our proposed method
reforms the learning paradigm under a semi-supervised setting in order to fully utilize the precious annotated data (<7% in our setting). Specifically, the highly unbalanced nature of the data is employed as the prior knowledge in order to form pseudo negative pairs by ranking the similarities between unannotated image patches and annotated anchor images. In this study, we used 95,358 unlabelled images and 5,830 labelled images in order to solve the issues associated with detecting ancient buildings from a long-tailed satellite image dataset. From the results, our semi-supervised contrastive learning model achieved a promising testing balanced accuracy of 79.0%, which is a 3.8%
improvement as compared to other state-of-the-art approaches.
Los resultados indican que Mawchu Llacta fue establecida sobre un asentamiento de la época inkaica, confirmándose una secuencia ocupacional hasta mediados del siglo XIX. Sin embargo, y a pesar de los desplazamientos efectuados por la reducción, se reutilizaron espacios y elementos arquitectónicos del asentamiento inkaico como una plaza trapezoidal y piedras talladas de estilo cuzqueño en la iglesia y parroquia adyacente. De esta manera, la reducción habría sido diseñada como centro ritual y ceremonial de la localidad, debido a la presencia de una gran iglesia y de ocho capillas de variable tamaño.