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Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 176, 173–202. With 11 figures
Balkan endemic plants in Central Serbia and Kosovo
regions: distribution patterns, ecological characteristics,
and centres of diversity
1
Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden ‘Jevremovac’, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade,
Takovska 43, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
2
Natural History Museum, Njegoševa 51, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
3
Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Niš, Višegradska 33,
18000 Niš, Serbia
Received 26 August 2013; revised 8 May 2014; accepted for publication 23 July 2014
The aim of the present study is to determine the exact number of the Balkan endemic taxa at specific and
subspecific rank in the Central Serbia and Kosovo regions, as well as their distribution, and to perform a
chorological and ecological analysis of this flora. Detailed and long-term field studies confirmed the presence of 492
Balkan endemic species and subspecies in the investigated area. The most important contributors at family rank
in the Balkan endemic flora are Asteraceae, Caryophyllaceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, and Lamiaceae, with
Hieracium, Dianthus, Centaurea, and Silene being the genera with the highest number of endemic taxa. In the
chorological and life form spectra of the Balkan endemics, taxa from South European and Central European
mountainous chorological groups and hemicryptophytes and chamaephytes are the most abundant. The presence
of endemic plants in 11 geographical provinces in Central Serbia and Kosovo regions was also analyzed and cluster
analysis was used to classify the geographical provinces according to their floristic similarities. The final analyses
of distribution and magnitude of endemism include summary mapping of all the endemic taxa at 10 × 10-km
Universal Transverse Mercator maps. High-mountainous areas of Mts Prokletije and Mts Šar-Planina are
distinctive centres of richness and diversity of the Balkan endemic flora in Central Serbia and Kosovo regions. Most
endemics were recorded on limestone and at 1500–2000 m a.s.l. Vegetation classes Asplenietea trichomanes,
Festuco-Brometea, Elyno-Seslerietea, and Erico-Pinetea are the richest in endemic taxa. A catalogue of the Balkan
endemic taxa in Central Serbia and Kosovo regions, with their threatened and legally protected status, is also
presented. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 176, 173–202.
ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: ecology – endemism – flora – Peninsula.
INTRODUCTION
The term ‘endemic’ simply means occurring nowhere
else (i.e. organisms can be endemic to a geographical location on a variety of spatial scales and at
different taxonomic levels) (Brown & Lomolino, 1998).
According to Peterson & Watson (1998), ‘endemic’
should be used to refer to restriction of taxon to a
stated geographical region, based on either natural
*Corresponding author. E-mail: gtomovic@bio.bg.ac.rs
geographical features or human political boundaries.
By following this definition, Balkan endemic plants
can be considered such taxa that are restricted only to
the territory of the Balkan Peninsula (Turrill, 1929;
Strid & Tan, 1997).
Kruckeberg & Rabinowitz (1985) were the first to
introduce the terms narrow (local), regional and
continental endemism, based on different ranges of
species distribution. According to Stevanović, Tan &
Iatrou (2003), some patterns of endemism for the
Balkan obligate serpentine endemics can also be
© 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 176, 173–202
173
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GORDANA TOMOVIĆ1*, MARJAN NIKETIĆ2, DMITAR LAKUŠIĆ1,
VLADIMIR RAND̄ELOVIĆ3 and VLADIMIR STEVANOVIĆ1
174
G. TOMOVIĆ ET AL.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
STUDY AREA
The territory of the Central Serbia and Kosovo
regions lies in the north-central part of the Balkan
Peninsula and covers 88 361 km2. Extending from the
rivers Sava and Danube southwards it ends with a
long, almost meridionally extending massif of Mts
Šar-Planina belonging to the Scardo-Pindhian mountain system. It is bordered by the mountains of the
Carpathian-Balkan and Rhodope systems in the east,
and the river Drina and the eastern Dinaric Alps form
its western and the high Mts Prokletije (which also
belongs to the Dinaric Alps) its south-western
borders. In addition to lying in the Balkans, Central
Serbia and Kosovo regions also occupy the southeastern part of the Pannonian Plain. Thus, these two
regions are divided into two distinct geographical and
orographical entities: a low-land-montane Peripannonian and a mountain-valley part of the Balkan mainland. These basic geographical and landscape entities
have determined the characteristics of the flora and
vegetation of Central Serbia and Kosovo regions and
differences between the plants distributed in these
two entities (Stevanović et al., 1999).
In Central Serbia and Kosovo regions, the climate
is continental in the north and south-east with
semi-arid summer and cold winter periods. In the
west, it is humid temperate and in the centre and the
east it is semi-arid temperate-continental or subcontinental, with transitional sub-Mediterranean parts
(Stevanović & Šinžar-Sekulić, 2009).
There are four basic groups of geological substrata
in Central Serbia and Kosovo regions: (1) silicate
rocks of acidic to neutral pH (igneous, metamorphic,
sedimentary); (2) silicate rocks of basic to ultra-basic
reaction (serpentinites and peridotites, ophiolitic
belt); (3) carbonate rocks of neutral to basic reactions
(clastic, sedimentary); and (4) loess and Pleistocene
sediments and deposits (sands, alluvial fans)
(Stevanović & Stevanović, 1995).
The main types of vegetation formations and vegetation classes are present in Central Serbia and Kosovo
regions
comprise:
(1)
coastal
mud-flats
and brackish waters (Ruppietea maritimae); (2)
salt marsh, sand-dune and sea-cliff vegetation
(Festuco-Puccinellietea); (3) rock crevice, scree and
boulder-field vegetation (Asplenietea trichomanis,
Thlaspietea rotundifolii); (4) freshwater aquatic
vegetation
(Lemnetea,
Charetea
fragilis,
Potametea); (5) springs, shoreline and swamp vegetation (Montio-Cardaminetea, Isoëto-Nanojuncetea,
Phragmito-Magnocaricetea); (6) bogs and fens
(Scheuchzerio-Caricetea
fuscae,
OxycoccoSphagnetea); (7) temperate grasslands, heaths
and fringe vegetation (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea,
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established according to their distributional range: (1)
trans-Balkan or trans-regional Balkan endemics
(taxa distributed in the greater part of the serpentine
areas in the Balkans); (2) regional endemics (taxa
restricted to a single floristic subregion or province);
and (3) local or steno-endemics (taxa distributed in a
single floristic district or narrow geographical area
such as a single mountain or island).
A major contribution on the Balkan Peninsula flora
was accomplished by Hayek (1924–1933), although
the most comprehensive study of the Balkan flora was
that of Turrill (1929) who numbered 1754 Balkan
endemic species, representing 26.8% of the total vascular flora of the Peninsula. After Turrill, recent
studies of the Balkan endemic flora were conducted
by Stevanović (2005) and Stevanović, Tan & Petrova
(2007), with estimates of the total number of the
Balkan endemics (species and subspecies) of 2600–
2700. In addition to the entire endemic flora, 300 taxa
belonging of obligate endemic serpentinophytes
(Stevanović et al., 2003) and 170 Balkan endemic
geophytes from the class Monocotyledones (Tan,
Stevanović & Strid, 2007) have been analyzed
However,
besides
comprehensive
floristic
researches of the Balkan Peninsula, to date, there
has been only one detailed analysis of the Balkan
plant endemics in the territory of Central Serbia
and Kosovo regions (Gajić, 1984). The study
recorded 197 endemic plants in Serbia, which were
divided into the categories: (1) Moesian endemics
(27 taxa); (2) Illyrian endemics (69 taxa); (3) Pannonian endemics (one species); (4) Endemics that
are distributed in several floristic provinces (74
taxa); and (5) Local endemics (26 taxa). According to
Stevanović et al. (1995), the number of Balkan
endemics in Central Serbia and Kosovo regions is
much larger (287 species and subspecies), representing 8.06% of the total vascular flora of this area.
The aim of the present study is to present quantitative data on the taxonomy, geographical distribution (division into chorological groups and floristic
elements), and ecology (life form, elevational distribution, geological substratum preference, and vegetation characteristics) of the Balkan endemic
plants in Central Serbia and Kosovo regions. We
also determine the degree of floristic similarity
among individual provincial groups and use the
results of our analyses to determine the most
important centres of floristic richness of the Balkan
endemics in Central Serbia and Kosovo regions. The
study of the above aspects, besides revealing
general patterns of endemism, can also be used for
conservation purposes. The present study comprises
a part of PhD thesis of the first author (Tomović,
2007) at the Faculty of Biology of the University of
Belgrade.
BALKAN ENDEMIC PLANTS IN CENTRAL SERBIA AND KOSOVO REGIONS
SELECTION
OF SPECIES
As Balkan endemics, we marked all those plant
species or subspecies with natural distributions
delimited by the territory of the Balkan Peninsula,
as defined by Turrill (1929) and Strid & Tan (1997).
A list of the Balkan endemic taxa in Central Serbia
and Kosovo regions was compiled based on data
from Flora of Serbia (Josifović, 1970–1977; Sarić &
Diklić, 1986; Sarić, 1992; Stevanović, 2012) and
recently published monographs and articles (Matović
& Tatić, 2002; Stevanović et al., 2003; Niketić &
Stevanović, 2007; Kučera et al., 2008; Lakušić et al.,
2013). Systematics and nomenclature were correlated with the latest checklists, papers, and databases (Stevens, 2001; Greuter, Burdet & Long,
1984–1989; Jalas & Suominen, 1972–1994; Jalas,
Suominen & Lampinen, 1996; Jalas et al., 1999;
Kurtto, Lampinen & Junikka, 2004; Kurtto, Fröhner
& Lampinen, 2007; Greuter & Raab-Straube,
2008; http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb;
http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/iopi/iopihome.htm
http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/) and with some
older but basic floras (Pančić, 1874, 1884; Hayek,
1924–1933). To obtain field data and to make additional chorological observations of the endemic
plants, field explorations were carried out in the
period 2003–2012. Identification and revision of
the herbarium specimens used standard botanical
literature sources and monographs (Tutin et al.,
1968–1980; 1993; Josifović, 1970–1977; Sarić &
Diklić, 1986; Sarić, 1992).
In addition to the sexual taxa, apomictic microspecies and subspecies were also included. Wherever
possible, the narrow taxonomic concept was applied to
apomictic taxa, particularly for representatives of
Hieracium and Alchemilla. Some groups of these
genera have centres of diversity in the Balkans,
unlike some other apomictic complexes that are
under-represented or under-explored in this part of
Europe (e.g. Rubus L., Taraxacum F.H.Wigg.). Therefore, we should expect some overestimation of these
genera in the analysis results.
DATA AND
ANALYSIS
The dataset used in the present study was derived
from the database with coded data on the nomenclature, taxonomy, distribution and ecology of the
Balkan endemic plants in Central Serbia and Kosovo
regions. It is regularly updated and currently contains 19307 literature records based on the relevant
floras and another 1281 published literature sources
and information from 7735 inspected and revised
herbarium sheets deposited in the Collections of the
Natural History Museum (BEO) and the Institute of
Botany and Botanical Garden, Faculty of Biology,
University of Belgrade (BEOU) (Thiers, 2013). For
the purpose of obtaining additional chorological and
ecological observations on the endemic plants, field
explorations were carried out in the period 2003–
2013.
To obtain different types of statistical analysis,
grouping and generalization of all the ecological data
had to be carried out. Distribution data were coded
using 11 (out of 15) geographical provinces of Central
Serbia and Kosovo regions (Fig. 1) defined by Marković
(1970). Four geographical provinces were not included
in the analysis, because in the province of Pomoravlje
(Po) there are no Balkan endemics, and three geographical provinces of Vojvodina region – [Banat (B),
Bačka (Bč) and Srem (Sr)] do not belong to the
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Festuco-Brometea, Calluno-Ulicetea); (8) dry grasslands and semi-deserts (Helianthemetea guttati); (9)
montane tall-herb, grassland, fell-field and snow-bed
vegetation (Mulgedio-Aconitetea, Salicetea herbaceae,
Elyno-Seslerietea, Juncetea trifidi); (10) temperate
broadleaved forests and scrub (Salicetea purpureae,
Populetea albae, Franguletea, Rhamno-Prunetea,
Querco-Fagetea, Quercetea pubescentis, Quercetea
roboris); (11) montane heaths and coniferous forests
(Loiseleurio-Vaccinietea,
Erico-Pinetea,
VaccinioPiceetea); and (12) weed communities (Stellarietea
mediae, Polygono-Poetea annuae, Artemisietea vulgaris, Galio-Urticetea, Epilobietea angustifolii,
Bidentetea tripartitii) (Zupančič, 1986; Kojić, Popović
& Karadžić, 1998; Lakušić, 2005).
Relying on a the ten-volume edition of Flora of SR
Serbia (1970–1977), Diklić (1984) cited 3115 species
from Serbia. However, according to the more recent
estimation (Stevanović et al., 1995), the flora of Serbia
includes 3662 taxa (i.e. 3272 species and 390 subspecies assigned to 141 families) (of which the richest are
Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, Apiaceae, Ranunculaceae, Cyperaceae, and Rosaceae)
and 766 genera (of which the most species-rich are
Hieracium L., Carex L., Trifolium L., Silene L., Centaurea L., Ranunculus L., Dianthus L., Veronica L.,
Campanula L., Euphorbia L., Allium L., Viola L., and
Potentilla L.). The flora of Central Serbia and Kosovo
regions is chiefly affected by Central European,
Alpine, and Pontic impacts because many species and
genera are widely distributed and inhabit large areas
of the moderate and even boreal zone of the Holarctic.
However, there are some genera and species that are
Mediterranean in a wider sense. This mixture of
floristic elements indicates that the flora of Central
Serbia and Kosovo regions shows an intermediate
character between the Mediterranean and Temperate
Zones of Europe (or rather Eurasia) (Stevanović et al.,
1999).
175
176
G. TOMOVIĆ ET AL.
territory of the Balkan Peninsula. For identification of
hierarchical floristic similarities among the 11
provinces, clustering based on Sørensen distances
and unweighted pair-group average hierarchical
sorting strategy (unweighted pair group method
with arithmetic mean) was used. The cluster analysis
was performed using PC-ORD, version 6.0 (Peck,
2010).
Affiliation to appropriate floristic elements was
determined for each endemic taxon on the basis of
geography of its range. Nomenclature of floristic elements corresponds to the phytogeographical division
of the Balkan Peninsula into phytochoria of subregion
and province rank given by Horvat, Glavač &
Ellenberg (1974), adapted and modified by Stevanović
(1992, 1996, 2012). In addition, each endemic taxon
(floristic element) was classified into a broader group
of floristic elements, chorological subgroup, and
RESULTS
TAXONOMIC
SPECTRUM
The total number of species and subspecies meeting
the criteria of Balkan endemics sensu Turrill (1929)
and Strid & Tan (1997) is 492 (Table 2), equivalent
to 13.4% of the total flora of Central Serbia and
Kosovo regions. The Balkan endemics in the investigated territory belong to 48 families and 167
genera. There are no endemic families, although
there are two monotypic Balkan endemic genera:
Paramoltkia Greuter and Halacsya Dörfler. Ferns
(Pteridophyta) do not have any endemics; in gymnosperms (Gymnospermae), there are only three
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Figure 1. The geographical provinces of the Central
Serbia and Kosovo regions (Stevanović 1992): Bč, Bačka;
Bt, Banat; Sr, Srem; NW, North-western Serbia; Š,
Šumadija; Po, Pomoravlje; NE, North-eastern Serbia; W,
Western Serbia; C, Central Serbia; E, Eastern Serbia; SW,
South-western Serbia; M, Metohija); K, Kosovo); S, Southern Serbia; SE, South-eastern Serbia.
chorological group corresponding to the floristic
regions of Europe of Walter & Straka (1970). The
list of chorological groups, subgroups, and floristic
elements is presented in Table 1.
For the attribution of life forms, the criteria
proposed by Raunkiaer (1934), Mueller-Dombois
& Ellenberg (1974) and Stevanović (1992) were
followed. Taxa were classified as phanerophytes (P),
nanophanerophytes (NP), chamaephytes (Ch),
hemicryptophytes (H), geophytes (G), and therophytes
(T).
All types of geological substrata were grouped in
four classes: limestone, silicate, serpentinite, miscellaneous (sand, loess, peat etc.). Elevational data were
classified into six ranges: 0–500 m, 500–1000 m,
1000–1500 m, 1500–2000 m, 2000–2500 m, and 2500–
2700 m. Data on vegetation characteristics for each
individual record were classified into 27 vegetation
classes the nomenclature of which was largely aligned
with Rodwell et al. (2002), with minor exceptions that
follow syntaxonomical concepts presented in Horvat
et al. (1974) and Lakušić (2005). Records without sufficient data on vegetation formations could not be
classified and were therefore not included in the vegetation analysis.
Analyses related to mapping and spatial calculation were performed using applications in VISUAL
BASIC, version 6.3 (Microsoft) language WINWORD
2003 (author of the application: M. Niketić). The
analyses of diversity and the summary distribution
of Balkan endemic species in Central Serbia and
Kosovo regions were presented on the grid map with
squares of 10 km × 10 km, based on Military Grid
Reference System and the Universal Transverse
Mercator (UTM) projection (http://www.luomus.fi/
english/botany/afe/map/utm.htm; Lampinen, 2001).
The list of the Balkan endemic plants in Central
Serbia and Kosovo regions (Table 2) is provided
in alphabetical order by families, species, and
subspecies.
BALKAN ENDEMIC PLANTS IN CENTRAL SERBIA AND KOSOVO REGIONS
177
Table 1. The list of chorological groups, subgroups and floristic elements of the Balkan endemic flora in the Central
Serbia and Kosovo regions
Chorological subgroups
Floristic elements
Mediterranean-Submediterranean
(MED-SUBMED)
Mediterranean-Submediterranean-Subcontinental
Adriatic-(Illyrian)
Adriatic-(Illyrian)-Ionian
Adriatic-(Illyrian)-Ionian-Aegean-Macedonic-Thracian-(Moesian)
Adriatic-(Illyrian)-Aegean-Macedonic-Thracian
Aegean-Macedonic-Thracian-(Moesian)
Macedonic-Thracian-(Moesian)
Adriatic
Adriatic-Ionian
Adriatic-Ionian-Aegean-Macedonic-Thracian
Adriatic-Ionian-Macedonic-Thracian
Adriatic-Macedonic-Thracian
Aegean-Macedonic-Thracian
Ionian-Macedonic-Thracian
Macedonic-Thracian
Adriatic-(Illyrian)
Adriatic-(Illyrian)-Ionian
Adriatic-(Illyrian)-Ionian-Aegean-Macedonic-Thracian
Adriatic-(Illyrian)-Ionian-Macedonic-Thracian
Adriatic-(Illyrian)-Ionian-Macedonic-Thracian-(Moesian)
Adriatic-(Illyrian)-Macedonic-Thracian-(Moesian)
Adriatic-(Illyrian)-(Moesian)
Adriatic-Macedonic-Thracian-(Moesian)
Macedonic-Thracian-(Moesian)
Illyrian
Moesian
Illyrian-Scardo-Pindhian-Moesian
Illyrian-Scardo-Pindhian
Illyrian-Moesian
Illyrian
Scardo-Pindhian-Moesian
Scardo-Pindhian
Moesian
Illyrian-Scardo-Pindhian-Moesian
Illyrian-Scardo-Pindhian
Illyrian-Moesian
Illyrian
Scardo-Pindhian-Moesian
Scardo-Pindhian
Moesian
Dinaric-Scardo-Pindhian-Moesian mountain
Dinaric-Scardo-Pindhian mountain
Dinaric-Moesian mountain
Dinaric mountain
Scardo-Pindhian-Moesian mountain
Scardo-Pindhian mountain
Moesian mountain
Dinaric-Scardo-Pindhian-Moesian mountain
Dinaric-Scardo-Pindhian mountain
Dinaric-Moesian mountain
Dinaric mountain
Scardo-Pindhian-Moesian mountain
Scardo-Pindhian mountain
Moesian mountain
Submediterranean
Submediterranean-Subcontinental
Subcontinetal-Submediterranean
Central European (CEUR)
Illyrian-Balkan
Illyrian
Balkan
Pontic (PONT)
Illyrian-Balkan
Illyrian
Balkan
Central European mountainous
(CEM)
Dinaric-Balkan mountainous
Dinaric mountainous
Balkan mountainous
South European mountainous
(SEM)
Dinaric-Balkan mountainous
Dinaric mountainous
Balkan mountainous
endemic species and endemic monocots (Monocotyledones) are only represented by 37 taxa (7.5%). The
families richest in endemic taxa are Asteraceae,
Caryophyllaceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, and Lamiaceae (Fig. 2). In 13 families, there is only a single
endemic taxon and, in 12 families, there are only
two endemic taxa. At the generic level, the highest
number of endemic taxa is found in species-rich
genera (Hieracium L., Dianthus L. and Centaurea
L.). In addition, Silene L., Achillea L., Stachys L.,
and Verbascum L. make substantial contributions
(Fig. 3).
CHOROLOGICAL
SPECTRUM
The chorological analysis of the Balkan endemics in
Central Serbia and Kosovo regions (Fig. 4) shows a
pronounced domination of orophytes belonging to the
South European mountainous chorological group (195
taxa; 40%) and Central European mountainous
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Chorological groups
Threatened and legally
protected status
Taxon
1
Amaryllidaceae
Allium melanantherum Pančić
2
Amaryllidaceae
Allium meteoricum Heldr. & Hausskn. ex Halácsy
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Apiaceae
Apiaceae
Apiaceae
Apiaceae
Apiaceae
Apiaceae
Apiaceae
Apiaceae
Apiaceae
Apiaceae
Apiaceae
Apiaceae
Apiaceae
Apiaceae
Apiaceae
Apocynaceae
Apocynaceae
Aristolochiaceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Athamanta turbith (L.) Brot. subsp. haynaldii (Borbás & Uechtr.) Tutin
Bupleurum apiculatum Friv.
Bupleurum flavicans Boiss. & Heldr.
Bupleurum karglii Vis.
Chaerophyllum coloratum L.
Dichoropetalum oligophyllum (Griseb.) Pimenov & Kljuykov
Eryngium palmatum Pančić & Vis.
Eryngium serbicum Pančić
Heracleum orphanidis Boiss.
Heracleum sphondylium L. subsp. verticillatum (Pančić) Brummit
Laserpitium siler L. subsp. zernyi (Hayek) Tutin
Ligusticum albanicum Jáv.
Pastinaca hirsuta Pančić
Peucedanum serpentini Andras. & Jáv.
Pimpinella serbica (Vis.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Drude
Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. subsp. nivale (Boiss. & Heldr.) Markgr.
Vincetoxicum huteri Vis. & Asch.
Aristolochia merxmuelleri Greuter & E.Mayer
Achillea abrotanoides (Vis.) Vis.
Achillea ageratifolia (Sibth. & Sm.) Benth. & Hook.f. subsp. ageratifolia
Achillea ageratifolia (Sibth. & Sm.) Benth. & Hook.f. subsp. serbica (Nyman)
Heimerl
Achillea alexandri-regis Bornm. & Rudsky
Achillea baldaccii Degen
Achillea chrysocoma Friv.
Achillea holosericea Sm.
Achillea pindicola Hausskn. subsp. corabensis (Heimerl) Greuter
Achillea vandasii Velen.
Amphoricarpos autariatus Blečić & E.Mayer subsp. autariatus
Amphoricarpos autariatus Blečić & E.Mayer subsp. bertisceus Blečić & E.Mayer
Anthemis cretica L. subsp. cinerea (Pančić) Oberpr. & Greuter
Anthemis macedonica Boiss. & Orph.
Carduus kerneri Simonk. subsp. scardicus (Griseb.) Kazmi
Carduus ramosissimus Pančić
Centaurea albertii Rexhepi
Centaurea chrysolepis Vis.
Centaurea derventana Vis. & Pančić
Centaurea deustiformis Adamović
Centaurea epapposa Velen.
Centaurea finazzeri Adamović
Centaurea graeca Griseb.
Centaurea grisebachii (Nyman) Heldr. subsp. grisebachii
Centaurea ipecensis Rech.f.
Centaurea kosaninii Hayek
Centaurea melanocephala Pančić
Centaurea nervosa Willd. subsp. josifovicii M.R.Gajic
Centaurea ognjanoffii Urum.
Centaurea phrygia L. subsp. bosniaca (Murb.) Hayek
Centaurea phrygia L. subsp. moesiaca (Urum. & J.Wagner) Hayek
Centaurea stoebe L. subsp. serbica (Prodan) Ochsmann
Cirsium appendiculatum Griseb.
Cirsium ligulare Boiss. subsp. albanum Wettst.
Cirsium ligulare Boiss. subsp. armatum (Velen.) Petr.
Cirsium tymphaeum Hausskn.
Crepis baldaccii Halácsy subsp. albanica Jáv.
LC (IUCN)
LC (ERLVP)*
DD (IUCN)
DD (ERLVP)
**
*
**
**
*
**
*
CR**
*
CR**
**
*
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
**
*
*
**
**
*
**
**
Life form
Chorological group
Distribution in geographical provinces
G
SEM
E, SE, M
G
SEM
M
Ch
T
T
T
T
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
G
Ch
Ch
Ch
SEM
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
SEM
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
CEM
CEM
SEM
CEM
CEM
PONT
SEM
SEM
SEM
MED-SUBMED
SEM
SEM
SEM
NW, W, SW, C, K, M
E, SE, S, C, K, M
E
NW, W, K, M
M
SE, M
Š, NE, E, SE, S, W, SW, C, K, M
Š, E, S, C, K
K
E
K, M
M
NE, E, SE, S, C
M
W, SW, C, K, M
SE, K, M
C, K, M
M
SW, M
K, M
NE, E, SE, S, NW, W, SW, K, M
H
H
H
H
Ch
Ch
H
H
Ch
Ch
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
CEM
CEM
MED-SUBMED
SEM
SEM
SEM
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
PONT
CEM
MED-SUBMED
CEUR
MED-SUBMED
PONT
CEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
K
M
SE, K, M
K, M
K, M
E, C
SW
M
SW, K, M
SE, S
E, SE, C, K, M
M
K, M
NE, E, SE
NW, W
M
E, W
SE, K
M
E, K, M
M
K, M
C, M
K, M
SE
SW
E, SE
E, SE, S, C, K
E, SE, S, K, M
E, SE, S, C, K, M
E
M
M
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© 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 176, 173–202
Family
G. TOMOVIĆ ET AL.
No
178
Table 2. List of the Balkan endemic plants in the Central Serbia and Kosovo regions arranged in alphabetical order by families and taxa
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
CR(Srb)**
CR(Srb)**
**
H
H
H
H
H
H
Ch
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
CEM
PONT
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
CEM
SEM
CEUR
CEUR
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
CEUR
SEM
SEM
M
M
NE, E
K, M
SE, S
E, SE, S, C, K
E, M
K, M
M
M
W, SW
M
M
M
W
E
M
M
NE
M
W
W, SW, K, M
W
SE
W, M
K, M
K
**
H
H
H
SEM
SEM
CEM
K
E
K, M
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
CEM
SEM
SEM
CEM
CEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
CEUR
CEM
CEUR
CEUR
SEM
SEM
SEM
CEUR
CEUR
CEUR
CEM
CEM
CEM
CEUR
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
CEUR
E
M
SE, S
E
M
M
M
M
C, M
M
K, M
E
W
SW
E, SE, M
M
E, S
NE, E, SE
C, M
E, NW, W, SW, C, K, M
M
E, S, C, K
M
K
K
K, M
S
M
K
NE, E
M
M
M
*
*
*
*
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
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84
85
86
Crepis bertiscea Jáv.
Crepis macedonica Kitan.
Cyanus nyssanus (Petrović) Soják
Cyanus orbelicus (Velen.) Soják
Cyanus tuberosus (Vis.) Soják
Cyanus velenovskyi (Adamović) Wagenitz & Greuter
Erigeron alpinus L. subsp. rhodopaeus (Vierh.) Kožuharov & N.Andreev
Galatella albanica Degen
Gnaphalium pichleri Murb.
Hieracium albopellitum (Zahn) Niketić
Hieracium amphithales K.Malý & Zahn
Hieracium andrasovszkyi Zahn subsp. cremnophilum O.Behr, E.Behr & Zahn
Hieracium andrasovszkyi Zahn subsp. doerfleri Hayek & Zahn
Hieracium andrasovszkyi Zahn subsp. kobilicanum O.Behr, E.Behr & Zahn
Hieracium baldaccianum Freyn
Hieracium balkanum Uechtr. ex Pančić
Hieracium bertisceum Niketić
Hieracium bifidum Kit. ex Hornem. subsp. pallescentisimile O.Behr, E.Behr & Zahn
Hieracium bifidum Kit. ex Hornem. subsp. stolanum Zahn
Hieracium bjeluschae K.Malý & Zahn subsp. tommasiniiforme Schaeffer & Zahn
Hieracium bosniacum Freyn subsp. bosniacum
Hieracium brandisii Freyn
Hieracium brevilanosum Degen & Zahn
Hieracium bulgaricum Freyn
Hieracium bupleuroides C.C.Gmel. subsp. malacosericeum Rech.f. & Zahn
Hieracium coloriscapum Rohlena & Zahn subsp. coloriscapum
Hieracium coloriscapum Rohlena & Zahn subsp. stenopyllophorum O.Behr, E.Behr
& Zahn
Hieracium dimoniei Zahn
Hieracium divaricatum Fr.
Hieracium djimilense Boiss. & Balansa subsp. brachytrichoiphyes O.Behr, E.Behr &
Zahn
Hieracium djimilense Boiss. & Balansa subsp. cordatifrons Zahn
Hieracium durmitoricum (Rohlena & Zahn) Niketić
Hieracium eriopus Boiss. & Heldr.
Hieracium erythrocarpum Peter subsp. aculeatissimum Zahn
Hieracium erythrocarpum Peter subsp. kurvalae Rech.f. & Zahn
Hieracium gaudryi Boiss. & Orph. subsp. cernyanum Hayek & Zahn
Hieracium gaudryi Boiss. & Orph. subsp. hayekianum Dörfl. & Zahn
Hieracium grossianum Zahn subsp. schefferianum Zahn
Hieracium guentheri-beckii Zahn subsp. guentheri-beckii
Hieracium guglerianum Zahn subsp. telekianum Kümmerle & Zahn
Hieracium gymnocephalum Griseb. ex Pant. subsp. gymnocephalum
Hieracium heldreichii Boiss. subsp. pseudopilosissimum Zahn
Hieracium heterogynum (Froel.) Gutermann subsp. heterogynum
Hieracium jurassicum Griseb. subsp. papyraceum (Zahn) Greuter
Hieracium macedonicum Boiss. & Orph. ex Boiss.
Hieracium macrodontoides (Zahn) Zahn subsp. gigantophyllum Zahn
Hieracium markovanum Arv.-Touv.
Hieracium marmoreum Pančić & Vis.
Hieracium mirificissimum Rohlena & Zahn
Hieracium mokragorae Nägeli & Peter
Hieracium murorum L. subsp. bistricense Zahn
Hieracium murorum L. subsp. psilodontum Zahn
Hieracium murorum L. subsp. valdecordatum Zahn
Hieracium naegelianiforme (O.Behr, E.Behr & Zahn) Buttler
Hieracium naegelianum Pančić subsp. ljubotenicum O.Behr, E.Behr & Zahn
Hieracium naegelianum Pančić subsp. naegelianum
Hieracium pallidum Biv. subsp. vranjanum Zahn
Hieracium pannosum Boiss. subsp. doerflerianum Hayek & Zahn
Hieracium pannosum Boiss. subsp. eumecobracchion Hayek
Hieracium pannosum Boiss. subsp. trojanum Zahn
Hieracium pichleri Kern. subsp. adamovicii Sagorski & Zahn
Hieracium pichleri Kern. subsp. chromoneurum Zahn
Hieracium praecox Sch.Bip. subsp. basilacistum Rech.f. & Zahn
179
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
BALKAN ENDEMIC PLANTS IN CENTRAL SERBIA AND KOSOVO REGIONS
© 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 176, 173–202
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
180
Table 2. Continued
Taxon
120
121
122
123
124
125.
126
127.
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
151
Asteraceae
Hieracium praecurrens Vuk. subsp. megaladenophyes K.Malý & Zahn
Hieracium pseuderiopus Zahn subsp. nikolae Zahn
Hieracium pseuderiopus Zahn subsp. pseuderiopus
Hieracium pseudobifidum Schur subsp. caesiopictum (Zahn) Zahn
Hieracium pseudobifidum Schur subsp. stenolepioides (Zahn) Zahn
Hieracium pseudobifidum Schur subsp. zljebense (Zahn) Zahn
Hieracium pseudosparsum Uchtr. ex Zahn
Hieracium racemosum Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. subsp. chaetotrichum Zahn
Hieracium racemosum Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. subsp. semigrisescens Zahn
Hieracium scardicum Bornm. & Zahn subsp. scardicum
Hieracium schefferi Rech.f. & Zahn
Hieracium scheppigianum Freyn subsp. scheppigianum
Hieracium schultzianum Pančić & Vis.
Hieracium sericophyllum Nejceff & Zahn subsp. acropolioscapum Zahn
Hieracium sparsum Friv. subsp. ipekanum Rech.f. & Zahn
Hieracium sparsum Friv. subsp. livadicanum O.Behr, E.Behr & Zahn
Hieracium sparsum Friv. subsp. peninsulare (Zahn) Zahn
Hieracium sparsum Friv. subsp. pilosifrons Zahn
Hieracium sparsum Friv. subsp. staraeplaninae Zahn
Hieracium sparsum Friv. subsp. subsparsiflorum (Degen & Zahn) Zahn
Hieracium suborieni (Zahn) P.D.Sell & C.West
Hieracium thapsiforme Uechtr. ex Asch. & Kan.
Hieracium tommasinianum K.Malý subsp. setosissimum (Nägeli & Peter) Gottschl.
Hieracium tommasinianum K.Malý subsp. tommasinianum
Hieracium transiens (Freyn) Freyn
Hieracium velenovskyi Freyn
Hieracium waldsteinii Tausch subsp. nipholeucum Zahn
Hieracium wiesbaurianum R.Uechtr. subsp. livadicae O.Behr, E.Behr & Zahn
Hypochaeris maculata L. subsp. pelivanovicii (Velen.) Hayek
Jacobaea pancicii (Degen) Vladimir. & Raab-Straube
Klasea radiata (Waldst. & Kit.) Á.Löve & D.Löve subsp. cetinjensis (Rohlena)
Greuter & Wagenitz
Lactuca pancicii (Vis.) N.Kilian & Greuter
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
Asteraceae
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae
Boraginaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Pilosella serbica (F.W.Schultz & Sch.Bip.) Szela˛g
Reichardia macrophylla Vis. & Pančić
Scorzonera doriae Degen & Bald.
Senecio hercynicus Herborg subsp. dalmaticus (Griseb.) Greuter
Tanacetum larvatum (Pant.) Hayek
Taraxacum pindicola (Bald.) Hand.-Mazz.
Tephroseris crassifolia (Schult.) Griseb. & Schenk
Tephroseris papposa (Rchb.) Schur subsp. wagneri (Degen) B.Nord.
Willemetia stipitata (Jacq.) Dalla Torre subsp. albanica (Kümmerle & Jáv.)
Kirschnerová
Alkanna noneiformis Griseb.
Alkanna pulmonaria Griseb.
Alkanna scardica Griseb.
Alkanna stribrnyi Velen.
Halacsya sendtneri (Boiss.) Dörfl.
Myosotis alpestris F.W.Schmidt subsp. suaveolens (Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.) Strid
Onosma stellulata Waldst. & Kit.
Paramoltkia doerfleri (Wettst.) Greuter & Burdet
Solenanthus krasniqii (Wraber) Niketić
Solenanthus scardicus Bornm.
Alyssum corymbosoides Formánek
Alyssum montanum L. subsp. serbicum Novák
Alyssum scardicum Wettst.
Arabis bryoides Boiss.
Aubrieta gracilis Spruner ex Boiss. subsp. scardica (Wettst.) Phitos
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
CR(Srb)**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
CR(Srb)**
LC (IUCN)
LC (ERLVP)*
*
*
**
*
**
CR(Srb)**
**
*
**
CR**
**
**
**
CR(Srb)**
**
Life form
Chorological group
Distribution in geographical provinces
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
CEUR
CEM
CEM
CEUR
CEUR
CEUR
CEM
CEUR
CEUR
SEM
CEUR
SEM
SEM
SEM
CEM
CEM
CEM
CEM
CEM
CEM
SEM
SEM
CEUR
CEUR
CEM
CEM
SEM
CEUR
CEM
CEM
MED-SUBMED
M
E
S
M
S, K, M
M
E
C
E
K, M
M
M
E, C, K
M
M
K
E
E
E
C
M
NW, W, C, M
W
W, M
E
E, SE
M
K
NE, E, SE, NW, W, SW, C, K, M
E
M
H
CEM
E, W, SW, C, K, M
H
H
H
H
Ch
H
H
H
H
CEM
SEM
SEM
CEM
CEM
CEM
CEM
CEM
CEM
C
W,
K,
M
M
M
M
K,
K,
H
H
H
H
Ch
H
Ch
Ch
H
H
H
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
MED-SUBMED
SEM
SEM
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
CEM
SEM
MED-SUBMED
SEM
SEM
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
CEM
SEM
SEM
K
S
M
E
Š, W, SW, C, K, M
NE, E, SE, S, NW, W, SW, C, K, M
NW, W, SW, K, M
K, M
M
M
SE
Š, NW, SW, C, K
K, M
K, M
K, M
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© 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 176, 173–202
Family
M
M
M
M
G. TOMOVIĆ ET AL.
Threatened and legally
protected status
No
Aurinia corymbosa Griseb.
Barbarea balcana Pančić
178
Brassicaceae
Barbarea longirostris Velen.
179
180
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Bornmuellera dieckii Degen
Cardamine amara L. subsp. balcanica Marhold, Ančev & Kit Tan
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
Campanulaceae
Campanulaceae
Campanulaceae
Campanulaceae
Campanulaceae
Campanulaceae
Campanulaceae
Campanulaceae
Campanulaceae
Campanulaceae
Campanulaceae
Campanulaceae
Campanulaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Caprifoliaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Cardamine carnosa Waldst. & Kit.
Cardamine pancicii Hayek
Cardamine serbica Pančić
Draba korabensis Kümmerle & Degen ex Jáv.
Draba kuemmerlei Stevan. & D.Lakušić
Erysimum korabense Kümmerle & Jáv.
Erysimum kuemmerlei Jáv.
Erysimum linariifolium Tausch
Erysimum pusillum Bory & Chaub. subsp. microstylum (Hausskn.) Hayek
Lunaria telekiana Jáv.
Malcolmia orsiniana (Ten.) Ten. subsp. serbica (Pančić) Greuter & Burdet
Thlaspi bellidifolium Griseb.
Thlaspi dacicum Heuff. subsp. montenegrinum (F. K. Meyer) Greuter & Burdet
Thlaspi microphyllum Boiss. & Orph.
Asyneuma pichleri (Vis.) D.Lakušić & F.Conti
Campanula hercegovina Degen & Fiala
Campanula moesiaca Velen.
Campanula orbelica Pančić
Campanula patula L. subsp. epigaea (Janka ex Degen) Hayek
Campanula persicifolia L. subsp. sessiliflora (Velen.) Fed. ex Greuter & Burdet
Campanula scutellata Griseb.
Campanula secundiflora Vis. & Pančić
Campanula spatulata Sm. subsp. spatulata
Edraianthus canescens D.Lakušić, Niketić & Stevan.
Edraianthus montenegrinus Horák
Edraianthus serbicus (A.Kern.) Petrović
Phyteuma pseudorbiculare Pant.
Centranthus longiflorus Steven subsp. junceus (Boiss. & Heldr.) I.Richardson
Cephalaria flava (Sm.) Szabó subsp. flava
Cephalaria pastricensis Dörfl. & Hayek
Knautia ambigua Boiss. & Orph.
Knautia dinarica (Murb.) Borbás subsp. dinarica
Knautia midzorensis Formánek
Knautia pancicii Szabó
Knautia sarajevensis (Beck) Szabó
Lonicera formanekiana Halácsy subsp. formanekiana
Scabiosa achaeta Vis. & Pančić
Scabiosa fumarioides Vis. & Pančić
Scabiosa ochroleuca L. subsp. balcanica (Velen.) Stoj. & Stef.
Valeriana bertiscea Pančić
Valeriana pancicii Halácsy & Bald.
Cerastium banaticum (Rochel) Heuff. subsp. kosaninii Georgiev
Cerastium decalvans Schloss. & Vuk. subsp. decalvans
Cerastium decalvans Schloss. & Vuk. subsp. leontopodium (Stoj. & Stef.) Niketić
Cerastium malyi (T.Georgiev) Niketić subsp. malyi
Cerastium malyi (T.Georgiev) Niketić subsp. serpentini (Novák) Niketić
Cerastium neoscardicum Niketić
Cerastium rectum Friv. subsp. rectum
Dianthus behriorum Bornm.
Dianthus cruentus Griseb. subsp. cruentus
Dianthus gracilis Sm. subsp. armerioides (Griseb.) Tutin
Dianthus gracilis Sm. subsp. gracilis
Dianthus integer Vis. subsp. integer
Dianthus integer Vis. subsp. minutiflorus (Halácsy) Bornm. ex Strid
Dianthus leucophoeniceus Dörfl. & Hayek
Dianthus microlepis Boiss. subsp. microlepis
Dianthus moesiacus Vis. & Pančić
LC (IUCN)
LC (ERLVP)
DD (IUCN)
DD (ERLVP)
**
LC (ERLVP)
**
**
*
*
**
**
*
*
*
*
**
**
**
*
CR(Srb)**
**
**
*
*
**
**
EX**
*
*
*
*
CR**
CR**
*
*
**
Ch
H
SEM
CEM
NW, W, SW, C, K, M
E, K, M
H
SEM
K, M
Ch
H
SEM
CEM
K
E, SE, C, K
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Ch
Ch
H
T
Ch
H
Ch
H
Ch
H
H
H
H
T
Ch
H
Ch
Ch
Ch
H
Ch
Ch
H
H
H
H
H
H
P
H
H
H
H
H
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
T
H
H
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
H
Ch
H
SEM
SEM
SEM
CEM
CEM
CEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
CEUR
SEM
CEM
CEM
SEM
CEUR
SEM
CEM
CEM
CEUR
CEUR
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
CEM
SEM
MED-SUBMED
CEM
SEM
CEM
CEM
CEM
CEM
CEM
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
PONT
CEM
CEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
CEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
SEM
SEM
MED-SUBMED
CEM
PONT
K, M
C
W
K, M
K, M
M
S, SW, C, K, M
Š, NW, W, SW, C, K, M
K, M
M
NE, E, K, M
K, M
M
M
W, SW, C, K, M
M
E, SE, W, K
E, K, M
E, SE, K, M
E, M
SE, S
W, SW
K, M
W
SW, M
NE, E, SE
K, M
K
SE, S
NE, E, W, M
E
NW, W, SW, C, K, M
E, SE
W
W, SW
K, M
C
Š, E, SE, S, W, SW, C, K, M
E, K
M
M
M
NE, NW, W, SW, K, M
S, NW, W, SW, C, K, M
NE, E, NW, W, SW, C, K, M
W, SW, C, K
K, M
NE, E, SE, S, NW, W, SW, C, K, M
M
Š, E, SE, S, W, SW, C, K, M
SE, S, K, M
K, M
M
K, M
M
K, M
NE, E, SE
181
Brassicaceae
Brassicaceae
BALKAN ENDEMIC PLANTS IN CENTRAL SERBIA AND KOSOVO REGIONS
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© 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 176, 173–202
176
177
182
Table 2. Continued
Taxon
238
Caryophyllaceae
Dianthus nitidus Waldst. & Kit. subsp. lakusicii Wraber
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
254
Caryophyllaceae
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Caryophyllaceae
Cistaceae
Colchicaceae
Convolvulaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Crassulaceae
Dioscoreaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Euphorbiaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Dianthus noëanus Boiss.
Dianthus pelviformis Heuff.
Dianthus pinifolius Sm. subsp. pinifolius
Dianthus scardicus Wettst.
Dianthus stenopetalus Griseb.
Dianthus sylvestris Wulfen subsp. bertisceus Rech.f.
Dianthus sylvestris Wulfen subsp. nodosus (Tausch) Hayek
Dianthus tenuiflorus Griseb.
Dianthus tristis Velen.
Dianthus viridescens Clem.
Gypsophila spergulifolia Griseb.
Heliosperma macranthum Pančić
Heliosperma nikolicii (A.Seliger & Wraber) Niketić & Stevan.
Heliosperma oliverae Niketić & Stevan.
Heliosperma pusillum (Waldst. & Kit.) Hoffmanns. subsp. moehringiifolium (Uechtr.
ex Pančić) Niketić & Stevan.
Heliosperma pusillum (Waldst. & Kit.) Hoffmanns. subsp. monachorum (Vis. &
Pančić) Niketić & Stevan.
Minuartia baldaccii (Halácsy) Mattf. subsp. baldaccii
Minuartia bosniaca (Beck) K.Malý
Minuartia bulgarica (Velen.) Graebn.
Minuartia doerfleri Hayek
Minuartia graminifolia (Ard.) Jáv. subsp. clandestina (Port.) Mattf.
Paronychia macedonica Chaudhri subsp. macedonica
Petrorhagia obcordata (Margot & Reut.) Greuter & Burdet
Saponaria intermedia Simmler
Silene fabarioides Hausskn.
Silene flos-cuculi (L.) Greuter & Burdet subsp. subintegra (Hayek) Greuter &
Burdet
Silene frivaldszkyana Hampe
Silene parnassica Boiss. & Spruner subsp. parnassica
Silene parnassica Boiss. & Spruner subsp. serbica (Vierh. & Adamović) Greuter
Silene roemeri Friv. subsp. roemeri
Silene schmuckeri Wettst.
Silene sendtneri Boiss. subsp. sendtneri
Silene skorpilii Velen.
Silene waldsteinii Griseb.
Viscaria asterias (Griseb.) Frajman
Fumana bonapartei Maire & Petitm.
Colchicum macedonicum Košanin
Convolvulus boissieri Steud. subsp. parnassicus (Boiss. & Orph.) Kuzmanov
Sedum alpestre Vill. subsp. erythraeum (Griseb.) ‘t Hart
Sedum stefco Stef.
Sedum tuberiferum Stoj. & Stef.
Sempervivum kindingeri Adamović
Sempervivum kosaninii Praeger
Sempervivum macedonicum Praeger
Dioscorea balcanica Košanin
Euphorbia glabriflora Vis.
Euphorbia montenegrina (Bald.) K.Malý
Euphorbia pancicii Beck
Euphorbia serpentini Novák
Euphorbia subhastata Vis. & Pančić
Anthyllis aurea Welden
Astragalus fialae Degen
Astragalus glycyphylloides DC. subsp. serbicus (Rchb.) Vasić & Niketić
NT (IUCN)
NT (ERLVP)
**
*
*
**
*
**
*
*
CR(Srb)**
**
**
**
**
**
**
*
**
EX(Srb)**
**
*
CR(Srb)**
**
**
**
**
*
**
**
**
*
*
*
**
**
**
Life form
Chorological group
Distribution in geographical provinces
Ch
CEM
M
Ch
H
Ch
Ch
H
Ch
Ch
H
H
T
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
SEM
PONT
MED-SUBMED
CEM
SEM
CEM
CEM
MED-SUBMED
SEM
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
SEM
MED-SUBMED
SEM
SEM
NE, E
NE, E, SE, S, M
Š, E, SE, S, NW, C, K, M
K, M
S, M
K, M
M
SE, S, C, K
E, K, M
M
NW, W, SW, M
M
K, M
M
NE, E
Ch
SEM
NW, W, SW, C, K, M
Ch
H
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
T
Ch
T
H
MED-SUBMED
SEM
CEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
SEM
CEUR
M
Š, NE, E, W, SW, K, M
E, SE, C
M
K, M
K, M
M
K, M
M
SE
H
Ch
Ch
H
Ch
H
Ch
Ch
H
Ch
G
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
G
Ch
H
H
H
H
Ch
H
H
PONT
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
PONT
SEM
SEM
MED-SUBMED
SEM
SEM
CEM
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
SEM
SEM
SEM
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
SEM
CEUR
PONT
CEUR
SEM
CEM
CEUR
SE, S, K
K, M
W, SW, C, K, M
E, SE, S
M
NE, E, SE, S, NW, W, SW, C, K, M
E
E, SE, K, M
E, SE, C, K, M
W, SW, C, K, M
M
K
K, M
E, SE, S, C
SE
K, M
K, M
K, M
M
S, NW, W, SW, C, K, M
K, M
W, SW
W
W, SW, M
SE, K, M
M
Š, NE, E, SE, K, M
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Family
G. TOMOVIĆ ET AL.
Threatened and legally
protected status
No
Astragalus wilmottianus Stoj.
Cytisus jankae Velen.
Cytisus petrovicii Adamović
Cytisus tommasinii Vis.
Genista hassertiana (Bald.) Buchegger subsp. hassertiana
Genista nissana Petrović
Genista subcapitata Pančić
Genista sylvestris Scop. subsp. dalmatica (Bartl.) H.Lindb.
Lathyrus binatus Pančić
Lathyrus pancicii (Jurišić) Adamović
Lotus stenodon (Boiss. & Heldr.) Heldr.
Medicago prostrata Jacq. subsp. pseudorupestris (Hayek) Micevski
304
305
306
307
308
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
309
310
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Onobrychis montana DC. subsp. scardica (Griseb.) P.W.Ball
Onobrychis pindicola Hausskn.
Oxytropis dinarica (Murb.) Wettst. subsp. dinarica
Oxytropis dinarica (Murb.) Wettst. subsp. weberi Chrtek & Chrtková
Oxytropis halleri Bunge ex Koch subsp. korabensis (Kümmerle & Jáv.) Chrtek &
Chrtková
Trifolium dalmaticum Vis.
Trifolium medium L. subsp. balcanicum Velen.
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Gentianaceae
Gentianaceae
Gesneriaceae
Gesneriaceae
Trifolium pignantii Fauché & Chaub.
Trifolium trichopterum Pančić
Trifolium velenovskyi Vandas
Trifolium wettsteinii Dörfl. & Hayek
Gentiana pneumonanthe L. subsp. nopcsae (Jáv.) Wraber
Gentianella albanica (Jáv.) J. Holub
Ramonda nathaliae Pančić & Petrović
Ramonda serbica Pančić
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
Iridaceae
Iridaceae
Iridaceae
Iridaceae
Iridaceae
Iridaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lamiaceae
Lentibulariaceae
Liliaceae
Crocus alexandri Ničić ex Velen.
Crocus dalmaticus Vis.
Crocus kosaninii Pulević
Crocus rujanensis Rand̄elović & D.A.Hill
Crocus scardicus Košanin
Crocus veluchensis Herb.
Ballota hispanica (L.) Benth. subsp. macedonica (Vandas) Strid & Kit Tan
Micromeria albanica (K.Malý) Šilić
Micromeria croatica (Pers.) Schott
Micromeria longipedunculata Bräuchler
Nepeta rtanjensis Diklić & Milojević
Salvia officinalis L. subsp. multiflora Gajić
Salvia pratensis L. subsp. pozegensis (Watzl) Diklić
Sideritis scardica Griseb.
Stachys anisochila Vis. & Pančić
Stachys beckeana Dörfl. & Hayek
Stachys milanii Petrović ex Magnier
Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevisan subsp. skipetarum Jáv.
Stachys plumosa Griseb.
Stachys recta L. subsp. baldaccii (K.Malý) Hayek
Stachys recta L. subsp. rhodopaea (Velen.) Chrtek
Stachys scardica (Griseb.) Hayek
Stachys serbica Pančić
Teucrium arduini L.
Thymus adamovicii Velen.
Thymus bulgaricus (Domin & Podp.) Ronniger
Thymus ciliatopubescens (Halácsy) Halácsy
Thymus doerfleri Ronniger
Thymus longedentatus (Degen & Urum.) Ronniger
Thymus stojanovii Degen
Pinguicula balcanica Casper
Fritillaria gussichiae (Degen & Dörfl.) Rix
351
Liliaceae
Fritillaria macedonica Bornm.
**
*
**
EX(Srb)**
*
*
EX(Srb)**
LC (IUCN)
LC (ERLVP)
**
**
*
**
CR**
*
**
LC (IUCN)
LC (ERLVP)**
*
**
*
CR**
*
**
**
*
CR**
*
CR(Srb)**
*
CR(Srb)**
*
EX(Srb)**
**
*
*
*
*
DD (IUCN)
DD (ERLVP)
CR(Srb)**
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
H
H
H
Ch
PONT
PONT
PONT
SEM
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
SEM
MED-SUBMED
CEUR
MED-SUBMED
CEM
MED-SUBMED
E, SE
E, SW, C, K, M
NE, E, S, C, K
SE, S, W, SW, C, K, M
M
E, K
NE, E, SE, S, C, K
W, M
NW, W, SW
E
SW, K, M
M
H
Ch
H
H
H
CEM
SEM
CEM
CEM
CEM
K, M
M
M
K, M
K, M
T
H
MED-SUBMED
CEUR
H
T
H
Ch
H
H
H
H
MED-SUBMED
SEM
CEUR
CEM
CEUR
CEM
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
NE, E, SE, S, W, SW, C, K, M
Š, NE, E, SE, S, NW, W, SW, C, K,
M
S, SW, C, K, M
Š, E, SE, S, W, C, K, M
E, SE, S, C, K, M
K, M
M
K, M
E, K
NE, E, SW, K, M
G
G
G
G
G
G
H
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
H
Ch
H
H
T
H
H
H
H
H
T
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
H
G
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
SEM
SEM
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
SEM
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
PONT
SEM
SEM
SEM
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
SEM
PONT
SEM
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
SEM
MED-SUBMED
SEM
CEM
MED-SUBMED
E, SE, S, C, K
SE, M
S, K
S
K, M
E, SE, S, NW, W, SW, C, K, M
M
K, M
W, M
M
NE
E, C, M
W, K
K, M
NW, W
W, M
E, S, C
M
E, SE, S, K
E, NW, W, SW, C, K, M
SE, S
NE, SE, S, W, SW, C, K, M
E, M
M
Š, W, C
NE, E
K, M
M
NE
K
E, SE, K, M
SE, S
G
SEM
K, M
183
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
Fabaceae
BALKAN ENDEMIC PLANTS IN CENTRAL SERBIA AND KOSOVO REGIONS
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© 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 176, 173–202
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
184
Table 2. Continued
Taxon
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Liliaceae
Linaceae
Linaceae
Linaceae
Linaceae
Lythraceae
Fritillaria messanensis Rafin. subsp. gracilis (Ebel) Rix
Lilium albanicum Griseb.
Tulipa scardica Bornm.
Tulipa serbica Tatić & Krivošej
Linum capitatum Kit. ex Schult. subsp. capitatum
Linum elegans Spruner ex Boiss.
Linum hirsutum L. subsp. spathulatum (Halácsy & Bald.) Halácsy
Linum tauricum Willd. subsp. serbicum (Podp.) Petrova
Trapa annosa Janković
361
362
363
364
365
Malvaceae
Malvaceae
Nartheciaceae
Oleaceae
Orchidaceae
Althaea kragujevacensis Pančić ex Diklić & Stevan.
Althaea vranjensis Diklić & V.Nikolić
Narthecium scardicum Košanin
Forsythia europaea Degen & Bald.
Dactylorhiza cordigera (Fr.) Soó subsp. bosniaca (Beck) Soó
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae
Orobanchaceae
Papaveraceae
Papaveraceae
Pinaceae
Pinaceae
Pinaceae
Plantaginaceae
Plantaginaceae
Plantaginaceae
Plantaginaceae
Plantaginaceae
Plantaginaceae
393
394
395
396
397
Plantaginaceae
Plantaginaceae
Plantaginaceae
Plumbaginaceae
Poaceae
Melampyrum doerfleri Ronniger
Melampyrum heracleoticum Boiss. & Orph. ex Boiss.
Melampyrum hoermannianum K.Malý
Melampyrum scardicum Wettst.
Melampyrum trichocalycinum Vandas
Orobanche esulae Pančić
Pedicularis brachyodonta Schloss. & Vuk. subsp. grisebachii (Wettst.) Hayek
Pedicularis brachyodonta Schloss. & Vuk. subsp. moesiaca (Stadlm.) Hayek
Pedicularis brachyodonta Schloss. & Vuk. subsp. montenegrina (Janka ex Nyman)
D.A.Webb
Pedicularis ernesti-mayeri Stevan., Niketić & D.Lakušić
Pedicularis heterodonta Pančić
Pedicularis hoermanniana K.Malý
Pedicularis leucodon Griseb. subsp. leucodon
Pedicularis orthantha Griseb.
Rhinanthus asperulus (Murb.) Soó
Rhinanthus melampyroides (Borbás & Degen) Soó
Corydalis solida (L.) Clairv. subsp. incisa Lidén
Pseudofumaria alba (Mill.) Lidén subsp. leiosperma (Conrath) Lidén
Abies borisii-regis Mattf.
Picea omorika (Pančić) Purk.
Pinus peuce Griseb.
Digitalis viridiflora Lindl.
Linaria peloponnesiaca Boiss. & Heldr.
Linaria rubioides Vis. & Pančić subsp. nissana (Petrović) Niketić & Tomović
Linaria rubioides Vis. & Pančić subsp. rubioides
Plantago reniformis Beck
Veronica barrelieri H.Schott ex Roem. & Schult. subsp. andrasovszkyi (Jáv.)
M.Fisher
Veronica barrelieri H.Schott ex Roem. & Schult. subsp. prodanii (Degen) M.Fisher
Veronica thessalica Benth.
Wulfenia blecicii Lakušić subsp. blecicii
Armeria rumelica Boiss.
Bromopsis moesiaca (Velen.) Holub
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Festuca adamovicii (St.-Yves) Markgr.-Dann. subsp. adamovicii
Festuca graeca (Hack.) Markgr.-Dann. subsp. graeca
Festuca halleri All. subsp. scardica (Griseb.) Markgr.-Dann.
Festuca koritnicensis Hayek & Vetter
Festuca stojanovii (Acht.) Kožuharov ex Foggi & Petrova
Festuca valida (R.Uechtr.) Pénzes subsp. valida
Helictotrichon blavii (Asch. & Janka) C.E.Hubb.
Sesleria albicans Kit. subsp. angustifolia (Hack. & Beck) Deyl
*
CR(Srb)**
CR**
CR(Srb)**
*
EX (ERLVP)
EX**
EX**
EX**
*
**
LC (IUCN)
LC (ERLVP)**
*
*
*
*
**
**
**
**
*
*
*
**
LC (IUCN)**
EN (IUCN)**
NT (IUCN)**
**
*
*
**
**
**
**
DD (IUCN)
DD (ERLVP)
Life form
Chorological group
Distribution in geographical provinces
G
G
G
G
H
Ch
H
H
T
SEM
CEM
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
SEM
SEM
PONT
PONT
CEUR
M
W, SW, K, M
K, M
K
NE, E, SE, W, SW, C, K, M
K, M
K, M
Š, SW, C, K, M
Š
H
H
G
P
G
CEUR
MED-SUBMED
SEM
MED-SUBMED
CEM
Š
SE, S
K, M
K, M
E, SE, S, SW, C, K, M
T
T
T
T
T
G
H
H
H
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
CEUR
CEM
CEUR
PONT
CEM
CEM
CEM
K, M
SW, K, M
NW, W, SW, C, M
E, SE, K, M
K, M
E, SE, S
K, M
E, SE, S
M
H
H
H
H
H
T
T
G
G
P
P
P
H
H
H
H
H
H
CEM
CEM
CEM
CEM
CEM
CEUR
CEUR
CEUR
SEM
SEM
CEM
CEM
CEUR
SEM
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
CEM
PONT
M
E, SE, S, NW, W, SW, C, K, M
E, SE, C, K, M
K, M
E
M
K, M
M
NW, W, SW, M
M
W, SW
K, M
E, SE
K, M
E
Š, NW, W, SW, C
W, M
M
H
Ch
H
H
H
PONT
SEM
CEM
SEM
PONT
NE, E
K, M
M
SE, S, C, K, M
SE, C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
CEM
SEM
CEM
CEM
SEM
SEM
CEM
SEM
C, K, M
M
C, K, M
K, M
SE
E, SE
NW, W
NW, W, SW, M
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© 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 176, 173–202
Family
G. TOMOVIĆ ET AL.
Threatened and legally
protected status
No
Sesleria comosa Velen.
Sesleria korabensis (Kümmerle & Jáv.) Deyl
Sesleria latifolia (Adamović) Degen
Sesleria serbica (Adamović) Ujhelyi
Sesleria tenerrima (Fritsch) Hayek
Sesleria ujhelyii Strgar
Sesleria wettsteinii Döerfl. & Hayek
Stipa mayeri Martinovský
Stipa novakii Martinovský
Trisetum flavescens (L.) P.Beauv. subsp. serbicum (Velen.) Hayek
Polygala croatica Chodat
Polygala doerfleri Hayek
Polygonum albanicum Jáv.
Rumex balcanicus Rech.f.
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
Primulaceae
Primulaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Ranunculaceae
Rhamnaceae
Rhamnaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Androsace hedraeantha Griseb.
Soldanella pindicola Hausskn.
Aconitum burnatii Gáyer subsp. pentheri (Hayek) Jalas
Aconitum toxicum Rchb. subsp. bosniacum (Beck) Niketić
Aquilegia blecicii A.Podob.
Aquilegia nikolicii (Niketić) Niketić & Cikovac
Aquilegia pancicii Degen
Consolida uechtritziana (Pančić ex Huth) Soó
Delphinium balcanicum Pawł.
Helleborus multifidus Vis. subsp. multifidus
Helleborus multifidus Vis. subsp. serbicus (Adamović) Merxm. & Podlech
Pulsatilla halleri (All.) Willd. subsp. rhodopaea (Stoj. & Stef.) K.Krause
Pulsatilla montana (Hoppe) Rchb. subsp. bulgarica Rummelsp.
Ranunculus concinnatus Schott
Ranunculus incomparabilis Janka
Ranunculus seguieri Vill. subsp. montenegrinus (Halácsy) Tutin
Rhamnus orbiculata Bornm.
Rhamnus rhodopea Velen. subsp. rhodopaea
Alchemilla amphiargyrea Buser
Alchemilla bulgarica Rothm.
Alchemilla catachnoa Rothm.
Alchemilla heterotricha Rothm.
Alchemilla indivisa (Formánek ex Buser) Rothm.
Alchemilla lanuginosa Rothm.
Alchemilla pirinica Pawł.
Alchemilla viridiflora Rothm.
Crataegus heldreichii Boiss.
Drymocallis malacophylla (Borbás) Kurtto
Geum bulgaricum Pančić
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rosaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae
Rutaceae
Rutaceae
Santalaceae
Sapindaceae
Sapindaceae
Saxifragaceae
Geum rhodopeum Stoj. & Stef.
Potentilla doerfleri Wettst.
Potentilla montenegrina Pant.
Potentilla nicicii Adamović
Potentilla speciosa Willd. subsp. illyrica Soják
Potentilla visianii Pančić
Sanguisorba albanica András. & Jáv.
Asperula aristata L.f. subsp. condensata (Heldr. ex Boiss.) Ehrend. & Krendl
Asperula doerfleri Wettst.
Asperula purpurea (L.) Ehrend. subsp. apiculata (Sibth. & Sm.) Ehrend.
Asperula scutellaris Vis.
Crucianella graeca Boiss.
Galium breviramosum F. Krendl
Galium firmum Tausch
Haplophyllum boissieranum Vis. & Pančić
Haplophyllum coronatum Griseb.
Thesium auriculatum Vandas
Acer heldreichii Orph. ex Boiss. subsp. visianii K.Malý
Acer hyrcanum Fisch. & C.A.Mey. subsp. intermedium (Pančić) Palam.
Saxifraga blavii (Engl.) Beck
*
*
**
*
**
**
DD (IUCN)
DD (ERLVP)*
**
*
*
*
**
**
EX(Srb)**
*
**
*
CR(Srb)**
**
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
**
**
LC (IUCN)
LC (ERLVP)**
**
**
*
**
*
*
**
**
*
*
*
*
*
**
**
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Ch
H
T
H
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
PONT
PONT
CEM
CEM
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
CEM
SE, K, M
K, M
NE, E, SE, C, K, M
Š, NW, W, SW, C, K
K
NW, W
K, M
M
Š, NW, W, SW, C, K
E, SE, S
E, C, K, M
K, M
M
E, SE, C, K, M
Ch
H
H
H
H
H
H
T
H
G
G
G
G
H
H
H
P
P
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
P
Ch
H
CEM
CEM
CEM
CEM
CEM
CEM
CEM
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
CEM
PONT
CEM
SEM
CEM
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
CEM
CEM
CEM
CEM
CEM
CEM
CEM
CEM
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
CEM
E, K, M
K, M
E, SE, NW, W, SW, C, K, M
NW, W, SW, C, K, M
C, M
W, SW
E
SE, S
SE, S, M
K, M
Š, W, SW, C, K
M
NE, E, SE, S, C
K, M
K, M
M
M
S
M
E, SE, W, SW, C, K, M
M
K
W, C
SE, K, M
K, M
SE, SW, C
M
W, SW
M
H
Ch
H
H
Ch
H
H
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
T
Ch
Ch
Ch
Ch
H
P
P
H
CEM
CEM
CEM
PONT
SEM
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
SEM
SEM
SEM
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
SEM
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
SEM
CEUR
CEUR
CEM
SE
K, M
W, K, M
NE
K, M
Š, W, SW, C, K, M
M
C, K, M
K, M
E, SE, S, K
NW, W, SW, M
E, SE, S
M
M
W, C, K, M
M
NW, W
Š, E, W, SW, C, K, M
Š, NE, E, SE, S, SW, C, K, M
W, SW, C, K, M
185
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Polygalaceae
Polygalaceae
Polygonaceae
Polygonaceae
BALKAN ENDEMIC PLANTS IN CENTRAL SERBIA AND KOSOVO REGIONS
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© 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 176, 173–202
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
186
G. TOMOVIĆ ET AL.
Threatened and legally
protected status
No
Family
Taxon
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
Saxifragaceae
Saxifragaceae
Saxifragaceae
Saxifragaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Thymeleaceae
Violaceae
Violaceae
Violaceae
Violaceae
Violaceae
Violaceae
Violaceae
Saxifraga federici-augusti Biasol. subsp. federici-augusti
Saxifraga federici-augusti Biasol. subsp. grisebachii (Degen & Dörfl.) D.A.Webb
Saxifraga scardica Griseb.
Saxifraga taygetea Boiss. & Heldr.
Scrophularia aestivalis Griseb.
Scrophularia bosniaca Beck
Scrophularia tristis (K.Malý) Šilić
Verbascum adamovicii Velen.
Verbascum anisophyllum Murb.
Verbascum baldaccii Degen
Verbascum dieckianum Borbás & Degen
Verbascum eriophorum Godr.
Verbascum glabratum Friv. subsp. bosnense
(K.Malý) Murb.
Verbascum nicolai Rohlena
Verbascum scardicola Bornm.
Verbascum viridissimum Stoj. & Stef.
Daphne malyana Blečić
Viola aetolica Boiss. & Heldr.
Viola chelmea Boiss. & Heldr. subsp. chelmea
Viola dukadjinica W.Becker & Košanin
Viola elegantula Schott
Viola grisebachiana Vis.
Viola macedonica Boiss. & Heldr. subsp. macedonica
Viola orphanidis Boiss. subsp. orphanidis
*
*
**
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
**
**
**
*
*
*
*
Life form
Chorological group
Distribution in geographical provinces
Ch
Ch
Ch
H
H
H
T-H
H
H
H
H
H
H
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
CEM
CEUR
MED-SUBMED
SEM
MED-SUBMED
SEM
PONT
MED-SUBMED
MED-SUBMED
C, K, M
S, M
K, M
K, M
SE, S, K, M
K, M
Š, W, SW, C, K, M
E, SE
E, SE
M
SE, S
NE, C
W, SW, M
H
H
H
Ch
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
SEM
SEM
MED-SUBMED
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
MED-SUBMED
SEM
SW, K, M
K, M
SE
W, SW
M
K
K
SW, C, K, M
NE, E, K, M
Š, NE, E, SE, S, NW, W, SW, C, K, M
K, M
IUCN (2012) threatened status and European Red List of Vascular Plants (2011) (IUCN; ERLVP – bold letters; EX – Extinct, EN – Endangered, NT – Near Threatened, LC – Least Concern, DD – Data Deficient); threatened
status in Serbia (Stevanović, 1999 – regular letters; EX – Extinct, EX(Srb) – Extinct in Serbia; CR – Critically Endangered, CR(Srb) – Critically Endangered in Serbia). **Species strictly protected by the national legislation.
*Species protected by the national legislation. For the explanations of life forms, chorological groups and geographical provinces of the Central Serbia and Kosovo regions, see Material and methods.
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Table 2. Continued
BALKAN ENDEMIC PLANTS IN CENTRAL SERBIA AND KOSOVO REGIONS
187
Figure 3. Endemic species and subspecies richness at generic level.
chorological group (122 taxa; 25%), indicating
the high association level of endemic taxa to mountainous and high-mountainous areas. Also, a relatively high number of endemics belonging to the
Mediterranean-Submediterranean chorological group
(103 taxa; 21%) is caused by a significant influence of
(sub)Mediterranean flora in investigated territory.
The Central European chorological group is represented by 45 taxa (9%) and the Pontic chorological
group by only 26 endemic taxa (5%) of the total
© 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 176, 173–202
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Figure 2. Endemic species and subspecies richness at family level.
188
G. TOMOVIĆ ET AL.
Balkan endemic flora in Central Serbia and Kosovo
regions.
1 The South European mountainous chorological
group (SEM) is represented by 196 taxa or 40% of
the total Balkan endemic flora. This chorological
group is floristically richest in the total chorological spectrum of the Balkan endemic flora in
Central Serbia and Kosovo regions. Endemic orophytes from this chorological group inhabit limestone rocks, screes, and rocky grounds of subalpine
and alpine belts of mountains of the western and
central part of the Balkan Peninsula, especially
mountains that are under Mediterranean climatic
influence. The relatives of such species are distributed in the mountains of southern Europe (Greece,
the Apennines, Iberian Peninsula) and southern
Asia Minor. Endemic orophytes of the South
European mountainous group are divided into the
following chorological subgroups: (1.1) DinaricBalkan mountainous (75 taxa; 38%); (1.2) Dinaric
mountainous (39 taxa; 19%); and (1.3) Balkan
mountainous (82 taxa; 43%).
2 The Central European mountainous chorological
group (CEM) is represented by 122 taxa (25%). The
endemics of this chorological group are closely
related or are vicarious to the species distributed in
the mountains of the Central Europe (the Alps and
the Carpathians). Endemic taxa of this group are
orophytes inhabiting rocks and rocky slopes of subalpine and alpine belts of both calcareous and siliceous of inland Dinaric Alps, Balkan, and ScardoPindhian mountains. Endemic orophytes of the
Central European mountainous group are divided
into the following chorological subgroups: (2.1)
Dinaric-Balkan mountainous (53 taxa; 44%); (2.2)
Dinaric mountainous (23 taxa; 18%); and (2.3)
Balkan mountainous (46 taxa; 38%).
3 The Mediterranean-Submediterranean chorological
group (MED-SMED) is represented by 103 taxa
(21%). These endemics are distributed in Central
Serbia and Kosovo regions on small surfaces
or exclaves connected to the Eastern Submediterranean subregion, which includes parts of
Macedonian-Thracian province in southern and
south-eastern Serbia and the Adriatic province in
south-western Serbia. In addition, these types of
endemics are also distributed in the other parts of
Central Serbia and Kosovo regions, especially
inhabiting open limestone and serpentine sites.
© 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 176, 173–202
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Figure 4. Spectrum of the basic chorological groups (corresponding to the floristic provinces) of the Balkan endemic flora
in the Central Serbia and Kosovo regions: CEM, Central European mountainous; SEM, South European mountainous;
PONT, Pontic; MED-SUBMED, Mediterranean-Submediterranean; CEUR, Central European.
BALKAN ENDEMIC PLANTS IN CENTRAL SERBIA AND KOSOVO REGIONS
LIFE
FORM SPECTRUM
The life form analysis of the Balkan endemics in
Central Serbia and Kosovo regions is presented in
Figure 5. The largest group of the Balkan endemics
are hemicryptophytes (313 taxa; 64%) and chamaephytes (117 plants; 24%). Significantly less numerous
are geophytes and therophytes (26 each; 5%), whereas
the lowest number, only ten endemic taxa (2%) belong
to phanerophytes and nanophanerophytes (trees and
shrubs), which are represented by five taxa each. Of
the five endemic tree species, two taxa belong to the
CEUR chorological group, two species to the CEM
group, and one species to the SEM group. Balkan
endemic shrubs mainly belong to the MED-SUBMED
group (four taxa), and one species belongs to the CEM
chorological group. Hemicryptophytes are the most
numerous in the SEM and CEM chorological groups
(119 and 98 taxa, respectively) and less numerous in
the PONT group (20 taxa). Most endemic chamaephytes (62 taxa) are attributed to the SEM chorological group and, to a lesser extent, to the MEDSUBMED group (34 taxa); in the CEUR group, there
are no endemic chamaephytes. Geophytes are
most numerous in the MED-SUBMED and SEM
groups, with 11 and nine taxa, respectively; in other
chorological groups, only one to three geophytes
are recorded. Therophytes are most abundant in
the MED-SUBMED chorological group (16 taxa),
whereas, in the CEUR and SEM groups, they are
represented by five and four species, respectively. In
the CEM chorological group, there is only one
endemic therophyte species and, in PONT, there are
no endemic therophyte taxa recorded.
ENDEMISM
BY GEOGRAPHICAL PROVINCES
The uneven distribution of the Balkan endemics in
the 11 (out of 15) geographical provinces in Central
Serbia and Kosovo regions is shown in Figure 6. In
the Peripannonian part (Pomoravlje province; Po),
there are no Balkan endemics, and their number
increases regularly in a north–south direction (i.e.
from plain to mountainous and high-mountainous
areas). By far the largest numbers of endemic taxa
are present in the geographical provinces of Metohija
(M) (328) and in Kosovo (K) (227). The third highest
number is in the province of Eastern Serbia (E) (127
taxa). Provinces of Central (C), South-eastern (SE),
and Western (W) Serbia, with 102, 102, and 97 taxa,
respectively, are moderately rich in endemic Balkan
flora. The next group consists of provinces of Southwestern (SW) with 85 and Southern Serbia (S) with
71 taxa, characterized by a relatively small number of
the endemic plants. The last groups with the lowest
number of Balkan endemics are provinces of Northeastern (NE) and North-western Serbia (NW), with
41 and Šumadija (Š) with only 25 endemics.
The cluster analysis of floristic similarities among
the 11 geographical provinces of Central Serbia and
Kosovo regions based on the Balkan endemic taxa
© 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 176, 173–202
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The chorological spectrum of this group consists of
the following subgroups. (3.1) MediterraneanSubmediterranean-Subcontinental subgroup (10
taxa; 10%): this subgroup includes endemics with
ranges that, besides the Mediterranean and Submediterranean region, spread further into the
Balkan Peninsula. These species inhabit thermophilous rocky habitats of the continental parts of
western and central Balkans. (3.2) Submediterranean subgroup (37 taxa; 36%): this subgroup has
a largest number of the Balkan endemic taxa.
Distribution of the typical Submediterranean
species encompasses larger parts of the Adriatic,
Ionian, Aegean and Macedonian-Thracian provinces of the Eastern Submediterranean subregion.
These endemics can be found in southern, southwestern and south-eastern parts of Central Serbia
and Kosovo regions; (3.3) SubmediterraneanSubcontinental subgroup (34 taxa; 33%): ranges of
the endemics that belong to this subgroup, besides
Submediterranean region, include the inland parts
of the Balkan Peninsula. (3.4) SubcontinetalSubmediterranean subgroup (22 taxa; 21%): this
subgroup mainly comprises the endemic species
that are predominantly or exclusively distributed
in the continental parts of the Balkans. However,
its florogenetical and ecological features correspond
to the Submediterranean subgroup.
4 The Central European chorological group (CEUR)
is represented by 45 taxa (9%). It includes Balkan
endemic taxa distributed in broad-leaved and
mixed forests and mesophilous meadows of hilly
and montane zones of the western and central
parts of the Balkan mountains. In terms of geography and size of ranges, the endemics that belong
to this chorological group are divided into the following floristic subgroups and elements: (4.1)
Illyrian-Balkan (14 taxa; 31%); (4.2) Illyrian (20;
45%) and (4.3) Balkan (11 taxa; 24%).
5 The Pontic chorological group (PONT) is represented by 26 taxa (5%). These endemics are vicarious to the wide distributed Pontic relatives and
they mostly inhabit serpentine and/or limestone
rocky slopes of hilly and montane zones in the
central, and to a lesser extent, the western part of
the Balkan Peninsula. Balkan endemics of Pontic
origin are divided into the following floristic subgroups and elements: (5.1) Illyrian-Balkan (four
taxa; 15%); (5.2) Illyrian (six taxa; 23%) and (5.3)
Balkan (16 taxa; 62%).
189
190
G. TOMOVIĆ ET AL.
occurrence (Fig. 7), allows the identification of two
sets of geographical provinces. The first set includes
Kosovo (K) and Metohija (M) and it is well differentiated with respect to the distribution of many Balkan
endemics in these two provinces. The second set
includes the eastern subset (NE, E, SE, and S Serbia),
reflecting the geological history and close climate
characteristics of these provinces. The western subset
includes the remaining provinces; Šumadija province
(Š) stands separately as a result of its poor endemic
flora. The close phytogeographical connections of NW,
W, and SW Serbia are obvious because all three
provinces are geographically close to each other and
they share similar ecological and floristic features.
Although the province of Central Serbia (C) belongs to
this subset, it appears to be well differentiated with
respect to sharing of some Balkan endemic plants
with the provinces of the eastern set.
CENTRES
OF ENDEMISM
To define centres of endemism in Central Serbia and
Kosovo regions, an integrated summary distribution
map for all 492 Balkan endemics was constructed on
a 10 km × 10 km grid (Fig. 8). The highest number of
endemic taxa is recorded in Mts Prokletije (UTM
square DN32, 151 taxa), which makes this massif the
most important centre of endemism (e.g. centre of the
highest floristic richness of the Balkan endemic
plants). Squares DN23 and DN31, also in Mts
Prokletije (with 122 and 142 taxa), and DM87 and
DM97, in Mts Šar-Planina (with 115 and 128 plants),
belong to the second class with a large number of
endemic species (115–142).
Mt Paštrik (96 taxa in DM67) and parts of Mts
Prokletije (107 taxa in DN33) and Mts Šar-Planina
(113 taxa in DM96 and 114 taxa in EM07) belong to
© 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 176, 173–202
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Figure 5. Life form spectrum of the total Balkan endemic flora and within five basic chorological groups. P scap,
phanerophytes scapose; NP caesp, nanophanerophytes caespitose; Ch, chamaephytes; H, hemicryptophytes; G, geophytes;
T, therophytes.
BALKAN ENDEMIC PLANTS IN CENTRAL SERBIA AND KOSOVO REGIONS
191
Figure 7. Cluster analysis of floristic similarities among
the 11 phytogeographical provinces of the Central Serbia
and Kosovo regions based on the Balkan endemic taxa
occurrence. Similarity coefficient used: Sørensen.
the third class by the number of endemic taxa
(96–114). Squares DN21 (87) in Mts Prokletije and
DM74 (94), EM06 (85), and EM17 (87) in Mts ŠarPlanina belong to the fourth class with 85–94 taxa,
and DM86 (83) in Mts Šar-Planina, DM65 (79) and
DM66 (82) in Mt Koritnik, and square DN89 (70) in
Mt Kopaonik belong to the fifth class of 70–83
endemic representatives. These three classes are also
characterized by high endemism.
Medium-high levels of endemism are distinguished
by the sixth, seventh, and eight classes. In the sixth
class (52–69 taxa) are Mt Stara Planina with 62
endemics in square FP30 and Mt Tara and Mt Mokra
Gora with 53 taxa in square CP75. Mt Suva Planina
with 50 taxa in square EN98, Vlasina plateau with
the surrounding mountains with 42 endemic taxa
(square FN01), parts of Mt Kopaonik (square DN88),
Mts Prokletije (square DN43), and Mts Šar-Planina
(square DM73, DM75) belong to a seventh class with
41–50 Balkan endemics. Some parts of Mts Prokletije
(squares DN20, DN23, DN43) and Mts Šar-Planina
(squares DM73, DM75) also belong to these three
classes.
Medium levels of endemism are characteristic for
classes nine (31–35 taxa), ten (25–30 taxa), and 11
(21–24 plants), which encompass 53 UTM squares.
These squares are more or less related to the hilly
and mountainous areas or small gorges and canyons
in Central Serbia and Kosovo regions.
The next three classes are characterized by a relatively small number of Balkan endemics. Namely,
17–20 taxa were recorded in 23 squares, 13–16 taxa
in 32 squares, and eight to 12 taxa are present in 48
squares that are scattered throughout the Central
Serbia and Kosovo regions. The lowest numbers of
endemic taxa (up to seven) characterize the last three
classes with 270 UTM squares.
ELEVATION,
GEOLOGICAL SUBSTRATUM AND
VEGETATION DIFFERENTIATION
Based on the distribution of endemic taxa by elevational range (Fig. 9), it is obvious that most of the
endemics (287) occur in the 1500–2000 m range, with
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Figure 6. The distribution of the Balkan endemic plants in geographical provinces of the Central Serbia and Kosovo
regions.
192
G. TOMOVIĆ ET AL.
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Figure 8. Centres of endemism of the vascular flora in the Central Serbia and Kosovo regions. Number of species per
square 10 × 10 km. UTM projection map grid zone 34T. Mountains > 1500 m high are contoured.
© 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 176, 173–202
BALKAN ENDEMIC PLANTS IN CENTRAL SERBIA AND KOSOVO REGIONS
193
Figure 10. Distribution of the Balkan endemic plants on different geological substrates.
slightly less (249) in the 1000–1500 m range. A significant number of endemic species occurs in the
500–1000 m range (232), whereas the 2000–2500 and
0–500 m ranges, with 170 or 143 endemic plants,
respectively, are much poorer. The number of endemic
taxa is dramatically lower (49) above 2500 m a.s.l.
(i.e. the belt encompassing only the highest mountain
peaks in Central Serbia and Kosovo regions).
Analysis of the distribution of the number of
endemic taxa by type of geological substrate (Fig. 10)
showed that most of the plants occur on limestone
(376); on silicate, there are almost half of the taxa
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Figure 9. Altitudinal distribution of the Balkan endemic vascular plant taxa shown as a number of endemics occurring
in a 500-m elevational belt.
194
G. TOMOVIĆ ET AL.
(232), and there are only 145 plants that grow on
serpentinites. On miscellaneous geological substrates
(e.g. loess, unbound Pleistocene sediments, sand,
etc.), only 36 taxa were recorded.
The distribution of the Balkan endemic plants in
different vegetation formations and classes is shown
in Figure 11. The formation of rock crevices (class
Asplenietea trichomanis) is the richest in endemic
plants (231), whereas in screes vegetation (class
Thlaspietea rotundifolii) only 49 endemics are
recorded. The formation of temperate grasslands,
heaths and fringe vegetation is represented by three
vegetation classes in which endemic plants are
found, and the class Festuco-Brometea is the richest
in the number of endemic plants (204). Within the
formation of montane, tall-herb, grassland, fell-field,
and snow-bed vegetation endemic plants are present
in four different vegetation classes, and the richest
is class Elyno-Seslerietea with 156 endemic species
and subspecies. Within the formation of temperate
broadleaved forests and scrub, endemic plants are
recorded in seven different vegetation classes, and
the richest is class Quercetea pubescentis (104 taxa).
The formation of montane heaths and coniferous
forests are represented with four vegetation classes,
of which class Erico-Pinetea is by far the richest in
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Figure 11. Distribution of the Balkan endemic plants in different types of vegetational formations and classes. Classes
with no endemic taxa are not shown.
BALKAN ENDEMIC PLANTS IN CENTRAL SERBIA AND KOSOVO REGIONS
TAXONOMIC
DISCUSSION
GROUPS, CHOROLOGICAL
GROUPS AND
LIFE FORMS
The floristic analysis of the endemic taxa highlighted certain families that are important contributors to the flora of the temperate regions in the
Holarctic. Asteraceae have an excess of endemic
genera in East Asia and North America (Qian,
2001). Caryophyllaceae show active endemism in
Serbia (Niketić, Stevanović & Tomović, 2007) and,
with Brassicaceae, have large concentrations of
genera in the Mediterranean basin (Heywood et al.,
2007). Centres of origin and diversification of some
genera (e.g. Verbascum; Scrophulariaceae) is Asia
Minor, although the Balkan Peninsula also represents a secondary centre of diversity for this genus
(Turrill, 1929). The Mediterranean basin is the evolutionary centre of whole campanuloid lineage of
Campanulaceae (Kovačić, 2004) and a centre of
diversification for Lamiaceae (Heywood et al., 2007).
The ten to 15 families with the highest numbers of
endemic taxa fall more or less within the richest
families of the total Serbian flora (Stevanović et al.,
1995). A conspicuous difference between the total
and Balkan endemic flora of Serbia is seen in
Poaceae, which, with Asteraceae and Fabaceae, consistently figure among the three richest and most
diverse families, although they rank lower in absolute number of endemics. Also, the ten to 15 families richest in endemics in Central Serbia and
Kosovo regions more or less coincide with those in
neighbouring Bulgaria (Petrova & Vladimirov, 2010)
and Greece (Georghiou & Delipetrou, 2010). The
main differences between these three countries are
noted in Rubiaceae (higher rank in Greece), Lamiaceae (lower rank in Bulgaria), and Poaceae (higher
rank in Bulgaria).
In the chorological spectrum of the Balkan
endemic flora in Central Serbia and Kosovo regions,
the predominant classes are South European mountainous and Central European mountainous taxa,
which together account for more than two-thirds of
the endemic flora. The explanation for such a
marked dominance of mountainous chorological
groups and orophytic elements lies in the fact that
the mountainous and high mountainous areas of
Central Serbia and Kosovo regions are the centres
of florogenesis and refugees of the orophytic flora of
the central and southern Europe (Stevanović, 1996).
The highly heterogeneous topography of the mountains favoured the emergence of new lineages,
which are generally conisdered to have evolved as a
result of microallopatric speciation (Hewitt, 2000;
Tzedakis et al., 2002). The Ice Age was a particularly significant period for isolation and process of
neospeciation, during which new infraspecific taxa
were formed (mostly at subspecies or variety level),
and which are related to high-mountain massifs
in the investigated territory. A significant percentage of the endemics belong to MediterraneanSubmediterranean chorological group, which is a
result of the presence of a large number of xerophilous and thermophilous habitats, in the southern
parts of Serbia and the lower parts of the Kosovo
and Metohija plains. In addition, the more intense
effect of anthropogenic factors caused the spread
of secondary vegetation types (grass xerophilous
communities and shrub communities) in the place of
the primary forest and shrub vegetation. This has
led to an increase in the number of endemic
taxa belonging to Mediterranean-Submediterranean
chorological group and their expansion and deeper
north penetration in the continental part of the territory of Central Serbia and Kosovo regions, as identified by Turrill (1929), and recent studies show that
the thermophilous-xerophilous representatives are
spreading through the gorges and canyons of southern Serbia (Rand̄elović et al., 2008; Zlatković et al.,
2011). Endemic taxa that belong to Central European chorological group are represented by endemics
distributed in broadleaved forests and mesophilous
meadows mainly in the western and central parts of
the Balkans. They are closely related to widely distributed Central European species and are not significant contributors in the total chorological
spectrum of the Balkan endemic flora in Central
Serbia and Kosovo regions. Generally, Pontic species
have a significantly wider distribution outside the
Balkan Peninsula, spreading westward to the peninsula along Dobruja and Wallachia to the western
parts of Bulgaria and the eastern provinces of
Central Serbia. The small number of their Balkan
endemic vicarious relatives indicates the differentiation and speciation of populations of widely distributed Pontic species in the Balkans during the period
of Pleistocene when the steppe flora was spreading
along the peninsula.
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endemic plants (125). Within the formation of
weed communities, the presence of endemic taxa
was recorded in four vegetation classes, mostly
in class Stellarietea mediae (28). All the other vegetation formations, in which endemic plants are
found, are represented by a single vegetation class
and < 34 endemic plants. In two vegetation formations [coastal mud-flats and brackish waters
(class Ruppietea maritimae) and salt marsh,
sand-dune and sea-cliff vegetation (class FestucoPuccinellietea)], Balkan endemic plants were not
recorded.
195
196
G. TOMOVIĆ ET AL.
FLORISTIC
RICHNESS AND CENTRES OF ENDEMISM
In the flora of Serbia Gajić (1984) and Diklić (1987)
recorded the presence of 197 endemic species and
subspecies, whereas Stevanović et al. (1995) concluded that the number of the Balkan endemic in
Serbia is higher (287 taxa). According to the data,
there are 492 Balkan endemic species and subspecies
in Central Serbia and Kosovo regions, representing
approximately 18% of the total number of 2660–2700
endemic taxa in the Balkan Peninsula (Stevanović,
2005; Stevanović et al., 2007). The highest level of
endemic flora richness in the Balkans is in Greece,
with 1226 single-country endemics being present
(Georghiou & Delipetrou, 2010). In the flora of
Bulgaria, 172 species are single-country endemics
(Velchev & Kozhuharov, 2006), and 270 are Balkan
endemics (Petrova & Vladimirov, 2010). Matevski
et al. (2003) recorded the presence of 115 local
endemic species in the Republic of Macedonia; in
Croatia, there are 376 Balkan endemics (Nikolić,
2012); in Bosnia and Herzegovina, there are 298
(Lubarda et al., 2014); and, in Montenegro,
Stevanović et al. (1995) found 223 Balkan endemic
plants. Ruci (1997) recorded 26 ‘national’ and approximately 150 Balkan endemic taxa in Albania but,
according to Turrill (1958), these numbers are
much higher (50 single-country and 320 Balkan
endemics).
In general, areas of high species richness in Serbia
coincide with those areas of endemism and the present
study is in accordance with former preliminary
surveys (Stevanović et al., 1995, 2002). Centres of
plant endemism in Central Serbia and Kosovo regions
show a marked mountainous character, falling almost
entirely in the main mountain ranges and highlands
of the southern and central provinces of the investigated area. Exceptional endemic flora richness of the
Mts Prokletije and Mts Šar-Planina (and to a lesser
extent of Mt Kopaonik) is caused by confrontation of
three types of geological substrates (limestone, silicate, and serpentinite), a wide elevational range and
the diverse vegetation types. Such diverse edaphic,
climatic (presence of mountainous, temperatecontinental, and transitional Submediterranean
climate at lower elevations and in river gorges), and
habitat conditions enabled the survival and development of many high-mountain plant taxa that were
differentiated during the long process of speciation
(Stevanović et al., 1995). According to Stebbins &
Major (1965), the richness and diversity of a flora,
particularly in respect to endemic species, may be a
result of either the presence of a large number of
ancient, relict species, or active speciation in relatively
recent times, or both factors. In regions on the borderline between zones of adequate and deficient mois-
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The life form spectrum of floras of certain areas
is an indicator of a complex interdependence of
plant life forms and the environmental (especially
climatic and edaphic) features of such areas. It
still contains a historical dimension and reflects
adaptation of plants through time and the current
conditions, in agreement with the environmental
conditions in which these plants survive (Diklić,
1984). The life form spectrum of the endemics in
Central Serbia and Kosovo regions, with a predominance of perennial hemicryptophytes and chamaephytes and low proportions of annuals and geophytes, is closer to the high-mountain spectra
and compatible with the results of biological
analysis of Greek endemic plants (Georghiou &
Delipetrou, 2010) and Balkan endemics in Bulgaria
(Petrova & Vladimirov, 2010). In the comparative
life form spectra, the endemic flora follows trends
for the total flora of Serbia (Diklić, 1984) and the
Balkan flora (Turrill, 1929) (although the highest
percentage of hemicryptophytes was recorded in the
endemic flora of Central Serbia and Kosovo regions).
All three floras are of hemicryptophytic character,
which is generally characteristic of the floras of
most regions of temperate zone. Chamaephytes
account for approximately 27% of the endemic
flora, which is almost three times more than the
total flora of Central Serbia and Kosovo regions and
almost twice the amount in the Balkan total flora.
An increased proportion of chamaephytic members
compared with two other floras indicates that the
majority of the endemics are inhabitants of mountain and high-mountain rocks, cliffs and screes.
Floras that develop on these habitat types are
characterized by slow-growing, desiccation tolerant
or avoiding, perennial plants (Larson, Matthes &
Kelly, 2000). The greatest discrepancy among
the life form spectra of these three floras was
noticed in the representation of annual plants
(therophytes). Therophytes in the Balkan Peninsula and total Serbian flora represent approximately one-fifth of the whole floras, whereas, in
the endemic flora of Central Serbia and Kosovo
regions, it is only 5%. This could be explained by
the fact that annual plants mostly inhabit dry
grasslands and rocky grounds that are often
characterized by low productivity and intense
drought stress combined with low- to high-intensity,
unpredictable yet recurrent or even continuous,
anthropogenic or natural disturbance (Noble &
Slatyer, 1980). The life form spectrum of the endemics cannot be explained only by elevational or
geological substratum distribution but appears to
be more indicative of their habitat and adaptive
strategy and speciation processes (Georghiou &
Delipetrou, 2010).
BALKAN ENDEMIC PLANTS IN CENTRAL SERBIA AND KOSOVO REGIONS
ELEVATION,
GEOLOGICAL SUBSTRATE, AND
VEGETATION DIFFERENTIATION
The distribution curve of endemic taxa in relation to
elevational range has an almost normal distribution,
which means that, going to the lowest and highest
elevations, the number of endemics is reduced, with
the largest number of endemic taxa noted in the zone
just above the upper forest border (1500–2000 m
a.s.l). In the mountains, an increase in percent of
endemism is reported to increase with elevation up to
the subalpine zone (Major, 1988), and a high level of
endemism at high elevations (above the tree line)
compared to the lowlands is a general phenomenon in
Eurasian mountain systems (Dhar, 2002). A number
of surveys have shown that species richness, either of
particular taxonomic groups (Hemp, 2002; Tribsch &
Schönswetter, 2003; Essl et al., 2009) or of the whole
flora (Rahbek, 1995), reaches its highest values at
medium elevations. This can be explained by the fact
that many species can adapt more easily to moderate
environments but not to extremely adverse ones
(Grace, 1999; Van der Meulen, Hudson & Scheiner,
2001). In some other mountainous regions of the
world, most endemics are found in low elevation
mountainous areas and medium elevations of the
subalpine zone, and less in the alpine zone
(Borchsenius, 1997; Médail & Verlaque, 1997;
Giménez et al., 2004; Van der Werff & Consiglio, 2004;
Nowak, Nowak & Nobis, 2011).
Analyses of the distribution of the number of
endemic taxa in relation to the types of geological
substrates showed that approximately 75% Balkan
endemics in Central Serbia and Kosovo regions grow
on limestone. On serpentinites, 145 endemic plants
were recorded, which is almost half of the endemic
serpentinophytes of the entire Balkans (Stevanović
et al., 2003). According to Stebbins (1980), generally
neutral and basic geological substrates are ideal for
the survival and development of endemic taxa, which
was confirmed at the level of the endemic flora of the
Caucasus (Kikvidze & Oshawa, 2001), the eastern
Alps (Tribsch & Schönswetter, 2003) and the flora of
Bulgaria (Velchev, 1998). According to Tribsch &
Schönswetter (2003), it is impossible to exclude that
higher habitat diversity may also cause higher endemism in calcareous regions. Silicate areas of Central
Serbia and Kosovo regions are characterized by a far
lower number of endemics (N = 232) than limestone
areas. Although this type of substrate is widely represented in hills and mountains of South-eastern
Serbia, and in the high-mountain areas of Central
Serbia and Kosovo, silicate habitats of the Balkan
Peninsula are much poorer in endemic and nonendemic plants than limestone (Velchev, 1998).
Similar results regarding the less presence of
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ture, even small climatic shifts will change local
conditions beyond the limits of tolerance of the resident species, so that these must either migrate or
evolve new ranges of tolerance. In this way, climatic
and edaphic diversity, occurring on ecotones or border
regions between different biotic provinces, represent
factors that most actively promote the evolution and
differentiation of higher plant species.
In addition to high-mountain endemism, edaphic
endemism is also expressed in Central Serbia
and Kosovo regions. Mutually conditional, highmountainous and edaphic endemism often occur in
combination. Limestone mountains of Central Serbia
and Kosovo regions such as Mt Paštrik, Mt Koritnik,
and Mt Suva Planina represent centres of richness of
the Balkan endemics. In the serpentinite habitats in
the Western and Central Serbia, Kosovo and Metohija
provinces, a specific ophiolitic endemic flora develops.
Parts of Mt Tara, Mt Zlatibor, Mt Stolovi, Mt
Studena, the southern slopes of Mt Kopaonik, the
valley of the river Ibar, and the Metohija plain
(surroundings of the cities Ðakovica and Klina) are
important centres of serpentinite endemic flora richness. Vlasina plateau with relatively high surrounding mountains (up to 1900 m a.s.l.) and Mt Stara
Planina in the Eastern Serbia represent important
centres of siliceous endemic flora.
Areas of endemism located outside the highmountainous ranges include river valleys and gorges
of the eastern (Sićevačka gorge) and south-eastern
Serbia (gorge of the river Pčinja) and some hilly and
lowland parts of southern Serbia (surrounding of
Vranje city and Mt Rujan). By contrast to mountains, lowland habitats rarely form suitable refuges
(at least in temperate latitudes) because of their
much harsher and less stable eco-climatic conditions
(Tribsch & Schönswetter, 2003; Tribsch, 2004). In
addition, it should be noted that lowland areas
in Central Serbia and Kosovo regions have been
severely transformed by human activity (cultivation,
human settlements, infrastructure), especially those
areas in the large river valleys (Danube, Sava,
Morava, etc.).
However, it is already known that areas of high
endemism do not always correspond with those of
high species richness (Prendergast et al., 1993;
Trigas, Iatrou & Karetsos, 2007). This ‘rule’ is confirmed for Mt Suva Planina in the Eastern Serbia,
which ranks second by its diversity and richness of
the total flora (1250–1500 plants at UTM 20 squares),
at the same time as having moderate level of
endemism. Also, Ðerdap gorge in north-eastern
Serbia was not found to be a centre of Balkan flora
endemism, although it has been confirmed as a significant centre of total species richness in the country
(Stevanović et al., 2002).
197
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G. TOMOVIĆ ET AL.
habitats tend to have much lower levels of endemism
than forest, scrub, and alpine habitats. Weed communities are also characterized by low number of endemics, which is a consequence of the intensive human
activity and lack of adequate habitats for the development of such plants (Stešević, Jovanović &
Šćepanović, 2009).
CONSERVATION
STATUS
The lack of more recent data is one of the reasons that
Balkan endemics in Central Serbia and Kosovo
regions rank so low in the world Red Data Book of
Plants (IUCN, 2012), which contains only 16 taxa
from the country, and in the European Red List of
Vascular Plants (Bilz et al., 2011), which contains only
17 plants (Table 2). Until now, only 33 endemics had
a nationally threatened status; five plants were
extinct in Serbia, EX(Srb), four of which were globally
extinct, EX, because they were local endemic taxa. Of
the 24 critically endangered taxa, 15 plants are critically endangered in Serbia, CR(Srb), of which nine
are globally critically endangered, CR, given that
these plants are distributed only in the Central
Serbia and Kosovo regions (Stevanović, 1999).
Three hundred and four endemic species and
subspecies are protected by national legislation
(Anonymous, 2010); 109 are strictly protected and 113
protected (Table 2), representing 62% of all the
Balkan endemic vascular plants for the country.
CONCLUSIONS:
IMPLICATION FOR CONSERVATION
Potentially, some of our results would be of major
interest from a conservation point of view. The area of
nature conservation in Central Serbia and Kosovo
regions is regulated by the Law on Nature Conservation (‘Official Gazette RS’ no. 36/2009 and 88/2010)
and other legal acts and bylaws that directly or indirectly relate to nature and natural resources. So far
464 natural assets have been legally protected: five
national parks, 16 nature parks, 17 landscapes of
outstanding features, 72 nature reserves, 313 natural
monuments, and 43 surroundings of immobile cultural assets and significant places (Amidžić, Krasulja
& Belij, 2007). In addition, there are 62 areas that
are proposed for proclamation as ‘Important Plant
Areas’ (IPAs). Almost 56% of Serbian IPAs are
nationally protected in full or in part, and almost half
are at a higher level of protection (Stevanović &
Šinžar-Sekulić, 2009). An important proportion of the
legally protected natural assets and of proposed IPAs
are currently located in the main mountainous
ranges. As stated above, there is a general coincidence
between the areas of high level of endemicity and
mountainous ranges. These areas usually include the
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endemics in acidophilous areas of Austria and in
Iberia and the Balearic islands were reported by Essl
et al. (2009) and Domínguez Lozano et al. (2000),
respectively.
Endemics are known to occupy different habitat
ranges. Their occurrence is associated with rocky
cliffs and rapidly eroding sites in most of the mountain systems (Major, 1988). In the present study,
vegetation of rock crevices (class Asplenietea trichomanis) is the richest in number of endemic plants as
a result of its wide elevation range and the variety of
geological substrates in which this type of vegetation
can be found. Also, this class encompasses many
vegetation orders, alliances, and plant communities
(including many endemic associations described from
Central Serbia and Kosovo regions) that are especially rich in endemic plants. On the basis of the
analysis of high-elevation Himalayan endemic plants
(Dhar, 2002), it was concluded that most of the
narrow endemics occupy the drier habitats and this
relationship is more prominent among alpine endemics. Plant communities included in the vegetation
class Festuco-Brometea predominantly occupy xerophilous grasslands in which many of endemics can
also be found. Similar trends of distribution are
noticed in south-eastern France (Médail & Verlaque,
1997), with the majority of endemic species occupying
communities with high stress levels, such as rocky
xerophilous grasslands, screes, cliffs, and rock habitat
at mid- or high elevations. Nowak et al. (2011) stated
that habitats with wide elevational ranges (e.g.
screes) are also characterized by rich endemic flora,
although the study was not specific in terms of elevation. By contrast, in the present study, screes vegetation of the class Thlaspietea rotundifolii are quite
poor in number of endemics, which is probably a
result of the limited and scattered distribution of this
vegetation type in Central Serbia and Kosovo regions.
Mountainous grasslands (class Elyno-Seslerietea),
which represent the climax and zonal vegetation
types, are also inhabited by a large number of endemics. It has been argued (Essl et al., 2009) that patches
of these rare habitats offer favourable conditions for
speciation and long-term survival; extreme abiotic
conditions give rise to high selection pressure and
populations are effectively separated from each other.
Mountainous coniferous forests (class Erico-Pinetea)
and temperate broadleaved forests (class Quercetea
pubescentis), which have wide altitudinal distribution
in Central Serbia and Kosovo regions, rank fourth
and fifth by the number of endemics, respectively.
Generally, in fresh-water aquatic vegetation, no
endemic plants were found. It has been confirmed
(McGlone, Duncan & Heenan, 2001) that wetland
plants are over-represented among plant types with a
high proportion of non-endemics and that wetland
BALKAN ENDEMIC PLANTS IN CENTRAL SERBIA AND KOSOVO REGIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank Dr Ljiljana Tomović and Dr Jasmina
Šinžar-Sekulić for their help with statistical data
processing, as well as the reviewers for their valuable
remarks. The Ministry of Education, Science and
Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia
supported this research through Grant 173030 ‘Plant
biodiversity of Serbia and the Balkans – assessment,
sustainable use and protection’.
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squares with highest numbers of the Balkan endemic
plants and there is a high probability that an important number of such taxa are actually protected in
preserved areas.
Areas with many endemic taxa that currently are
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The results of different analyses reported here could
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does not overlap with currently legally protected
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Supplementary biological and ecological information for most of the Balkan endemic taxa, including
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and major threats, are necessary to establish effective
conservation priorities for these plants in Central
Serbia and Kosovo regions. A network of existing
legally protected areas, in combination with future
Natura 2000 European network, and the ex situ protection of extinct or selected critically endangered
taxa (in seed banks and botanic gardens) should be
adequate for the effective conservation of the threatened endemic plants in Central Serbia and Kosovo
regions and all the Balkan endemics in general.
A comprehensive survey of all Balkan endemic
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although inevitably superficial in some respects, could
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those most favourable to the process of speciation
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