Diet quality, dietary inflammatory index and body mass index as predictors of response to adjunctive<i>N</i>-acetylcysteine and mitochondrial agents in adults with bipolar disorder: A sub-study of a randomised placebo-controlled trial

Indian Journal of Pharmacology, 2013

Objectives: Objectives: The present study was designed to elucidate the effects of sesamol, buspirone and their combination in immobilization stress induced behavioral and biochemical alterations in mice. Materials and Methods: Materials and Methods: Male Laca mice (divided into 10 groups with 6 animals each) were pre-treated with sesamol (5 and 10 mg/kg; p.o.), buspirone (5 and 10 mg/kg; p.o.) and combination of sesamol (5 and 10 mg/kg; p.o.) with buspirone (5 mg/kg; p.o.) for consecutive fi ve days. On the 6 th day, animals were immobilized for 6 h and various behavioral tests such as body weight, locomotor activity, mirror chamber test and elevated plus maze were carried out. Biochemical estimations such as lipid peroxidation and nitrite concentration, glutathione and catalase levels were done. Data was analyzed using One way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (P < 0.05) was considered statistical signifi cant. Results: Results: Immobilization stress signifi cantly (P < 0.05) impaired body weight, locomotor activity, induced anxiety like behavioral and oxidative damage as compared to naïve animal. Pretreatment with sesamol (5 and 10 mg/kg; p.o.) and buspirone (5 and 10 mg/ kg; p.o.) signifi cantly (P < 0.05) improved body weight, locomotor activity, and anxiety like behavior in mirror chamber as well as plus maze performance tasks and anti-oxidant like effect as evidenced by reduced lipid peroxidation, nitrite concentration and restoration of reduced glutathione and catalase activity as compared to control animals. Further, co-administration of sesamol (5 and 10 mg/kg) with buspirone (5 mg/kg) signifi cantly (P < .05) potentiated the anti anxiety effects as compared to their effects alone. Conclusions: Conclusions: The present study suggests that combination of sesamol and buspirone potentiated the antianxiety effects against anxiety induced by immobilization stress and oxidative damage in mice.

Brain Research Bulletin, 1992

Immobility-reducing effects of antidepressants in a genefic animal mode/ ofdepression. BRAIN RES BULL. 28(5) 82 l-823, 1992.-Chronic treatment with the tricyclic antidepressants imipramine (15 mg/kg) and desmethylimipramine (5 mg/kg) significantly reduced the exaggerated immobility normally exhibited by the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rats in the Forced Swim Test. The control group, Flinders Resistant Line (FRL) rats were only slightly affected. In contrast, chronic treatment with the anticholinesterase diisopropyl fluorophosphate at doses known to down regulate muscarinic receptors did not alter swim test immobility in either FSL or FRL rats. Our findings support the validity of the FSL rats as an animal model of depression and suggest that serotonergic and/or noradrenergic, but not cholinergic mechanisms, may underlie the exaggerated immobility of the FSL rats.

International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 2015

INTRODUCTION Depression is common affective disorder with varying clinical features. 1 Characteristic symptoms include loss of interest in activities, disturbances in sleep and thoughts of worthlessness. The pattern of symptoms vary in intensity in individuals and may be associated other conditions like anxiety. 2 There are several groups of drugs available, which can be prescribed to these patients. Selection of suitable drugs either single or in combination produce remarkable improvement in majority of patients. 3 Anxiety is a common phenomenon, which is associated with depressive disorder. 4 Drugs prescribed for such co-existing disorders may interact with antidepressants and may produce some beneficial systemic effects. 5 In this study, profiles of pharmacological effects of four different groups of antidepressants are observed in groups of mice. In addition, effect of a combination with an anxiolytic drug, buspirone is also observed. The observations on the central nervous system activity were based on the behavioral effects of mice on motor activity, swimming test and on elevated plus maze. METHODS Groups of mice weighing 20-30 g of either sex were used for this study. Each group consists of 6 mice. One group served as control, and four groups were given antidepressants alone for 2 weeks. After 2 weeks these groups were administered a combination of drugs for 3 consecutive weeks. Drugs were administered along with drinking water. Animals were housed in polypropylene cages, each cage containing 3 mice only. Male and female mice were kept in separate cages. Mice were acclimatized for 1-week prior to using them for studies. Paddy husk was used as bedding material, which was changed on alternative days. The animals were maintained in a well aerated room with exhaust ABSTRACT Background: Antidepressants are commonly prescribed drugs. Co-existing disorders like anxiety require therapy with other drugs. The profiles of pharmacological effects of these drugs on central nervous system are influenced by the administration of these drugs either as single or combination. This study is designed to observe the behavioral effects of antidepressants along with the antianxiety agent buspirone in mice. Methods: Four antidepressant drugs belonging to different groups are selected for the study. Amitriptyline, citalopram, venlafaxine and mirtazapine are given orally for 2 weeks. Subsequently, buspirone is added to each antidepressant drug for a period of 3 weeks. The behavioral effects in mice are observed at weekly intervals using photoactometer, rotarod, forced swim test and elevated plus maze. Results: The antidepressant drugs amitriptyline and citalopram showed any change in spontaneous motor activity recorded by photoactometer. In rotarod test venlafaxine showed an increase in values, which showed further increase when buspirone was added. In the forced swim test also, venlafaxine showed a different pattern of effects when compared to other antidepressants. In the elevated plus maze test, the four antidepressants did not show any increase in the time spent in open arm excepting citalopram. Venlafaxine showed an increase in time spent in closed arm. Conclusions: The test drugs do not show any significant depression of central nervous system at the dose used. Venlafaxine showed a different pattern of activity in the rotarod test and swim test. The variation in response is attributed to their effects on central neurotransmitter.

Libyan Journal of Medicine, 2014

Objectives: Studies regarding the role of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) in depression are conflicting. Therefore, it was decided to examine the effect of different drugs that enhance the GABA system on the time of immobility induced by the forced swim test (FST). Materials and methods: Adult albino mice were divided into several groups of six animals. Each group received an intraperitoneal injection of either imipramine (10, 20, or 30 mg/kg), diazepam (0.5, 1, or 2 mg/kg), vigabatrin (100, 200, or 300 mg/kg), zolpidem (2.5, 5, or 10 mg/kg), or alprazolam (1, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg). Control groups received the appropriate vehicle. One hour after injection, the duration of immobility was measured for 5 min in the FST. The percentage change in the duration of immobility from the control was calculated for each group. The statistical test of the difference between the treated and the control groups was calculated using unpaired Student's t-test. Results: Imipramine produced a significant dose-dependent decrease in the duration of immobility (78, 74, and 56%, respectively). Different doses of diazepam, vigabatrin, and zolpidem produced a significant increase in the duration of immobility (119, 126, and 128%), (116, 124, and 128%), and (108, 109, and 119%), respectively. The two low doses of alprazolam produced a significant increase (115 and 120%), while the high dose produced a significant decrease in the duration of immobility (74%). Conclusion: Increasing central GABAergic activity by different mechanisms has resulted in a depressant-like activity measured as an increase in the duration of immobility in the FST model of depression.

Behavioural Brain Research, 2019

In the last decades, selenium-containing compounds have received increasing attention because of their various biological and pharmacological properties. In the present study, we investigated the effects of 3-[(4-methoxyphenyl) selanyl]-2-phenylimidazo[1,2-a] pyridine (MPI; 1, 10 or 50 mg/kg, i.g.) on the acute restraint stress (ARS)-induced depressive-and anxiety-like behaviors in mice and the underlying mechanism. We used open filed test, forced swimming test, and splash test to evaluate depressive-like behavior, and marble burying and elevated plus maze test to measure anxiety-like behavior. We found that MPI attenuated ARS-induced depressive-and anxiety-like behaviors in all of our behaviors tests without affecting the related behaviors in non-stressed mice. MPI prevented the increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in brain structures via canonical nuclear factor kappa-lightchain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-B) down-regulation. Additionally, MPI prevented the downregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the increase of the reactive oxygen/nitrogen species generation and the lipid peroxidation in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of mice. In addition, MPI blocked the downregulation of glucocorticoid receptors in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus and reduced the increase in the circulating level of corticosterone in stressed mice. These results suggested that MPI showed antidepressant-and anxiolytic-like properties and the effects might be associated with the biological changes in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.

European Journal of Pharmacology, 1997

. We have previously found that repeated phencyclidine PCP treatment enhances the immobility induced by forced swimming and suggested that this behavioral change could be used as a model of the negative symptoms, particularly depression, of schizophrenia. The Ž . present study attempted to examine the effects of antidepressants on the depressive states immobility induced by forced swimming in mice repeatedly treated with PCP, compared with those in mice repeatedly treated with saline. In mice repeatedly treated with saline, Ž . Ž . Ž . desipramine 5 and 10 mgrkg and imipramine 5 and 10 mgrkg significantly attenuated immobility, whereas mianserin 5-20 mgrkg Ž . and clomipramine 10 and 50 mgrkg had no affect. In mice repeatedly treated with PCP, the enhancing effect of PCP on immobility was Ž . attenuated by mianserin 5-20 mgrkg at doses which did not have any effect in saline-treated mice, and by desipramine at higher doses Ž . Ž . Ž . 20 and 50 mgrkg . However, imipramine 5-20 mgrkg and clomipramine 10-50 mgrkg did not affect PCP-induced enhancement of Ž . Ž . immobility. In the biochemical study, the content of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid 5-HIAA and the 5-HIAAr5-hydroxytryptamine 5-HT ratio in the prefrontal cortex in mice repeatedly treated with PCP, but not with saline, following the forced swimming test were Ž . significantly increased, compared with those in the corresponding control mice which did not perform the test . The present findings suggest that the depressive states induced by the forced swimming in mice repeatedly treated with PCP are less sensitive to acute treatment with tricyclic antidepressants, and this may be due to increase in 5-HT turnover. Antidepressants such as mianserin, which have the 5-HT receptor antagonist properties, may be useful for the treatment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia. q 1997 Elsevier 2 Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Social Science Research Network, 2018

Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) and complex IV (cytochrome-coxidase) of the mitochondrial electron transport chain are reported to be affected by drugs used to treat psychiatric or neurodegenerative diseases, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, stimulants, antidementia and antiparkinsonian drugs. We conducted meta-analyses examining the effects of each drug category on complex I and IV. The electronic databases Pubmed, EMBASE, CENTRAL and Google Scholar were searched for studies published between 1970 and 2018. Of 3105 screened studies, 68 articles covering 53 drugs were included in the meta-analyses. All studies assessed complex I and IV in rodent brain at the level of enzyme activity. Meta-analyses revealed that selected antidepressants increase or decrease complex I and IV, antipsychotics and stimulants primarily decrease complex I but increase complex IV, whereas anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, antidementia and antiparkinsonian drugs preserve or even enhance both complex I and IV. To determine potential contributors to the drug effects, we meta-analyzed the drugs' neurotransmitter receptor profiles glutaminergic (NMDA1,3), histaminergic (H1), muscarinic (M1,3), opioid (OP1-3), serotonergic (5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, 5contributed most to the effects. We discuss the drug effects in relation to pharmacological mechanisms of action that might have relevance for clinical and research applications.

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 2013

Stress increases vulnerability to addiction while drugs of abuse impair coping responses and pre-dispose to depression. Pre-clinical research shows that stress exposure augments locomotor sensitization effects of drugs of abuse and impairs behavioral tolerance to repeated stress. The present study investigates relationship between behavioral tolerance to repeated immobilization stress and apomorphine-induced sensitization. Apomorphine was injected either before exposure or after the termination of immobilization, daily for 5 days, to monitor drug-induced behavioral sensitization and tolerance in immobilization stress-induced anorexia. We find that apomorphine-induced sensitization is enhanced and tolerance to repeated immobilization is impaired if the drug is administered before exposure to stress episode. Conversely, apomorphine-induced sensitization is inhibited and adaptation to stress is facilitated if the drug is administered after the termination of stress episode. It shows that apomorphine, if experienced during stress, produces greater sensitization and impairs stress tolerance. Conversely, sensitization effects of apomorphine are blocked and tolerance to stress is facilitated in animals receiving drug after the termination of stress episode. It is suggested that additive effects of stress and apomorphine on mesocorticolimbic dopamine neurotransmission and 5-HT-1A influences on dopamine neurotransmission may have a role in the modulation of apomorphine sensitization and tolerance to repeated immobilization stress. The results may help develop potential pharmacotherapies when substance abuse/dependence disorder and depression occur together.

2010

Social Science Computer Review, 2014

This study explores the mechanisms by which online social information seeking (i.e., monitoring Facebook friends) relates to social capital. Based on the extant literature, we propose a theoretical framework that includes communication activities across different channels operationalized as offline participation, network structure on social network site operationalized as the number of actual online friends and network diversity, and self-esteem. Results from an online survey (N ¼ 223) found a moderated mediation model in which participation in offline social activities mediated the relationship between social information seeking and self-reported bonding social capital, and self-esteem moderated this mediation. In addition, participation in offline social activities provided an additional channel to accessing bridging social capital. These results provide a theoretical framework for and suggest an approach of communication multiplexity to future research.