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The Spark, 2023
This research study aims to explore the sociocultural analysis of dehumanization in Khaled Hosseini's The Kite Runner. The findings of this study show that Hazaras are dehumanized by Pashtuns for a few reasons among which the most important reason is their historical background. The study highlights that other reasons for the dehumanization of Hazaras by Pashtuns are their low economic and less powerful status, the difference in religious beliefs, physical appearance, immigrant status, and illiterateness. This study explores that these incidents made Hazaras subordinated politically, socially, economically as well as religiously. Based on Sociocultural theory, this article uses a methodological approach based on close textual reading to analyze the narrative structure of the novel. Using close textual reading analysis, this article investigates how Hazaras are othered in society. As a result of these incidents, Hazaras are completely othered in society which is depicted by Khalid Hosseini in the novel through the prejudice and negative behaviors of Pashtun characters towards Hazaras. The Repercussion of dehumanization can be examined in The Kite Runner written by Khaled Hosseini (2003). The after-effects of the dehumanization of Hazaras by Pashtuns resulted in racial discrimination, dehumanization, sexual abuse, religious conflict, socio-political conflict, and economic conflict. The repercussion of dehumanization can be observed in the novel through different characters such as Ali, Hassan, Baba, Sanaubar, and Sohrab. Through these different characters, the Hazaras are presented as enslaved by Pashtuns, objectified, sexually abused, and dehumanized for no good reason but racial differences.
2018
The study focuses on the carnage and the racial dehumanisation of Hazaras on the basis of their racial discrimination in Khaled Hosseini's magnum opus The Kite Runner which was published in 2003. This novel reflects a number of examples that depict the exploitation of Hazaras through the incongruous behaviour of Pashtuns especially towards Hazaras in Afghanistan that leads to their eventual neurosis and enforces them to pathetic submissiveness which gradually becomes their inherited trait. They experience incessant pain; both physical and psychological, that is imposed on them by Pashtuns who believe themselves to be superior and consider Hazaras as dirt and filth that can be easily wiped out. Behavioral dehumanization is mostly predominant in the novel in case of Hazaras such as physical violence, verbal abuse, slavery, delegitimisation, objectification, genocide etc. At the meantime, the novel also glimpses Hazaras turmoil and their subsequent marginalisation by Pashtuns. Racial dehumanisation becomes a cause of Hazaras misery which is personified and becomes ostensible in the maltreatment of Hazaras. The genocides of Hazaras in The Kite Runner reflect the antipathy and monstrousness of majority that is devoid of the features of humanity which constitutes love, compassion, empathy, generosity, kindness etc.
2021
As history is a witness of racial and ethnical discrimination which has led to massacres and persecution from the hands of powerful elements from superior groups, a need arises to analyse its journey and effects. Khaled Hosseini's The Kite Runner shows one such example of ethnic discrimination which also shows the way this division influences young minds and their actions. Afghanistan has always been a country with numerous ethnicities mainly consisting of Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras and Uzbeks. With these divisions, there have been many instances in history of Afghanistan when Pashtuns have established their superiority and discriminated Hazaras. The Kite Runner may have fictional elements in it but it shows that hierarchical division still exists and continues to do so because of the acceptance by certain group of people with prejudiced mindset. This affects construct of society in a child's mind and consequently their own identity when faced discrimination at a young age. The formation of child's psyche is highly affected when faced with undue discrimination in developing age. This paper will analyse the origins of ethnic divisions through Conflict theory and the concept of Culture of Prejudice. The researcher will also analyse the impact on a child's development because of these ethnic divisions that have existed through centuries and impacted change in society and its structure.
LITE: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya, 2021
This paper discusses Amir’s anxiety and motive in Khaled Hosseini’s “The Kite Runner". The library research method was applied in this research. In analyzing the data, the structural approach was used to scrutinize the intrinsic elements such as character, conflict, setting, and plot, while the psychological approach was used to examine extrinsic elements such as anxiety and motive of Amir as the main character in “The Kite Runner”. The results show that Amir, as the main character, is a caring, inferior, coward, optimistic, anxious, selfish, careless, sly, and patient person. It also indicates that Amir is a round static character since he has complex traits but his character as a caring person remains the same from the beginning to the end of the story. Besides, as the main character, Amir experienced both internal and external conflicts. The settings of time, social, and place showed the period in Afghanistan between 1975 and 2001 and the social stratum, Pashtun and Hazara i...
The Criterion: An International Journal in English , 2023
Afghan literature is produced in the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, influenced by Central and South Asian literature. The text is primarily written in Dari and Pashto, the official languages of Afghanistan. Afghanistan, a muslim country, has always been counted as the most barbaric country for humanity worldwide. Jim Fowler remarks: “There is no country in the world that’s more devastated from natural resources than Afghanistan”. (web). Since its emergence to power in the mid-eighteenth century, Afghanistan had come under the monarchial reign of several monarchs, whose consolidation of power was constantly undermined by civil war and foreign invasions. “The upheavals in Afghanistan are not an Afghan thing. It had its roots outside the country, which eventually led the country to be the hub of terrorism,…..who had a different agenda.” (web). After the upheavals societal displacement, political exploitation, gender discrimination, cultural chaos, mental, physical, and emotional turmoil, and many other atrocities have become a common phenomenon in the life of Afghans. These circumstances have shoved Afghanistan into such a dell of hell that human life cannot even be imagined. Some seeds, which surmount similar cataclysmic circumstances, blossomed and gave birth to such a literary medium, which not only voiced out their nostalgic anguish but also unveiled the blemish of contemporary Afghan society. Khaled Hosseini, who emerged from the sludge of the same morass, exposed the dark side of the norms, culture, customs, and traditions of his motherland. Khaled Hosseini's novels articulate the enduring agony of Afghans, who carry the burden of remorse throughout their existence. The paper interprets the socio-political scenario, traumatic and poignant experiences of human relationships, hollowness of customs, and untold grief of Afghans portrayed in Hosseini’s novel ‘The Kite Runner’ (2003). Hosseini as a writer has offered his infancy world of Afghanistan as a background of his fiction. The novel deals with the theme of societal discrimination, emotional conflict, racism, superego, guilt, atonement, and redemption. It sheds light on human nature by showing the inherent evil that can be evoked, and how it leads to the impairment of childhood innocence and the hardships of entire life. The purpose of this paper ruminate on the social and cultural turmoil of war and foreign invasions and their impact on the lives of ordinary citizens of Afghanistan, especially the societal conflict of Hazaras, the sexual exploitation of Sanubar, the physical and mental trauma of Hassan and his son Shorab, and nostalgia of Amir.
Racism is a worldwide matter that is based on the physical characteristics of people possessed by certain people, their ethnicity, nationality and so on which make some people superior and some inferior. Racism and ethnicity are usually considered as the same concepts while in fact ethnicity is a sub-class of racism. In every nation, there are some ethnic groups with the same origin and similar customs that may or may not be judged equally by the power-handler ethnic groups. An example of such country is Afghanistan which is severely an ethnic country. This study explores the social, cultural, and scientific investigations done on the people's races and ethnical characteristics by using Afghan types as examples. Racism is not the result of scientific observation, but it is due to the human differences that happened between 16th and 19th century when people began differentiating among themselves. This aspect of racism is well expressed by the American sociologist "Feagin". In his view, the natural superiority of some people over others is rejected. The novel The Kite Runner depicts the two major Afghan ethnical populations, Pashtun and Hazara, and their social, cultural, and religious conflicts. Accordingly, this article will try to examine the root of ethnic prejudices and oppression among the Afghan people in the novel and the reasons for their ethnic conducts are explained and analyzed based on the Feagin’s denial of human difference. Moreover, by providing some evidence it is proved that the biological difference is just some excuses for the powerful section to gain their egotistic goals.
Department of English, 2023
History helps us to understand how the events in the past made things the way they are today. It helps us to review anything and avoid mistakes to create better paths for our societies. Literature has become a tool for representing history. It has pregnant with the social norms and activities, everyday life of human beings, culture, power, religion, politics, good and bad practices etc. It also reveals the processes and ways by which historical changes come about. Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Referred to as the Heart of Asia. Afghanistan means "land of the Afghans" or "Afghan land" and has been a strategically important location throughout history. The land served as "a center of the ancient Silk Road in Central Asia, a gateway to Indian Subcontinent, connecting China to western Asia and Europe, which carried trade from the Mediterranean to China". Sitting on many trade and migration routes, Afghanistan may be called the 'Central Asian roundabout' since routes converge from the Middle East, from the Indus Valley through the passes over the Hindu Kush, from the far East via the Tarim Basin, and from the adjacent Eurasian Steppe. Mirwais Hotak, followed by Ahmad Shah Durrani unified Afghanistan's tribes such as Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks and Turkmens under one banner and founded the last Afghan Empire in the early 18 th century CE. Afghanistan is inhabited by many and diverse peoples: the Pashtun, Tajiks, Hazaras, Uzbeks, Turkmen, Qizilbash, Aimak, Pashayi, Baloch, Pamiris, Nuristanis, and others. As a nation it has several wars, invasions and has suffered continuous and brutal civil war since the late 1970's. The most disastrous period in the history of Afghanistan was Russian and American Invasion, which was also allied by the civil wars and the rise of Taliban to power in 1990s. Afghanistan consists of many ethnic groups, according to the sociological research data by 'The Asia Foundation', the largest ethnic group is Pashtuns (39%), Tajiks (37%), Hazaras and Uzbeks and 10 others ethnic groups are recognized and each are represented in the Afghan National Anthem. Because of the diverse ethnic population, there have been many conflicts, disorders, and clashes mostly between the largest groups Taliban (Sunni-90%) and Hazaras (Shia-7%). The country has witnessed some bloody encounters between Taliban and America throughout the 20 th century, mostly in 2001 occupying on the land and their expulsion in 2021, 15 August. This paper is an attempt to trace the history of the conflicts in Afghanistan by reviewing the major events that have uphold in the fictional novel "The Kite Runner" composed by the Afghan-American novelist Khaled Hosseini (1965).
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