Pakistan Journal of Nutrition
OPEN ACCESS
ISSN 1680-5194
DOI: 10.3923/pjn.2017.200.206
Research Article
Effect of Oil Palm Fronds and Setaria sp. as Forages Plus Sakura
Block on the Performance and Nutrient Digestibility of Kaur
Cattle
Jarmuji, U. Santoso and B. Brata
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Jalan Raya W. R. Supratman, Bengkulu, Indonesia
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of oil palm fronds as a substitute for Setaria sp., on dry matter and organic
matter intake, weight gain and nutrient digestibility in Kaur cattle. Methodology: This study used a latin square design that consisted
of 4 treatment groups with 4 replicates each. The 4 treatment groups were as follows: (1) Kaur cattle were fed 100% Setaria sp. + sakura
block as the control (P0), (2) Kaur cattle were fed 25% oil palm fronds+75% Setaria sp. +sakura block (P1), (3) Kaur cattle were fed
50% oil palm fronds + 50% Setaria sp. + sakura block (P2) and (4) Kaur cattle were fed 75% oil palm fronds+25% Setaria sp. +sakura block.
Results: Findings of the study showed that there were significant differences among the treatments (p<0.05) in all observed variables.
Dry matter and organic matter intake and weight gains in P2 cattle were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the other treatments.
Conclusion: It was concluded that the combination of 50% oil palm fronds and 50% Setaria grass plus sakura block resulted in the
best performance of Kaur cattle.
Key words: Oil palm fronds, Setaria grass, sakura block, performance, Kaur cattle
Received: November 21, 2016
Accepted: January 25, 2017
Published: March 15, 2017
Citation: Jarmuji, U. Santoso and B. Brata, 2017. Effect of oil palm fronds and Setaria sp. as forages plus sakura block on the performance and nutrient
digestibility of Kaur cattles. Pak. J. Nutr., 16: 200-206.
Corresponding Author: U. Santoso, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bengkulu University, Jalan Raya W. R. Supratman,
Bengkulu, Indonesia
Copyright: © 2017 Jarmuji et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the creative commons attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Competing Interest: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information files.
Pak. J. Nutr., 16 (4): 200-206, 2017
To stimulate growth, supplementation with high
nutrient supplements are needed. Our laboratory has
produced a supplement called the sakura block. The sakura
block is a type of urea multi-nutrient block that is formulated
from local feedstuffs that supports energy, nitrogen and
other nutrients13,14. The main objective of sakura block (a type
of urea multi-nutrient block) supplementation is to provide
a constant source of degradable nitrogen throughout the
day and promote the growth of rumen microbes in ruminants
fed poor quality forage15.
Santoso et al.13 reported that using a sakura block
increased weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency in
native goats. No study has been conducted to evaluate the
combination of Setaria sp., oil palm fronds and sakura block
as a beef cattle diet. Therefore, the purpose of this study was
to evaluate the effects of oil palm frond and Setaria sp.,
grass combinations plus sakura block on the performances
of Kaur cattle. It was hypothesized that the combination of
oil palm fronds and Setaria sp., grass plus sakura block
would result the highest performance of Kaur cattle.
INTRODUCTION
Kaur cattles are local cattle that have been maintained
by the natives of the Kaur district, Bengkulu province,
Indonesia for a long time (±20 generations) and have
experienced natural selection in a tropical environment
with the preservation of traditional ways. The Kaur cattle
population is approximately 10,284 and is spread across all
villages in the Kaur district1. Most local cattles are maintained
in the field all day and therefore, consume only natural grass.
Most Kaur cattles are maintained by natives because the
cattles are more familiar with the local knowledge of the local
culture. The maintenance system of Kaur cattle is currently
done in the wild and Kaur cattle are more resistant to local
diseases and parasites 2.
The existence of Kaur cattle is especially important for
increasing the incomes of the local indigenous people.
However, the beef cattle business in the area of oil palm
plantations have faced several problems, such as the decline
of forage production in the areas of oil palm plantations3.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Umiyasih and Anggraeny4 reported that dry forage derived
from oil palm plantations, which is harvested every 30 days
Animals: Four Kaur male cattle aged 10-12 months with
from oil palm crops aged 1-2, 2-5 or 6 years is as much as
an initial weight of 100±5.5 kg were used. This study was
conducted from March-November, 2015 in the village of
Pengubaian, South Kaur, Kaur district, Bengkulu province,
Indonesia.
5-7 t of dry matter/ha/year, 1-5 t of dry matter/ha/year and
1 t of dry matter/ha/year, respectively. On the other hand,
oil palm frond production increases with increasing age of
the palm oil plants. Simanuhuruk et al.5 stated that there
are 150 plants haG1 of oil palm plantation but in the field,
Feeding treatments: Sakura blocks were made from a
there are only 130 plants haG1. Each plant produces 24 fronds
mixture of ingredients, which included 32% brown sugar,
28% rice bran, 15% grits, 15% sago, 5% urea, 2% salt, 1% TSP
and 1% top mix (Table 1). Setaria grass and oil palm fronds
were mixed in accordance with the treatments, while sakura
blocks were given in the form of blocks. The grass (Setaria sp.)
is commonly used by farmers. Oil palm fronds were obtained
after oil palm harvesting, the bottom 1/3 of the fronds were
discarded and the fronds were peeled, cut into quarters and
then cut into small pieces at a 4-5 cm size.
each year with an average weight of 3.44 kg per frond.
Thus, in 1 year, a plantation area can produce as much as
10.7 t haG1 of fresh fronds, which is equivalent to 1.95 t of
dry matter/ha/year6. Oil palm
plantations produce as
many as 1.07 million t of oil palm fronds7. However, this
biomass has not been an important component in the feed
system in ruminant livestock farming8 and its removal as
waste has resulted in environmental problems.
The use of oil palm fronds as forage for ruminants in an
integrated beef cattle-oil palm system would be beneficial
in reducing production costs and increasing income9,10. In
addition, the forage under oil palm plantations could also
be used by ruminants up to as much as 60-70%10. The
nutritive values of oil palm fronds are suitable as a source
of forage for ruminants. Astuti et al.11 reported that oil palm
fronds contain 92.15% dry matter, 90.27% organic matter,
33.47% crude fiber and 4.84% crude protein. Akbarillah and
Hidayat12 reported that oil palm fronds contain 4.07% crude
protein and 3,293 kcal kgG1 gross energy.
Table 1: Composition of sakura block
Feedstuffs (%)
Rice bran
Brown sugar by-product
Sago
Yellow corn
Urea
Salt
TSP
Mineral mixture
Top mix
Total
TSP: Triple superphosphate
201
Amount
28
32
15
15
5
2
1
1
1
100%
Pak. J. Nutr., 16 (4): 200-206, 2017
The diet amounts were as much as 3.5% dry matter of
cattle live weight to meet the nutrient substance needs of
the animals. Feeding was done 2 times a day, namely, at
09:00 and 17:00, with drinking water available at all times.
Daily gain and feed consumption were measured. Cattle
were maintained for 5 months.
The development of Kaur cattle is very fast compared
with other breeds. Kaur cattles are more attractive for small
farmers due to several advantages, such as high manure
fertility, high work capacity, the utilization of less nutritious
forages, higher carcass percentage, lean meat, higher
positive heterosis in crosses, higher adaptability to the
environment and lambing percentages may reach 80%.
Male and female Kaur cattle have a white coat color that
is slightly grayish, white, black and mixed black and white
grayish. The bulls have an elongated head, a short neck,
small ears that are straight to the top, big thighs and thick
and hard skins. The wattle starts under the jaw and goes to
the lower abdomen and they have a great gumba (hump)
and big horns that are straight to the top, the female Kaur
cattle have large bodies, which are long, deep and humped
and have long horns that are rounded and positioned forward.
These characteristics show that Kaur cattles are good worker
cattle. These cattles have a high heat tolerance, are excellent
worker cattle, are adapted to poor feed, have relatively fast
growth and have a good carcass percentage.
Digestibility trial: The cattles were maintained in individual
Dry and organic matter intake: Experimental results
cages so that a quantitative collection of feces could be
made. Accurate records of feed intake and fecal output
were kept and a sub-sample of each (10% of daily output in
the case of feces) was collected for analysis. Samples were
then dried, ground and stored before analysis. After
grinding, feces were stored at -20EC until analysis. Feed
and feces composition analyses followed AOAC16 standard
procedures. The digestibility of nutrient was calculated
as follows:
showed that the treatments significantly increased (p<0.05)
dry matter and organic matter intake. Kaur cattle that were
given 50% oil palm fronds (P2) had 29.5% higher dry matter
intake compared to P0 cattle. P1 or P2 cattles had 15.4 or
35.4% higher organic matter intake compared to P0 cattle,
respectively. An increase in intake was due to the oil palm
fronds (Table 2), which had a higher content of dry matter
and organic matter compared to Setaria specie.
The high water content of Setaria grass may also cause
conditions where the cattle's rumen is fully loaded (bulky),
thus causing the animal to stop consuming. The average
consumption of oil palm fronds in P0, P1, P2 and P3 were
0, 3.05, 6.77 and 8.77 kg dayG1, respectively, whereas the
average consumption of Setaria grass in P0, P1, P2 and
P3 was 16.52, 14.21, 12.36 and 8.01 kg dayG1, respectively.
Each cattle consumed sakura block up to as much as
0.4 kg dayG1 (Table 3).
The dry matter intake of P0, P1, P2 and P3 were
3.19 (2.36% b.wt.), 3.55 (3.38% b.wt.), 4.13 (3.23% b.wt.) and
3.35 kg dayG1 (2.73% b.wt.), respectively (Table 3). These
Experimental design: This study used latin square design,
which consisted of 4 treatments replicated 4 times each.
The four treatments tested were as follows:
C
P0: Kaur cattle were fed 100% Setaria sp.+0.4 kg sakura
C
block/head/day
P1: Kaur cattle were fed 75% Setaria sp.+25% oil palm
C
fronds+0.4 kg sakura block/head/day
P2: Kaur cattle were fed 50% Setaria sp.+50% oil palm
C
fronds+0.4 kg sakura block/head/day
P3: Kaur cattle were fed 25% Setaria sp.+75% oil palm
fronds+0.4 kg sakura block/head/day
Nutrient digestibility (%) =
Nutrient intake - Nutrient in feces
x100
Nutrient intake
Data analysis: The obtained data were analyzed using an
analysis of variance17. If there were differences, they were
then tested by Duncan's multiple range test.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Kaur cattle characteristics: The cattle used in the study
were male Kaur cattle obtained from farmers in South Kaur,
Kaur district. The observational results showed that nearly
80% of cattle maintained by the community of Kaur district
were local livestock, particularly Kaur cattle. Kaur cattles are
local beef cattle in Bengkulu that must be conserved and are
considered animal genetic resources for Bengkulu Province,
Indonesia.
Table 2: Nutrient composition of the experimental rations (%)
Feedstuffs
DM
Ash
CP
CF
EE
NFE
Setaria
18.70
2.02
7.55
28.71
2.25
56.65
Oil palm fronds
23.76
5.51
3.38
36.64
1.27
37.88
Sakura block
81.19
7.55
17.36
5.49
3.36
50.79
DM: Dry matter, CP: Crude protein, CF: Crude fiber, EE: Extract ether,
NFE: Nitrogen free extract
202
Pak. J. Nutr., 16 (4): 200-206, 2017
Table 3: Effects of the feed treatments on feed intake, body weight gain and nutrient digestibility in Kaur cattle
Treatments
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Variables
P0
P1
P2
P3
Oil palm frond intake (kg headG1 dayG1)
0.00±0.00
3.05±0.20
6.77±0.17
8.77±0.15
Setaria sp., grass intake (kg headG1 dayG1)
16.52±2.18
14.21±1.20
12.36±0.80
Dry matter intake (kg headG1 dayG1)
3.19±0.18a
3.55±0.20a
8.01±0.50
4.13±0.22b
3.35±0.25a
Organic matter intake (kg headG1 dayG1)
0.65±0.06a
0.75±0/06b
0.88±0.05c
0.71±0.05ab
Body weight gain (kg headG1 dayG1)
0.21±0.07a
0.34±0.07b
0.60±0.60c
0.22±0.03ab
Dry matter digestibility (%)
44.77±5.38a
54.49±2.02b
55.48±3/13b
56.22±2.81b
Organic matter digestibility (%)
52.72±6.02
66.50±4.04
66.75±2.63
68.50±3/15b
a
b
b
P0: 100% Setaria sp.+0.4 kg sakura block, P1: 75% Setaria sp., 25% oil palm fronds+sakura block, P2: 50% Setaria sp. +50% oil palm fronds+sakura block,
P3: 25% Setaria sp. +75% oil palm fronds+sakura block. Different superscripted letters within the same row represents a significant difference (p<0.05)
results agree with the observations of Orskov and Ibrahim18,
P2 and P3 had 26.1, 26.6 and 68.5% higher organic matter
than that in P0.
An increase in dry matter and organic matter in P1, P2
and P3 suggested that the addition of oil palm fronds and
sakura block provided a better balance of nutrients and a
better environment for bacterial activity to ferment feed
in the rumen. McDonald et al.22 stated that digestibility is
influenced by several factors such as diet composition, the
chemical composition of the ration, the physical form of the
rations and animal genetics.
The process of microbial fermentation in the rumen is
very important for the nutrient supply in livestock, so it
needed to maximize feed utilization by optimizing the
growth of microbes in the rumen8. Supplementation with
sakura blocks with a high nutrient content, especially
energy, protein and minerals was an effort to optimize
microbial growth in the rumen13. However, the higher
levels of substitution of Setaria grass had no effects on the
digestibility of dry matter and organic matter. It was
assumed that not all oil palm fronds provided in the feed
were consumed because the cattle preferred to consume
Setaria sp., than oil palm fronds when simultaneously
presented. To improve the quality of oil palm fronds, they
could be fermented11,23,24.
The data indicate that oil palm fronds, which have low
costs due to the products being available throughout the
year, could be more widely used as a roughage source for
ruminants and other herbivorous livestock 25,26.
who found that the consumption of dry matter in cattle
ranges between 2-3% of the body weight. An increase in
the consumption of dry matter may be partly due an
increase in palatability and nutrient balance in the feed.
The palatability is a major factor increasing feed intake19.
The maximum feed intake depends on the balance of
nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract20. Thus, oil palm frond
is more palatable than Setaria sp., consumption causes
diarrhea in Kaur cattle, causing lower palatability and the
inclusion of palm fronds as a partial replacement of
Setaria sp., removed the occurrence of diarrhea. However,
the substitution of Setaria sp., in Kaur cattle diet
more than 50% had a similar nutrient consumption as
the control group.
It appears that the combination of 50% Setaria sp.,
50% oil palm fronds and sakura block provided proper
nutrition for the growth of microbes. An increase in microbial
growth rates occurred because the sakura block provided
essential substances such as glucose, nitrogen, minerals,
vitamins and other nutrients21. Urea in the block can meet
the majority of an animal's protein requirements because
urea is converted into proteins by rumen micro-organisms.
This process required soluble energy sources such as brown
sugar and corn. The sakura block is a feed supplement that
is made from materials such as rice bran, brown sugar,
sago, corn, urea, TSP, salt, mineral mix and top mix and it is
a good source for energy, nitrogen, vitamins and minerals13.
Body weight gain: The experimental results showed that
Nutrient digestibility: As shown in Table 3, the experimental
the feeding treatments significantly improved (p<0.05)
body weight gain. The P1 and P2 cattles had a higher body
weight gain than P0 cattle (p<0.05). The P1 cattles were
61.9% larger than the P0 cattles, whereas the P2 cattles
were 190.5% larger than P0 cattles. The highest body
weight gain in P2 cattle was partly caused by higher dry
matter and organic matter consumption.
results showed that the treatments significantly improved
the digestibility of dry matter and organic matter (p<0.05). It
was observed that P0 cattle
had lower digestibility
compared to the cattle receiving the other treatments
(p<0.05). P1, P2 and P3 had 21.7, 23.9 and 25.6% higher
dry matter digestibility than that in P0. In addition, P1,
203
Pak. J. Nutr., 16 (4): 200-206, 2017
The high dry matter content of the oil palm fronds
CONCLUSION
supplemented with sakura block in P2 may contain more
suitable nutrition for the growth of micro-organisms in the
It can be concluded that oil palm fronds could replace
rumen compared to the other treatments. It is assumed
Setaria grass as much as 50% and result in the highest
that the crude fiber of the oil palm fronds plus the sakura
average daily gain in Kaur cattle.
block could be utilized as a source of energy by rumen
microbes, resulting in higher growth of the cattle rumen
micro-organisms. Multi-nutrient blocks (such
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT
as sakura
block) are potential sources of readily available energy
This study demonstrated that oil palm fronds could be
and nitrogen27. This condition causes Kaur cattle to better
beneficial for substituting Setaria sp., grass. The combination
utilize the nutrition28.
of 50% Setaria sp. and 50% oil palm fronds produced the
Subagyono6 reported that Bali cattle that were given oil
highest average daily gain because of higher nutrient intake
palm fronds up to a 60% substitution, with 18% oil palm
and higher digestibility. Thus, farmers could use this formula
sludge, 18% palm kernel meal and 4% rice bran were able
for feeding their beef cattle that are maintained under oil
to produce a weight gain of 0.58 kg/head/day with a feed
palm plantations. This study will help researchers uncover
conversion ratio of 13.92. Azmi and Gunawan29 reported
the critical areas of the integrated beef cattle-oil palm
that feeding oil palm frond up to a 55% substitution, with
system (the combination of Setaria sp. planted under oil
30% natural grass and 15% solid, increased weight gain by
palm plantations and the use of oil palm fronds as forage)
as much as 226.66 g/cattle/day, while the cattle fed natural
grass
resulted in a
weight
that many researchers were not able to explore. Thus, a new
gain of 215 g/head/day.
theory on the integrated beef cattle-oil palm system may
Astuti et al.30 reported that oil palm fronds could replace
have been arrived at.
field grass with a better average daily gain in Kacang goat.
Islam et al.31 reported that oil palm fronds could support an
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
efficient rumen function in terms of NH3-N concentration
and pH when given fronds at <50%. Nanda et al.32 reported
The authors
that feeding oil palm fronds at 60% to substitute field
Jakarta, Indonesia for the present study under contract
whereas field grass at 60% resulted in a daily gain at
No. 044/SP2H/LT/DRPM/2016.
0.41 kg headG1. Suharyono et al.33 reported that feeding
field grass plus urea molasses multi-nutrient resulted in a
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