DESCENT The Journal of the Society of Australian Genealogists June 2014 Volume 44 Part 2 M a s t e r s of t h e S y d ne y W h a l i ng F l e e t , 1 8 0 5 - 1 8 9 6 by Mark Howard (Member) Sydney was once a major whaling port. Its large and sheltered harbour and close proximity to the whaling grounds of the western Pacific made it a regular port of call for British and American whalers from the 1790s.1 Then, in 1805, she began to send out her own whalers. By the time the last such vessel returned in 1896, Sydney whalers had made 725 voyages from Port Jackson. As well as her pelagic, or deep-sea whalers, Sydney was home to a fleet of smaller craft that acted as service vessels for bay whaling stations scattered along the coast of Australia and New Zealand. Together, these two branches of the industry, coastal and deep-sea whaling, provided the colonies with export commodities worth £4.2 million by 1850.2 Three million pounds worth of that amount passed through Sydney, the principal Australian whaling port.3 Whale oil was a valuable commodity with a variety of uses. It was employed as a lamp fuel; a machine lubricant; an additive in paint; and a softening agent to process wool and leather. Right whales also produced ‘whalebone’ or baleen, a strong flexible substance used to make products ranging from buggy whips to the ribs of umbrellas. Ambergris was sometimes found in sperm whales, a valuable ingredient in the manufacture of perfume. The seamen and ships employed in the trade made a significant contribution to the colonial economy. The industry also provided work for hundreds of men ashore, preparing vessels for sea, providing them with provisions and equipment, and performing maintenance and repair work on their return. When combined with the same work done for visiting British and American whalers, whaling generated considerable income for New South Wales, and Sydney in particular. The Master The first essential for a whaling voyage was a good captain. The success of the cruise and the safety of the ship relied on his skill. He had to be an experienced mariner with a good knowledge of navigation, ship management, and an understanding of the sea, as well as the location of the whaling grounds and the best time of the year to visit. He also had to be a DESCENT  73  June 2014 good leader. Large crews of around thirty men were necessary to man the whaleboats. Some would be apprentices and ordinary seamen on their first voyage and need considerable instruction before they would become an asset to the ship. Many captains had worked their way up through the ranks and had firsthand knowledge of most tasks carried out on board. Even after they assumed command, many continued to go out in charge of a whaleboat, or climb the masts to look out for whales. The master had to be familiar with British and colonial legislation governing the operation of large commercial sailing ships in port. This included a good working knowledge of harbour regulations, laws governing the recruitment and discharge of seamen, rules for the safe storage of gunpowder, wharf mooring procedures and the regulations for entering and leaving port. Once at sea, the captain had full responsibility for every aspect of the running of the ship. In particular, he was the ultimate authority in matters of discipline. Whaling seamen could be unruly, and a strong hand was sometimes needed to maintain order. But while the master had the final say, a prudent captain would consult with his officers before taking any important or unusual step. He also had to be good with figures. Considerable bookkeeping was needed to calculate the ‘lay’ or share in the value of the catch each crewman would receive at the end of the voyage. Each rank received a different lay that was based on the value of the oil and ‘bone’ taken during his time aboard. Men might be promoted, demoted, or join the ship mid-cruise and this had to be taken into account. So too did purchases of tobacco, soap or clothing from the slop chest, which were deducted from each man's lay. Above all, a whaling master had to be hardy and persevering in order to overcome the many challenges that were a routine part of such voyages. Because of his many responsibilities, the captain was the best-paid man on board. The standard payment was ‘the twelfth lay’, or one-twelfth the value of any oil, ‘bone’ (baleen) and ambergris taken. While at sea, his family would receive a monthly payment for living expenses in his absence. That amount, plus interest, would be deducted from his lay at the end of the cruise. Interest was charged because the money usually came from a bank loan taken out by the shipowner. But the system was open to abuse and legislation in New South Wales limited the interest on advances to 6%.4 Some vessels had two or more captains during the voyage. Masters sometimes died or became incapacitated, and the first mate took command. Other vessels had two captains from the start, a sailing master and a whaling June
  74   captain, the latter necessary when the sailing master was new to the industry and did not yet have any whaling experience. Oswald Brierly, ‘South Sea Whaling’ (Woodcut engraving print in the author's collection) Who were the Sydney whaling captains? The majority were British. At least four came from Wales, three from Scotland and two from Ireland.5 Most of the rest were Englishmen, many from London, the homeport for British-based South Sea whalers. A number of foreigners were also involved. At least eight Americans, one German and a Dane commanded Port Jackson whalers.6 Australian-born seamen joined the fleet at an early date and as they learned their demanding profession they proved to be as able as their British counterparts. Some rose to become captains. Among these were Joseph Bradley, Michael Eury, David Wybrow and George Grimes.7 Captain George Grimes (1801-1854) Sydney-born George Grimes was the son of Charles Grimes, the second Surveyor-General of New South Wales.8 He first went to sea in 1815 as a fourteen-year-old apprentice seaman on a trading voyage to Calcutta.9 He continued to serve on commercial trading vessels and by 1820 he had risen to the rank of chief officer or first mate.10   75  June  He was whaling by 1827 when he became master of the Sydney ‘spouter’ Pocklington. He next commanded Woodlark on eight successive voyages between 1829 and 1840. In 1834, he married Mary Underwood, the daughter of the prominent Sydney shipbuilder, merchant and distiller James Underwood, and they went on to have ten children.11 Most of his Woodlark voyages were lucrative and this success gave him the means to build a substantial cottage at Millers Point around 1834.12 He later purchased a block of adjacent land on which, between 1842 and 1848, he built a row of five substantial two-story terrace houses, and moved into one of these when it was finished.13 He apparently owned other land in Sydney on which it was announced in 1829 the government would build a new Customs House.14 On one voyage aboard the Woodlark in the 1830s, he discovered a large island east of New Guinea.15 Woodlark Island (Murua) was later found to contain extensive goldfields that were developed by miners from Australia in the 1890s.16 Captain Grimes was an orthodox mariner in that he left his family behind when he left Sydney on a cruise. Other masters broke with this tradition. Wives and children aboard The extended nature of a whaling cruise meant a long separation for mariners from their families. This was accepted as an inevitable part of the industry by most of those who sailed on such vessels. However, as the century progressed, a small but growing number of captains began to take their wives to sea with them.17 Before a ‘petticoat whaler’ could leave port, there were major barriers to be overcome. Perhaps the most significant were objections from the ship owners, some of whom thought having a spouse aboard would distract the captain from his duties. Another hurdle was the contemporary view that a woman's place was in the home, and females should not be placed in situations of potential hardship and danger. In spite of these concerns, a number of married captains found a way of taking their wives to sea and, sometimes, their children as well. A woman who sailed on a 19th century whaling ship had to be adaptable. Space was at a premium and home comforts in short supply. Some made do with what they found, but others softened their environment with carpets, curtains and flowers. Yet once at sea, they faced the same dangers and hardships as everyone else. This could come from violent storms, unchartered rocks, injury, illness, attacks from hostile natives and, sometimes, violence from their own drunken husbands. Food could also be a    76   ! problem. A diet based on meat preserved in casks was monotonous at best, and, if prolonged, could cause scurvy. Another inconvenience was how to keep clean, as little fresh water could be spared for washing. Salt water could be used, but soap would not lather in it. Even the constant sound of the ship’s pumps could be an irritant. But one hardy whaling wife found humour even in this when she wrote home saying that things were going well, ‘only our Cellar leaks pretty bad’.18 Once the novelty of life at sea began to pall, boredom became an issue for whaling wives. One remedy was craft-work, such as sewing and knitting. A good supply of reading material could also help to while away the hours. Some dealt with boredom by helping their husbands in the running of the ship. A few kept the ship’s logbook, while others learnt navigation. Many took on the duty of nurse to sick or injured seamen. Another important role was to act as mediator between a sometimes belligerent captain and a difficult crew. One successful Sydney whaler who chose to take his wife and son to sea on multiple sea voyages from Port Jackson was Lewin Wiles. Captain Lewin Wiles (1819-1894) Lewin Wiles was born at Colmworth, Bedfordshire, on 7 March 1819.19 He arrived in Australia with his mother and siblings in 1828, to reunite with his father, James Wiles, who had come to New South Wales a few years earlier.20 Captain Lewin Wiles (1819-1894) (Courtesy Louise Clayton) "#$%#&'  77  June ()*+ Young Lewin probably began as an apprentice or ordinary seaman in the 1830s. It was an eventful decade for Port Jackson whalers and he seems to have progressed steadily through the ranks before appointment as master of the whaler Avon in 1841 at the age of twenty-two.21 He went on to command three vessels, on eighteen cruises, between 1841 and 1858. He also made a number of trading voyages after he left whaling. His home life was as busy as his maritime career. He married three times (was widowed twice) and fathered six children.22 According to stories passed down among his descendants, Captain Wiles sometimes treated his family as if they were crewmen on his ship. On one occasion he was out fishing with his son from a boat on Sydney Harbour when the boy cut his foot. He told him to be quiet, took the foot and sewed up the wound, a task he had probably done many times for the crewmen on his ships. Captain Wiles suffered serious injuries in a fall from the rigging of his ship in 1855, and this may explain why he was bedridden for the last decade of his life.23 A Hazardous Trade It was a hard way to make a living. Ships were at sea for up to three years at a time, making their voyages some of the longest voyages undertaken by Australian mariners in the age of sail. The marathon voyages and the great distances covered across imperfectly chartered seas, in danger from storms and hidden rocks and reefs, were just the start of the many challenges. Next came finding their giant quarry in the vastness of the ocean and then confronting them in frail wooden boats armed only with iron harpoons and lances and a steadfast courage.24 If they took a whale, the massive ‘fish’ was towed back to the ship and tied up alongside. The crew would remove the blubber, using long handled cutting spades, and hooks, attached to ropes, blocks and pullies. The work was done standing on narrow wooden planks extending out from the side of the ship, over the body of the whale, and just a few metres above the sharks that tore at its side. Once removed, the blubber was cut up with large knives, hazardous work on the constantly moving deck, slippery with oil. It was heated in two large try-cauldrons to extract the oil, with a close eye kept on the fires beneath to see they did not flare up and set fire to the sails, the ship and her combustible cargo. Care was taken, but accidents still occurred. Cuts were common, as were falls from the rigging. Few colonial whalers carried a doctor, and the captain had to treat most injuries. He might have to stitch up a serious gash, set a broken limb and, sometimes, perform an amputation. Illness, such as malaria and scurvy, could incapacitate many of those on-board. Scurvy could be treated with a diet of fresh fruit, which was not always easy to obtain. ,-./ 3567  78  89:;9<= Whalers typically left port with two-thirds of the provisions they needed. The rest came from fishing, or by trade at Pacific islands. The inhabitants of many South Sea Islands welcomed the opportunity to supply fresh vegetables, fruit, live pigs and fowls, in return for trade goods, and many islanders willingly served as crewmen on such vessels. The inhabitants of some remote islands, seldom visited by sailing ships, did not welcome strangers. The whalers tried to avoid unfamiliar islands, but sometimes they had no choice. Dire necessity, such as an outbreak of scurvy, a shortage of water or contrary winds, might force them to visit the nearest island, and an uncertain reception. For this reason, whalers routinely carried several cannons, plus a small arsenal of muskets, pistols and sabres. If trouble came, and the men were alert and prepared, they could usually fight their way clear and escape out to sea. But a surprise attack was another matter. Hostile natives massacred the crews of four Sydney whalers.25 Another ship disappeared without trace, its fate unknown.26 In all, thirty-two Sydney whaling vessels failed to return to port, mostly due to shipwreck.27 Part of the reason why so many ships were lost at sea was the long duration of the voyages and the great distances travelled. Vessels sailed north to the whaling grounds off the coast of Japan in the 1830s, and beyond, to Baring Strait, on the edge of the Arctic in the 1870s, in search of bow-head whales. But their most common cruising grounds were among the islands and reefs of the western Pacific, where they mainly went in search of sperm whales. These provided the most valuable oil, and sometimes ambergris – more valuable than its weight in gold. But sperm whales were more aggressive than other species and dealing with these huge sea creatures called for both skill and courage. Sometimes the whales fought back, destroyed boats, killed seamen and escaped their pursuers. Twenty-six captains were among the hundreds of seamen who lost their lives whaling from Sydney.28 Death came from accidents, illness, shipwrecks and clashes with hostile natives. The many hazards in the trade combined to make whaling a byword for danger and hardship. The rewards of whaling could be great. Whaling vied with wool growing as the most important export industry in the colonies during the first half of the 19th century. The trade peaked in the 1830s when there were 118 vessels involved in the industry at Sydney and Hobart.29 The income earned by crewmen, and the profits of the shipowners, plus the wages of those who provided vessels with equipment, provisions, repairs and other dockside services, flowed on to the general community, generating considerable wealth for the colonies. The industry also contributed in another way. Whale oil lamps for domestic use were a luxury item in Britain where most people had to make >?@A?BF  79  June GHIK do with tallow candles for home lighting. But in Australia, the relatively low price of whale oil meant that even people on a modest income could afford to keep an oil lamp, and enjoy the better lighting it provided. The local manufacture of spermaceti candles – which burned longer and brighter than tallow candles – also contributed to the local standard of living.30 Some captains came to whaling from other maritime trades and, daunted by its many challenges, left after only one cruise. But others, particularly those who had worked their way up through the ranks, made voyage after voyage. They took pride in their hard-earned skills, and their ability to earn a living for their families and profits for their employers. One of the longest serving master mariners to sail out of Sydney was Michael Eury. Captain Michael Eury (1817-1888) Michael Eury may have been Port Jackson's most experienced whaler. Born in Sydney on 22 April 1817, he was admitted to the Orphan Institute after the death of his father in 1822.31 He began work as an apprentice gardener at the Botanical Gardens in 1830, but the work did not agree with him, and he is thought to have run away to sea.32 Sailors were much in demand at the time and he proved himself a capable and reliable seafarer. He first came to notice in 1843 as second mate on the Sydney whaler Tigress. Promotion came quickly on the voyage when the chief officer left the vessel and then the captain died, leaving Eury, by default, the new master.33 During the cruise he took aboard the sole survivor of another Sydney whaling ship, the Mary, shipwrecked in 1840.34 The rescue of castaway seamen was an unspoken obligation for mariners and Captain Eury carried out that duty on at least one other occasion when he picked up two crewmen from the schooner Breeze, lost off Stewart's Island in 1849.35 Challenges at sea were never far away and a number of his voyages experienced storm damage, illness and crew problems. On one occasion he had to foil a plot by some disaffected crewmen to mutiny and take the ship.36 Captain Eury made twenty-five whaling voyages from Sydney and a similar number of cruises as an island trader.37 He married Mary Monks in 1845 and they went on to have eight children.38 The couple were well known in the Sydney maritime community and the subject of an affectionate short story by the writer Louis Becke.39 A number of whaling captains inspired biographical articles or newspaper obituaries. Among these were William Rhodes, Charles Smith, Bourn Russell, Phillip Tapsell, John Finnis and John Blenkinsopp.40 LMOP QRUV  80  WXYZX[\ Life at sea did not rule out other interests. Captain Bourn Russell surveyed the Solomon Islands and published an early map of the group.41 Captain John Brazier collected seashells and his son, who sometimes accompanied him to sea, inherited the interest and later become a noted conchologist.42 Captain William Spurling regularly donated items he collected from the islands to the Australian Museum in Sydney.43 There were also literary connections. Thomas Kendall, the noted Australian poet, served as a crewman on a voyage with his uncle, Captain Joseph Kendell.44 Captain Silvester Brown was father of the author ‘Rolf Boldrewood’ (Thomas Alexander Browne). The best-known writer to serve on a Sydney whaler was an American, Herman Melville, who later wrote a number of books about the sea, including his best-known work, Moby Dick (1851).45 But it was an ephemeral industry. The ‘fish’ were harvested relentlessly, with no thought given to preserving whale stocks. As each whaling ground was depleted, it was only the regular discovery of new and more distant grounds that kept the industry going. Finally, whale numbers declined to a point where it no longer paid to hunt them and the era of sail whaling came to an end. Modern whaling, using steam powered vessels and harpoon guns, developed toward the end of the 19th century, and it allowed faster-moving whale species to be hunted. This whaling revival continued well into the 20th century and, on a limited scale, up to the present day. However, Sydney's direct participation in the industry ended in the 1890s. What came after whaling? After they left the industry, many whaling masters went on to command trading or passenger vessels. Others retired from the sea altogether and went home to Britain. Captain John Lewis (c1810-1865) and his wife returned to Wales in 1841 where he became the New South Wales Emigration agent for Pembrokeshire, and later, the British and Foreign Sailors' Society missionary at Milford Haven.46 Captains Philpin, Cape, Dryborough and Hindson, also returned to Britain.47 Others chose to settle in Australia. Quite a few began new careers connected to the sea. Joseph Moore and Charles Smith went into business as shipowners and merchants.48 At least five became harbour pilots, and two worked as lighthouse keepers.49 A number chose to live at places visited during their time at sea. Three became pioneer settlers on Lord Howe Island.50 And at least seven moved to New Zealand.51 One of these was Captain William Barnard Rhodes who came to be a wealthy merchant, landholder and Member of Parliament in his new homeland.52 ]^_`^ab  81  June cdfg Seven became publicans in Sydney.53 Seamen in general, and whalers in particular, knew how to find their way to a tavern after a long cruise, and the exwhaling captains with pubs near the waterfront would have had the opportunity, when working behind the bar, to serve those who once served them.54 The relatively small size of the maritime community in Sydney meant the captains all knew one another. Many had served together and some had family connections. Captain John Cooper (1807-1852) married Eliza Papps (1812-1880), the sister of Captain John Smith Papps (1803-1857).55 And one of Eliza's sisters, Sarah Papps (1819-1852) was the mother-in-law of Captain Lewin Wiles.56 Another whaling-related union was between Cassandra Grimes, the sister of Captain George Grimes, and Captain Joseph Underwood (1813-1850) in 1844.57 Tracing a Sydney whaling ancestor The only really detailed analysis of 19th century Australian whaling is Susan Chamberlain's work on the Hobart whaling fleet.58 Similar research on the Sydney whalers is made difficult by the lack of original source documents in public collections. The basic facts of a captain's career are readily available. John Cumpston, Ian Nicholson and Graeme Broxham have compiled and published lists of Sydney ship arrival and departures for the years between 1788 and 1844.59 These volumes are indexed by the name of the captains and their ships. Shipping movements after 1844 can be traced in contemporary newspapers. Newspapers sometimes provide additional information, such as the islands visited, shipwreck details and court cases. Many of these newspapers have been made available online by the National Library of Australia, and can be searched using the NLA's Trove search engine.60 Tracing a master's career before he became a captain (or that of other crewmen on such vessels) is more difficult. The best sources of information are crew lists, a number of which were created in the ordinary course of business. The most detailed are those found on the ship's articles. 1) The Articles of Agreement was the work contract signed by all crewmen before the cruise began. This set out the mutual obligations between the ship owner and crewmen. It specified, among other things, the duties to be performed and food provisions to be provided each week, plus the duration of the contract, usually till the return to Sydney. At the bottom of the document was a blank space where the name of each crewman was written, together with his station or rank, age, place of birth, advance wages paid, the name of the last vessel on which he hijk lmop  82  qrstrvw served and his ‘lay’ or share of the value of the catch to be paid at the end of the cruise. Each man signed the agreement (or made his mark), as did the owner (or his agent), in the presence of a witness, who also signed the document. Compiled just before sailing, it was the most complete list of crewmen at departure. It was a legally binding work contract and court action could follow if breaches occurred. If a seaman deserted during the voyage, it was noted in the Articles, usually by having a line drawn through his name, with the notation ‘run,’ and the date and place of the desertion. Departure for legitimate reasons, such as illness, was also noted. When a replacement crewman came aboard, his names, rank and starting date was entered on the Articles, together with other relevant details. Unfortunately, only a handful of original Articles of Agreement survive.61 However other types of crew lists are available. 2) A list of crewmen, and any passengers aboard, had to be given to the Colonial Secretary on departure. Many of these survive for the years 1816 to 1825 and have been indexed and their contents made available by Ancestry. 62 3) The names of crewmen can sometimes be found in the ‘Claims and Demands’ column of The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser. Mariners about to depart would advertise the fact in the newspaper and ask creditors to present their bills for payment.63 But these are partial crew lists only – just the officers and, sometimes, senior crewmen. 4) When the vessel returned to Sydney, the captain had to provide a list of crew and passengers to the Customs House. This might be compared with the departure crew list and the captain asked to account for any unexplained discrepancies. It was illegal for masters to put (even troublesome) crewmen ashore at ports or remote islands or ports visited without the crewman's consent and court cases sometimes occurred when this happened.64 Arrival crew lists survive from 1854 onwards and have been indexed and made available online courtesy of Mary Anne Warner and the State Records Authority of New South Wales.65 There are few crew lists of any kind for the period between 1826 and 1853. This is unfortunate as it was the peak years of activity for Sydney whalers. Contemporary newspapers can help fill the gap and sometimes provide the names of crewmen in articles about shipwrecks or courts cases. But the coverage is fragmentary and no substitute for the missing official crew lists. xyz{y|}  83  June ~€ Even the crew lists that do survive need to be used with caution. Desertion was common and ships frequently returned to port with a different crew. Some vessels changed crews several times, with new seamen recruited at whaling outports, such as the Bay of Islands in New Zealand. Logbooks are a rich source of information about voyages, and sometimes mention the men aboard.66 But again, not many are available. Just eleven logs, covering eighteen Sydney whaling voyages, survive in public collections.67 This represents less than 3% of the voyages made from Port Jackson. It compares with 25% for American vessels, and almost 40% for Hobart whalers.68 Appendix - Sydney Whaling Captains, 1805-1896 Listed below are the names of the Sydney whaling masters, their period in command and the vessels concerned. These are the ships owned or based in Sydney that were actively engaged in whaling during the 19th century. The masters of vessels that acted purely as service craft to coastal bay whaling stations are not included. Abbreviations S Vessel lost X The captain died during the voyage or soon after ? Date or name uncertain Abbott, Alexander Abbey/Abby, W. Aldrich, Charles Alexander Alfred Allen Allen, Joseph Gifford Ames/Amos, James Anderson, William Appleby, T. Arnold Bacon/Beacon, William Bader, John Banks, George Banks, Richard Baragwanath, John ‚ƒ„ †‡ˆ‰ - Lady Blackwood (1833-1839) 3 voyages - Woodlark (1840-1841) - Tigress (1841-1843) 2 voyages X - Scamander (1847-1848) - Lucy Ann (1838-1841) 2 voyages - Genii (1841-1843) - William Stoveld (1832-1833) - Caernarvon (1834-1836) - Clarkstone (1835-1839) 3 voyages - Onward (1869-1871) 2 voyages - Caroline (1838-1839) - Prince Regent (1820-1821) - Harriet (1824-1825) - Lady Rowena (1838-1839) - Maderia Packet (1831) XS - Vansittart (1822?-1825) 2 voyages - Argo (1805-1806) 3 voyages - Juno (1831-1840) 7 voyages - Alfred (1827-1828) - Courier (1828-1830) 2 voyages - Mary Jane (1831-1833) 2 voyages S - Reynard (1834) - Guide (1835-1837) - Juno (1848)  84  Š‹Œ‹Ž Barber, John Bardo, James Barker, Frederick Allyne Barkus, William Barr, William Bates, Franklin Bearis, William Beason/Beeson, Thomas Bears/Beers, George Bell, Edward Cooke Bennett, John Charles Blake, Richard Blaxland, George Blaxland Blenkensopp, John Bodie, Alexander Bolger, Edward Bolger, Walter Bolger, William Bond, Ralph Bradley, Joseph Brazier, John McMillan Brown, John C. Brown, Silvester John Brown Buckell, Richard W. Bunker, Eber Bunker, James ‘’“‘”• - Tigress (1830-1835) 4 voyages - Jane (1835-1839) 2 voyages - Margaret (1845-1846) - Cornwallis (1834-1836) 3 voyages S - Robert Towns (1864-1868) 4 voyages - John Bull (1830-1831) SX - Lucy Ann (1846-1847) - Pacific (1867) - Lucy Ann (1847-1849) - Sir William Wallace (1840) - Mic Mac (1837-1838) - Nelson (1831) X - Prince of Denmark (1859-1862) 7 voyages, S - Sporting Lass (1863) S - Governor (1864-1867) 4 voyages - Adventurer (1869-1870) 2 voyages - Post Boy (1855) - Hebe (1855-1856) 2 voyages - Lord Rodney (1830-1832) 3 voyages - William (1835-1836?) - Merope (1840-1843) 2 voyages - Genii (1845-1846) - Woodlark (1853-1854) - Jane (1833?) - Caroline (1832-1834) 3 voyages - Proteus (1835-1836?) - Elizabeth (1807-1809) - Lynx (1829-1832) 3 voyages - Governor Halket (1832-1839) 3 voyages - William (1844-1845) - Mic Mac (1838-1839?) SX - Pocklington (1846-1851) 3 voyages. - Anastasia (1833-1835) - Proteus (1837) - Sir Francis Freeling (1838-1839) - Governor Halket (1840-1842) - Jane Eliza (1843-1845) - Lindsays (1847-1848) - Jane (1850-1852) 3 voyages - Fortune (1853-1856) 2 voyages - Nimrod (1834-1837?) 2 voyages - Proteus (1831-1835) 4 voyages - Clarkstone (1831-1835) 2 voyages - Onyx (1841-1842) - Genii (1852) - Harriet (1830-1832) S - Guide (1832-1835) 2 voyages - Elizabeth (1806-1807) 2 voyages - Alfred (1824-1825) - Brougham (1846-1847)  85  June –—˜™ Bushell, John S. Butcher, Alexander Butler, James Butler, Peter? Cape, Henry Carpenter, John Bolton Carter, George Carter, William Cartwright, Charles Cattlin, Edward Chamberlain, John Chamberlain, William Chapman, George Cherry, Samuel Christie, William Cleveland, James Thomas Cliffe, Edward H. Cockerill, Charles Cole, William Collins, Thomas Collins, William Connolly, Francis Cook, George Cooper, John Cooper, Richard Cottrell, Thomas Coutts, Thomas Cristall, Charles Palmer Cruden/Crewden Cullen Cureton, David Cuthbert Dalton, John David, Edward Davidson, Alexander Davies/Davis, Joseph š›œ žŸ ¡ - Panama (1856) - Nereus (1834-1838) 3 voyages - Sisters (1838-1840) - Tamar (1840-1842) S - Lady Blackwood (1843-1844) - Lady Blackwood (1850-1851) - Nimrod (1837-1839) - Cape Packet (1836-1838) - Costa Rica Packet (1887-1892) 3 voyages - Metaris (1871) - Sir William Wallace (1832-1835) - Independence (1852-1854) - Royal Sovereign (1854-1855) - Jane (1857) - Australian (1829-1833) 2 voyages - Genii (1834-1836) 2 voyages - Alexander Henry (1837) - Metaris (1871-1872) - Onward (1877-1878?) - Anastasia (1835-1836) S - Caroline (1835-1838) 4 voyages X - Waterwitch (1842) - Faraway (1870-1871) - Lady Wellington (1833-1834) - Albion (1808) - Clarence (1841-1842) - Elizabeth (1829-1831) - Arabian (1842-1846) 2 voyages - Sophia (1805) - Onward (1872-1873) - Independence (1854-1856) 2 voyages - Woodlark (1856-1858?) 3 voyages - Lady Wellington (1834-1837) 2 voyages - Sir William Wallace (1838-1839) - Jane (1839-1841) - Lady Blackwood (1844-1848) 2 voyages - British Sovereign (1843-1845) - Governor Bourke (1836-1837?) - Eliza Francis (1837-1838?) - Woodlark (1838) - Lady Leith (1835-1839) 3 voyages - Proteus (1842-1844) X - Clarkstone (1849-1850) - Governor Bourke (1837) - Independence (1851?-1852) - Arabian (1850-1851) - Guide (1837-1838) - Nelson (1831) X - William Stoveld (1830-1840) 6 voyages - Forward (1869-1872) 2 voyages  86  ¢£¤¥£¦§ Davison, G.? Dawson, John Debney, William Deloitte, William Dennis Dibbs, John Dixon/ Dickson, Thomas Doolittle, Allan A. Douglas, W. Downes, William Henry Dryborough Ducker, A. Dunning, William Edwards, John Edwards, John Henry Elliott, Richard Eury, Michael Evans, John Fairweather, Robert Farmer, James Feen, Charles Field, William H. Finlay, John Finnis, John Fisher, John W. Fisk/Fish, Robert M. Firth, John ¨©ª«©¬­ - Genii (1853-1854) - London Packet (1854?-1855) S - Packet (1856-1857) S - Governor Bourke (1838-1840) 2 voyages - Harpooner (1845-1846) 2 voyages - Clarkstone (1829-1830) - Rhone (1851) - Lady Blackwood (1830-1833) 2 voyages - Cape Packet (1838-1840) - William (1842-1843) - Phantom (1855-1857) 2 Voyages - Spring Grove (1813-1815) - Terror (1846-1847) - Lucy Ann (1847) X - Mary (1833-1837) 2 voyages - Woodlark (1852-1853) - Australian (1851) - Mercury (1822-1824) 3 voyages - Alfred (1825-1827) 2 voyages - Woodlark (1828-1829) - Cape Packet (1830-1831) - Fame (1832-1834) - Robert Towns (1870-1873) 4 voyages S - Proteus (1845-1852) 5 voyages - Tigress (1843-1851) 7 voyages - Star (1851-1853) 2 voyages - Caernarvon (1854-1863, 1865-1867) 15 voyages S - Adventurer (1878) - Albion (1831-1835) 2 voyages - Wolf (1836) S - Alexander Henry (1839-1840) - Lady Blackwood (1851-1852) - Merope (1840-1842) - Jane (1842-1844) 2 voyages - Louisa (1832-1833) - Fame (1834-1838) 2 voyages - King George (1810-1811) - Clarkstone (1850-1852) - Woodlark (1853-1856) 2 voyages - Post Boy (1856) - Denmark Hill (1833-36) 5 voyages - Samuel Cunard (1837-1838) 2 voyages X - Courier (1828-1829?) - Elizabeth (1830-1835) 3 voyages - Sir William Wallace (1836-1837) - Woodlark (1857-1858) - Post Boy (1856-1857) - Vittoria (1833-1834) - William (1836-1839) 2 voyages - Sir William Wallace (1840)  87  June ®¯°± Forbes, Edmund Fowler, William Thomas Francis Fuller, James B. Gardner Geal, Caleb Lee Gilroy, Patrick Goodenough, Phillip Gray Greig, William Griffiths, George Grimes, George Harper, John G. Harris Harris Harwood, John Barker Harvey, Samuel Hathaway Hayes, John Hayward/Haywood, R. Hedges, John Hempleman, George Hereford/Harford, Charles Herendeen, Louis Nelson High Hill Hindson, William Hoadley/Headly Hogg, Joseph J. Howe, William Hunt, Thomas C. Hunter, John Joseph ²³´µ ¶·¸¹ - Lynx (1835) - Elizabeth (1831-1837) 4 voyages - Proteus (1838-1842) 2 voyages - Jane (1844-1852) 4 voyages - Bonnie Doon (1864) S - Onyx (1858-1862) 3 voyages X - New Zealander (1831) - Proteus (1844) - Governor (1853-1854) - Curlew (1854-1855) - Post Boy (1858-1859) - Amherst (1865-1866) S - Cumberland (1813) - Edward (1845) - Lucy Ann (1849-1850) - Panama (1857-1858) S - Onward (1876-1878?) 2 voyages - Pocklington (1827-1829) - Woodlark (1829-1840) 8 voyages - Terror (1843-1844) - Pocklington (1845-1846) - Lady Blackwood (1839-1843) 2 voyages - Onward (1878) S - Hashmy (1831-1833) - Lord Rodney (1836) S - Venus (1831-1835) 3 voyages - Diana (1838-1839) - Governor (1850-1852) - Pocklington (1838, 1841-1843) 2 voyages - Juno (1844-1847) 4 voyages - Louisa (1835-1837) 3 voyages - Fame (1838?-1839?) - Woodlark (1822-1824) 3 voyages - Lynx (1826-1829) 3 voyages - Tigress (1829-1830) - New Zealander (1831) - Nimrod (1833-1834) - Nimrod (1841-1843) - Faraway (1871-1873) - Adventurer (1873-1875) - Elizabeth (1839-1841?) - Sir William Wallace (1839-1840) X - Cape Packet (1832-1836) 3 voyages - Jane Eliza (1842-1843) - Susan (1855-1857) 2 voyages - Australian (1840-1843) - Merope (1843-1845) S - Harriett (1836-1838) 2 voyages - Vansittart (1820-1825?) 3 voyages - Proteus (1836?)  88  º»¼½»¾¿ Hurford, Charles Irving/Irvine, John Jacobs, William Forbes James, Thomas Jameson, Thomas Johnson, Robert Johnson/Johnston Jones, James Jones, Losco Kealy/Kaley/Kelly/Haley Keen, John Kelly Kendall, Joseph King, David King, Francis Kyle, Thomas Landre, Ambrose Spencer Lawrence Lee, Richard Lee, William Leech, James Leslie, Robert Lewis, John Lewis, Thomas Lindsay, James Long, John Lovett, James ÀÁÂÃÁÄÅ - Pocklington (1838-1840) - Caroline (1841-1844) 2 voyages - Onyx (1855-1858) 3 voyages - Harriet (1833-1834) - Betsy (1835-1837) - Caernarvon (1839-1844) 3 voyages - Arabian (1846-1850) 3 voyages - Alexander Henry (1838-1839) - Edward (1844?, 1845-1847, 1849-1850) 3 voyages - Margaret (1847-1849) 2 voyages - Regia (1852-1858) 3 voyages - Curlew (1855-1856) - Pocklington (1824-1826) 2 voyages - King George (1811-1815) 3 voyages - Lunar (1837) - Fame (1846-1849) 3 voyages X - Adventurer (1872) - Genii (1848?) - Woodlark (1850-1852) 2 voyages - Independence (1858-1861) 3 voyages - Bonnie Doon (1861) X - Faith (1841) - Waterwitch (1842-1843) - Bright Planet (1843-1845) 2 voyages - Scamander (1845-1847) - Robert Towns (1868-1869) - Independence (1851-1852?) - Achilles (1837-1839) - Lucy Ann (1843-1844) - Jane (1845-1850) 4 voyages - Alpha (1850-1852) 2 voyages - Fortune (1852-1853) - Waterwitch (1855-1859) 3 voyages - Amherst (1860-1863) 4 voyages - Caernarvon (1864) - Robert Towns (1869-1870) - Sir Francis Freeling (1831-1834) 2 voyages - Active (1812-1813) 2 voyages - Wolf (1830?-1835) 3 voyages - John Bull (1827-1828) - Alfred (1828-1829) - Minerva (1829) S - Nelson (1832-1833) - Cato (1811-1812) - Genii (1843-1844) - Lucy Ann (1845-1846) - British Sovereign (1846) - Terror (1848) - Lady Blackwood (1848-1849) - Genii (1850-1851)  89  June ÆÇÈÉ McAuliffe McBeath, Daniel McCarrol/McArdill/ McCardill, Michael McDonald, John McFarlane, Donald S. McHenry, Thomas McLeod, William Mammen, Jan Marin, Emile Fabius Mattinson, William Mayhew, Samuel Miller Moffett, James Moody, William Moore, Joseph Moss, Joseph X. Murray Needham Nichols, Thomas George Nickson, John Horatio Norris, Stephen Dodd Northwood, John Norton, Thomas S. Oliver, Edward Orr, W.? Papps, John Smith ÊËÌÍ ÎÏÐÑ - Lucy Ann (1851-1852) - Denmark Hill (1831-1833) - Nimrod (1833) X - Sutton (1855-1857) - Tigress (1840-1841) - Jane (1842-1843) - Clarence (1844) S - Lunar (1834-1835) - Vittoria (1835-1839) 2 voyages - Mary (1839-1844) 2 voyages - Rebecca (1846-1848) 2 voyages - Eleanor (1846) S - Solomen Saltus (1851) - Margaret (1851-1852) - Onward (1871) X - Metaris (1869-1870) - Forward (1871-1872) - Spring Grove (1809-1811) 3 voyages - Fanny Fisher (1868-1872) 3 voyages - Woodlark (1872-1873) - Onward (1873-1875) 3 voyages - Success (1844-1845) - Sir Francis Freeling (1834-1835) - Post Boy (1855-1856) - King George (1805-1806) 4 voyages - Woodlark (1820-1826) 7? Voyages - Rhone (1852) - Camilla (1859-60) 3 voyages - Genii (1839-1840) - Royal Sovereign (1855-1856) S - Adventurer (1872) - Scamander (1842-1845) 2 voyages - Clarkstone (1845-1849) 3 voyages - Packet (1856) X - Sisters (1833-1835) 2 voyages - Psyche (1836-1838) 3 voyages - Fortune (1838-1841) - Nelson (1841-1842) - Tamar (1833-1837) 2 voyages - Chance (1871-1873) 3 voyages - Faraway (1873-1874) - Genii (1846-1850) 4 voyages - Pianet (1852) - Samuel Enderby (1852-1854) - Panama (1855-1856) - Lady Blackwood (1856- 1859) 2 voyages - Pianet (1852-1853) - Genii (1833-1834) 2 voyages - Wolf (1835) - Lynx (1837)  90  ÒÓÔÕÓÖ× Peters, John Petrie, Peter Phelps, Robert Phillips Phillips Philpin, Thomas Pierce, Charles W. Piggett/Piggott Powell Powell, Charles Prince, G. Rapsey, Peter H. Rapsey, Samuel Henry Rearden/Rayden, Frederick Rhodes, William B. Richards, Thomas Richards, T. Richards, William Richardson, Cuthbert Ridley, H. Robinson/Robertson/Robson Rogers, William Russell, Bourn Salmon, David Scott, William Sergeant, Henry Sergeant, William Sheppard Sinclair, James G. Skiff, James Ludlow Smith, Charles Smith, James Smith, John ØÙÚÛÙÜÝ - Independence (1856-1857) - Betsy (1833-1835) - Daniel Watson (1850-1858) 6 voyages - Pocklington (1826-1827) - Alfred (1827) X - Genii (1852-1853) - Lord Rodney (1833-1835) 2 voyages - Lunar (1838-1839) - Elizabeth (1839-1841) - Adventurer (1871-1872) - Chance (1873) - Eliza Francis (1838-1839) - Ann (1830-1831?) S - Governor Bourke (1833-1836) 2 voyages - Cape Packet (1840-1842?) X S - Royal Sovereign (1854) 2 voyages - Nereus (1828) - Nereus (1828-1830) - New Zealander (1832) - Hebe (1857) - Australian (1836-1838) - Lucy Ann (1835-1838) 2 voyages - Harriett (1838-1840) 2 voyages S - Lady Leith (1840) - Governor Bourke (1836) - Roslyn Castle (1836-1837) - Jane Eliza (1838-1839) - Albion (1806-1808) 3 voyages - Governor (1855) - Lynx (1832-1834) - Scamander (1833-1842) 5 voyages. - Nelson (1842-1844) - Lady Rowena (1830-1835) 2 voyages. - John Bull (1828-1830) - Earl Stanhope (1831-1837) 3 voyages - Chance (1869-1871) - Woodlark (1851-1852) - London Packet (1853-1854) - Kate (1854-1857) 2 voyages - Jessie (1840-1841) 2 voyages - British Sovereign (1842-1843) - Fame (1844-1845) - William (1845-1848) 2 voyages - Governor (1854-1855) - Onward (1868-1869) - Adventure (1866-1868) 2 voyages - Woodlark (1843-1850) 7 voyages - Tuscarora (1851-1852) - Governor (1855-1858) 2 voyages - Curlew (1861-1863) 3 voyages  91  June Þßàá Smith, Richard Spencer, Joseph Spurling, William Osborne Stafford, John Stammers, Thomas Stein, John Stett/Stelt/Stitt/Street Stewart, Robert Sullivan, William Sutton, Thomas? Swindells, Thomas Taber, Robert Tallan, George Harris Tapsell, Phillip Taylor, John Robert Terry, William Thompson, Joseph Thompson, J. R. Timmins Trugurtha, Edward Primrose Truscott, Lewis Underwood, Edward Underwood, Joseph Verney, Thomas Ventom, Henry Watson, John Watts, W.T. Webster, Peter âãäå æçèé - Dart (1807-1808) - Faraway (1874-1876) - Sisters (1836-1838) 3 voyages - British Sovereign (1838-1841) 2 voyages - Woodlark (1842-1843, 1852-1854) 2 voyages - Nelson (1844-1852) 6 voyages - Vernon (1855-1858) 3 voyages - Susan (1858-1860) 2 voyages - Metaris (1870-1871) X - Genii (1851) - Lunar (1835-1836) - Mary (1837-1840) 4 voyages SX - Guide (1839-1840) - Nelson (1832) - Psyche (1838-1839) - Clarkstone (1839-1845) 3 voyages - Samuel Cunard (1838-1839) - Fame (1839-1843) 2 voyages - Nimrod (1843-1845) 2 voyages - Caernarvon (1850-1852) 2 voyages - Kestrel (1857-1858) - Courier (1831) - Caroline (1829-1832) 2 voyages - Harmony (1832-1834) - Australian (1834-1836) - Mary (1836-1838) - Terror (1845-1846) - Normahul (1832-1837) 3 voyages - Edward (1844) 2 voyages - Minerva (1828-1829) - Harmony (1830-1832) - Lady Wellington (1832-1833) X - Tigress (1835-1837) 2 voyages X - Active (1820-1822) 4 voyages - Governor (1858-1859) 2 voyages - Pianet (1852) - Caroline (1831-1833) - Margaret (1846-1847) - Edward (1845, 1847-1849, 1850-1852) 6 voyages - Juno (1849-1850) - Australian (1838-1840) - Avon (1839-1841) - London Packet (1851-1852) - Eliza (1854-1857) 3 voyages - Woodlark (1858-1859) - Lucy Ann (1842-1843) - Jane (1831-1833) 2 voyages - Lynx (1834-1835) X - Waterwitch (1851-1852) - Pocklington (1829-1838) 6 voyages X  92  êëìíëîï Wells, William West, Leonard C. or E. White, Joseph Wiles, Lewin Williams, Charles Williamson, James S. Williamson, John Wilson Wood, John Woods Wright, Thomas Wyatt, William Wybrow, David Young, Charles Edward - Genii (1830-1833) 2 voyages - Fanny Fisher (1872-1874) 3 voyages - Nimrod (1832-1833) - Jane Eliza (1839-1841) - Clarence (1842-1844) - Avon (1841-1843) 2 voyages - Australian (1843-1855) 13 voyages - Kate (1857-1858) 3 voyages - Tigress (1837-1839) - Jane (1854-1855) - Australian (1855-1856) - Sir Francis Freeling (1837) - Genii (1838-1839, 1841) 2 voyages - Caroline (1839-1840) - Lindsays (1842-1847) 4 voyages - Independence (1857-1858) - Fame (1845-1846) - Genii (1851) - Arabian (1851) - Jane Eliza (1841-1842) X - Bonnie Doon (1861-1862) - Jane (1855-1857) 3 voyages - Curlew (1859-1861) 2 voyages - Bonnie Doon (1862-1863) 2 voyages - Amherst (1864-1865) - Menschikoff (1890) - Phillis (1895) Most of the statistics in this article are drawn from the Sydney Whaling Database (SWD) a body of research undertaken by the author for a history of the Sydney whaling fleet. NOTES: 1. John S. Cumpston, Shipping Arrivals & Departures Sydney, 1788-1825, Roebuck, Canberra, 1977, p.26. 2. Timothy Coughlin, Labour and Industry in Australia, from the First Settlement in 1788 to the Establishment of the Commonwealth in 1901, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, London, 1918, p.510. 3. Coughlin, p.510. 4. Merchant Seamen's Act of 1849 (13 Vic. No.28), Schedule B. 5. Captains Philpin, Evans, plus John and Thomas Lewis were from Wales; Gilroy and Silvester Brown from Ireland and Smith, Davidson and Leech from Scotland. (SWD) 6. Hempleman was German born, and Tapsell came from Denmark. Captains Allen, Barker, Carpenter, Connolly, Herendeen, Mayhew, Sinclair, Stafford and West were all Americans. After they finished whaling from Sydney some of the Americans, like Captain Herendeen, returned home to command whalers again from American ports. Others, like Samuel Mayhew, married a local girl ðñòóñôõ  93  June ö÷øù 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. and settled in Australia. (SWD; Judith Lund, Whaling Masters and Whaling Voyages sailing from American Ports, New Bedford Whaling Museum, New Bedford, 2001, p.171; Empire, 10 November 1870, p.1; Australian Town and Country Journal, 28 July 1877, p.20.) SWD. Bernard T. Dowd, ‘Charles Grimes (1772-1858),’ Australian Dictionary of Biography (ADB), www//adb.edu.au/biographies, accessed 14 October 2013. Sydney Gazette, 27 July 1815, p.2; Cumpston, p.97. Sydney Gazette, 24 June 1820, p.2. New South Wales Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, online index, www.bdm.nsw.gov.au/bdb_fn.html; D. Liz Parkinson, The Underwoods; Lock, Stock and Barrel, The Lazy Lizard, Terrigal, 1989, p.134. Conservation Management Guidelines for Millers Point - Volume 2, October 2004, pp 133-7, www.housing.nsw.gov.au/Nrrdonlyres/B4548FEF-B16F4Bo9-AEB3-B1C2D69C1B37/o/CMGMillersPointVol2a.pdf accessed 10 January 2011. Conservation Management Guidelines…, pp.133-137. Australian, 21 April 1829, p.3. Andrew Sharp, The Discovery of the Pacific Islands, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1960, pp.221-222. He is also associated with the discovery and naming of Grimes Island in the Carolina Group, and Grimes Shoal in the Coral Sea. (I.H. Nicholson, Gazetteer of Sydney Shipping, 1788-1840, Roebuck, Canberra, 1991, p.67) Hank Nelson, Black, White & Gold; Goldmining in Papua New Guinea, 18781930, ANU Press, Canberra, 1976, Chapter 4. Captains Williamson, Jacobs and Field took their wives to sea; Captains Swindells, Wiles, Bolger, Dixon, Bardo and Spurling took both wives and children (SWD). Joan Druett, Petticoat Whalers; Whaling wives at Sea, 1820-1920, Collins, Auckland, 1991, p.76. St Thomas cemetery, North Sydney, Australian Cemeteries, www.australiancemeteries.com/nsw/nthsydney. Information kindly provided by descendant Louise Clayton. SWD. Information from Louise Clayton. Shipping Gazette and Sydney General Trade List (ShG) 27 August 1855, p.197. Harpoon guns came into general use in the second half of the 19th century, by which time whaling from Sydney had passed its peak. John Bull (in 1831), Anastasia (1836), Mary (1840) and Cape Packet (1842) (SWD). The Ann (1831) (SWD). SWD. SWD. Michael Pierson, ‘Interpreting the Shipping Data for Australian Whaling,’ p. 94, in, Lawrence & Staniforth (eds.), The Archaeology of Whaling in Southern Australia and New Zealand, Brolga Press for the Australian Society for Historical Archaeology and the Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology, Special Publication No.10, Gundaroo, New South Wales, 1998. Sydney Gazette, 11 June 1833, p.3. úûüý þÿ14  94  DESCENT 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. Letter dated 10 July 1822 from Mrs Mary Eury to the Colonial Secretary regarding Michael's admittance to the Male Orphan Institute; Admission Register, 1822, No.86, 6 July, NRS 898, 4/7208, pp.7-8 & 4/400, p.44, Colonial Secretary’s Papers, 1788-1825, State Records Authority of NSW. My thanks to Michael Eury and Margaret Dalkin for drawing my attention to these sources. Information provided by descendant and namesake, Michael Eury. Australian, 22 March 1844, p.2. Mark Howard, ‘The strange ordeal of William Valentine’, Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland, 15(3), June 1993, pp.156-66. Shipping Gazette, 5 January 1850, p.3. Shipping Gazette, 14 August 1854, p.150. H. E. Maude, Of Islands and Men, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1968, pp.266-273; information from Michael Eury. New South Wales Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, online index, www.bdm.nsw.gov.au/bdb_fn.html. Lewis Becke, ‘Old Mary,’ in, Yorke the Adventurer and other Stories (1901). Michael Eury advises that Becke's article contains a number of factual errors about Captain Eury and his wife. For example, Mary Eury was not of Pacific Islander descent. Brad Patterson, ‘William Barnes Rhodes (1807-1878)’, Dictionary of New Zealand Biography (DNZB); H.E. Maude, ‘Charles Smith, (1816-1897),’ ADB: Bourn Russell obituary (Sydney Morning Herald, 6 July 1880, p.5). W. T. Parham, ‘Phillip Tapsell (c1777-1873),’ DNZB; H. J. Finnis, ‘John Finnis (1802-1872) ‘ ADB; William Finnis, Captain John Finnis, 1802-1872, a brief biographical sketch, Pioneers Association of South Australia, Adelaide, 1958, 19pp. Joan Paton, ‘John William Dundas Blenkinsopp,’ Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of South Australia, No.66 (Dec 1965), pp.69-80. Captain Bourn Russell, ‘Chart of the Solomon Islands,’ (1835), printed by J. G. Austin, lithographer, 13 Hunter St, Sydney. D.F. McMichael, ‘John William Brazier,’ (1842-1930), ADB. Sydney Morning Herald, 10 February 1854, p.4 & 7 April 1857, p.5. T. T. Read, ‘Thomas Henry Kendall (1839-1882)’, ADB. Ida Leeson, ‘The mutiny on the Lucy Ann,’ Philological Quarterly, 19 (4) 1940, pp.370-379. The Maitland Mercury & Hunter River General Advertiser, 4 January 1866, p.2. Information supplied by Mr P. Jones, Homewood, Swallowcliffe, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK. Janette Holcomb, Early Merchant Families of Sydney, Australian Scholarly Publishing, Melbourne, 2013, Chapter 11; Smith, Charles, ADB. Edward Bolger, Thomas Kyle, Joseph Bradley, Patrick Gilroy and John Irving became harbour pilots, while William Lee and David Wybrow worked as lighthouse keepers. (SWD.) William Field, William Spurling and David Wybrow. (SWD) Richard Banks, Edward Bolger, George Cook, Patrick Gilroy, George Hempleman, John Irving and William Rhodes settled in New Zealand (SWD). Brad Patterson, ‘William Barnes Rhodes (1807-1878),’ DNZB, in, The Encyclopaedia of New Zealand, updated 30 October 2012, www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies.

  95  June 20 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. William Barkus, Edward Cattlin, George Cook, John Cooper, David Cureton, John Harwood and Charles Hurford all became hotel licensees in Sydney (SWD). Mark Howard, ‘Sydney's Whaling Fleet,’ Dictionary of Sydney, www.dictionaryofSydney.org, accessed 18 October 2013. Genealogical data about the Papps family provided by Louise Clayton and Leonie Morris. ‘Descendants of Harry Papps’ family tree, provided by Louise Clayton. Sydney Morning Herald, 6 November 1844, p.3. Susan Chamberlain, ‘The Hobart whaling industry, 1830 to 1900,’ La Trobe University, PhD thesis, 1988; see also, Susan Chamberlain, ‘An analysis of the composition of the Tasmanian whaling crews based on their crew agreements 1866 to 1898’, Tasmanian Historical Research Association Papers and Proceedings, 1983, 30 (1), pp.7-20. The Crowther Collection, State Library of Tasmania, has the largest collection of whaling logbooks in Australia and one of the largest in the world. John Cumpston, Shipping Arrivals & Departures Sydney, 1788-1825, Roebuck, Canberra, 1977; Ian Nicholson, Shipping Arrivals and Departures, Volume II, 1826-1840, Roebuck, Canberra, 1977, and Graeme Broxham and Ian Nicholson, Shipping Arrivals and Departures Sydney, 1841-1844, Roebuck, Canberra, 1988. National Library of Australia, Trove, trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper. These include, Ship's Articles for the Lady Blackwood (1847 and 1850) Robert Towns & Co records, MLMSS 307/185 & 187; Lucy Ann (1849) Robert Campbell papers, MLMSS, 2129/2x, item 2; Edward (1850) Papers relating to Ships and Shipping, 1840-1993, AS74, MF CY2554, item 2; all in the manuscript collection, Mitchell Library, Sydney. Ancestry, ‘New South Wales, Australia, Departing Crew and Passenger Lists, 1816-1825, 1898-1911’, http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1602. For examples, see, ‘Claims and Demands’ columns, The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser for 6 May 1820, p.2, and, 7 October 1820, p.3. Shipping Gazette and Sydney General Trade List, 13 January 1849, p.12. Mariners and Ships in Australian Waters, http://mariners.records.nsw.gov.au/ C. R. Straubel, The Whaling Journal of Captain W. B. Rhodes; Barque Australian of Sydney, 1836-1838, Whitcombe and Tombs, Christchurch, 1954, p.114. Woodlark (1820-1824) 5 voyages MLMSS 7280; John Bull (1827-1828), Alfred (1828-1829), Australian (1829-1833) 2 voyages, and, Genii (18341836) all MLMSS 1800; Lady Rowena (1830-1832) MLMSS 3532; Proteus (1833-1834) DLMSQ 325; Caroline (1841-1842) MLMSS 7739, manuscript collection, State Library of New South Wales. Arabian (1848-1850) CRO P910.45 & Chance (1869-1872) 2 voyages CRO MSS logs Box 4, Crowther Collection, State Library of Tasmania. Onward (1870-1872) BD 1622865, National Library of Australia, manuscript collection. Terror (1846-1847) ANMM 00038532, Australian National Maritime Museum, Sydney. Australian (1836-1838) qMS-1692, & Woodlark (1856-1857) qMS-2289, National Library of New Zealand, manuscript collection. Rhys Richards, ‘Sir William Crowther's Hobart Whaling Collection in context,’ The Great Circle, Vol.31, No.1, pp.61-62. June   96 