UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD DEPARTMENT FOR CONTINUING EDUCATION SOCIAL SCIENCES Hilary Term 2003 Subject Area: The History of Modern Political Thought Course Title: The State and Civil Society Course Tutor: Evangelia Sembou B.A, M.Sc., D.Phil. This course will examine the modern notions of the state and civil society through a critical study of the writings of some of the representative political theorists of modernity. The notions of the state and civil society will be explored in connection with two themes: the relationship of the individual to the state and the relationship of the state to civil society. The course will start with thinkers of the liberal tradition, which in its classic form consists of two strands – social contract theory and utilitarianism. The thinkers to be examined are Thomas Hobbes and John Locke (exponents of contractarianism) as well as Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill (utilitarians). The course will then consider some critics of liberalism, such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau (a Romantic and radical democrat), Edmund Burke (a theorist of the conservative tradition), the mature G. W. F. Hegel (a communitarian liberal) and Karl Marx (a radical democrat and later a communist). Some useful commentaries which cover most of the thinkers or themes of the course are the following: Gamble, A., An Introduction to Modern Social and Political Thought, (Hampshire & London: Macmillan, 1981); Hampsher-Monk, I., A History of Modern Political Thought, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992); Jones, T., Modern Political Thinkers and Ideas: An Historical Introduction, (London: Routledge, 2002); Lively, J & Reeve, A. (eds.), Modern Political Theory From Hobbes to Marx: Key Debates, (London & New York: Rouledge, 1989); Muschamp, D. (ed.), Political Thinkers, (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1986); Plamenatz, J., Man & Society. Political and Social Theories From Machiavelli to Marx, A New Edition revised by M. E. Plamenatz and R. Wokler, (London & New York: Longman, 1992) – Vol. I: From the Middle Ages to Locke, Vol. II: From Montesquieu to the Early Socialists, Vol. III: Hegel, Marx and Engels, and the Idea of Progress; Riley, P., Will and Political Legitimacy. A Critical Exposition of Social Contract Theory in Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Kant and Hegel, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982); Thompson, D. (ed.), Political Ideas, (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969). Of interest is also the following: Coole, D. H., Women in Political Theory. From Ancient Misogyny to Contemporary Feminism, 2nd edition, (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester-Wheatsheaf, 1993) – a reading of the writings of major political theorists from a feminist perspective. Thomas Hobbes Set Text: Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, edited by R. Tuck., rev. ed., (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) [Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought Series]. Commentaries: Brown, K. (ed.), Hobbes Studies, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1965); Dietz, M. G. (ed.), Thomas Hobbes and Political Theory, (Lawrence, Kansas & London: University of Kansas, 1990); Forsyth, M., “Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan”, in Forsyth, M. & Keens-Soper, M. (eds.), The Political Classics: A Guide to the Essential Texts From Plato to Rousseau, (Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Goldsmith, M. M., Hobbes’s Science of Politics, (London: Columbia University Press, 1966); Hampton, J., Hobbes and the Social Contract Tradition, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Kramer, M. H., Hobbes and the Paradoxes of Political Origins, (London: Macmillan, 1997); Leyden, W. von, Hobbes and Locke: The Politics of Freedom and Obligation, (London: Macmillan, 1982); Macpherson, C. B., The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962) – a Marxist critique; ──, Democratic Theory: Essays in Retrieval, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), ch. XIV: “Hobbes’ Bourgeois Man”; Miller, D., “The Macpherson Version”, Political Studies, (1982); Morris, C. W., The Social Contract Theorists: Critical Essays on Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau, (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1999); Raphael, D. D., Hobbes, Morals and Politics, (London: Allen & Unwin, 1977); Riley, P., “Will and Legitimacy in the Philosophy of Hobbes”, Political Studies (1973); Rogers, G. A. J. (ed.), Leviathan: Contemporary Responses to the Political Theory of Thomas Hobbes, (Bristol: Thoemmes, 1995); Slomp, G., Thomas Hobbes and the Political Philosophy of Glory, (London: Macmillan, 2000); Strauss, L., The Political Philosophy of Hobbes: Its Basis and Genesis, (Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press, 1963); Trainor, B., “Hobbes’ Sovereign and the Right of Self-Defence”, Political Studies, Vol.32 no.2 (1984); Tuck, R., Hobbes, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989) [Past Masters Series]; Warrender, H., The Political Philosophy of Hobbes: His Theory of Obligation, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957); Zvesper, J., “Hobbes’ Individualistic Analysis of the Family”, Politics, Vol.5 no.2 (1985). John Locke Set Text: John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, edited by P. Laslett, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988) [Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought Series]. Commentaries: Berlin, I., “Hobbes, Locke and Professor Macpherson”, Political Quarterly, (1964); Cohen, J., “Structure, Choice and Hospitality: Locke’s Theory of the State”, Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol.15 no.4 (1986); Day, J. P., “Locke on Property”, Philosophical Quarterly, Vol.16 (1966); Dunn, J., “Justice and Locke’s Political Theory”, Political Studies, Vol.16 no.1 (1968); ──, The Political Thought of John Locke: A Historical Account of the Argument of the ‘Two Treatises of Government’, (London: Cambridge University Press, 1969); ──, Locke, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984) [Past Masters Series]; Harpham, E. J. (ed.), John Locke’s ‘Two Treatises of Government’: New Interpretations, (Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas, 1992); Hughes, C., “John Locke: The Second Treatise of Government”, in Forsyth, M. & Keens-Soper, M. (eds.), The Political Classics: A Guide to the Essential Texts From Plato to Rousseau, (Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Leyden, W. von, Hobbes and Locke: The Politics of Freedom and Obligation, (London: Macmillan, 1982); Macpherson, C. B., The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: Hobbes to Locke, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962) – a Marxist critique of Hobbes and Locke; ──, Democratic Theory: Essays in Retrieval, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), ch. XIII: “Natural Rights in Hobbes and Locke”; Milton, J. R. (ed.), Locke’s Moral, Political and Legal Philosophy, (Brookfield, Vt.: Ashgate, 1999); Morris, C. W., The Social Contract Theorists: Critical Essays on Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau, (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1999); Parry, G., John Locke, (London: Allen & Unwin, 1978); Ryan, A., “Locke and the Dictatorship of the Bourgeoisie”, Political Studies, Vol.13 no.2 (1965); Selinger, M., The Liberal Politics of John Locke, (London: Allen & Unwin, 1968); Simmons, A., “Locke’s State of Nature”, Political Theory, (1989); Tully, J., A Discourse on Property. John Locke and his Adversaries, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982); Zvesper, J., “The Utility of Consent in John Locke’s Political Philosophy”, Political Studies, Vol.32 no.1 (1984). Jeremy Bentham Set Text: Bentham’s Political Thought, edited by B. Parekh, (London: Croom Helm, 1973). Commentaries: Crimmins, J., “Bentham’s Political Radicalism Re-examined”, Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol.55 no.2 (1994); Dinwiddy, J., “Bentham’s Transition to Political Radicalism, 1809-10”, Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol.36 (1975); ──, Bentham, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989); Halevy, E., The Growth of Philosophical Radicalism, (London: Faber & Faber, 1952); Kelly, P., Utilitarianism and Distributive Justice: Jeremy Bentham and the Civil Law, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990); Lyons, D., In the Interest of the Governed, rev. ed., (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991); Manning, D. J., The Mind of Jeremy Bentham, (London: Longmans, 1968); Parekh, B. (ed.), Jeremy Bentham: Critical Assessments, 4 vols., (London & New York: Routledge, 1993), esp. vol. 3; Plamenatz, J., The English Utilitarians, 2nd rev. ed., (Blackwell, 1958); Postema, G. J., Bentham and the Common Law Tradition, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986); Rosen, F., Jeremy Bentham, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983); Rosenblum, Bentham’s Theory of the Modern State, (Cambridge, Mass. & London: Harvard University Press, 1978); Steintrager, J., Bentham, (London: Allen & Unwin, 1977); Waldron, J., Nonsense Upon Stilts. Bentham, Burke and Marx on the Rights of Man, (London: Methuen, 1987); Woodard, C., Utilitarian Legislation: An Examination of the Difficulties Involved in Moving From Individual to Public Utility, (Coventry: Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Warwick, 1992). John Stuart Mill on Utilitarianism and Liberty Set Texts: J. S. Mill, “Essay on Bentham” and “Utilitarianism”, in Utilitarianism, edited with an introduction by M. Warnock, (London: Collins, 1962) [Fontana Philosophy Series]; “On Liberty”, in On Liberty and Other Writings, edited by S. Collini, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989) [Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought Series]. Commentaries: Anderson, B., “Mill on Bentham: From Ideology to Humanised Utilitarianism”, History of Political Thought, (1983); Berlin, I., “John Stuart Mill and the Ends of Life” in his Four Essays on Liberty (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969); Brittan, S., Towards a Humane Individualism, (London: John Stuart Mill Institute, 1998); Brown, D., “Mill on Harm to Others’ Interests”, Political Studies, Vol.26 (1978); Crisp, R., Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Mill on Utilitarianism, (London & New York: Routledge, 1997); Donner, W., The Liberal Self: John Stuart Mill’s Moral and Political Philosophy, (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1991); Eisenach, E. J. (ed.), Mill and the Moral Character of Liberalism, (University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998); Friedman, R. B., “A New Exploration of Mill’s Essay on Liberty”, Political Studies (1966); Gray, J., Mill on Liberty. A Defence, 2nd ed., (London: Routledge, 1996); Halliday, R. J., John Stuart Mill, (London: Allen & Unwin, 1976); Hamburger, J., Intellectuals in Politics: John Stuart Mill and the Philosophical Radicals, (New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1965); ──, John Stuart Mill on Liberty and Control, (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999); Lipkes, J., Politics, Religion and Classical Political Economy in Britain: John Stuart Mill and his Followers, (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998); Lyons, D. (ed.), Mill’s Utilitarianism: Critical Essays, (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1997) [Critical Essays on the Classics Series]; O’Rourke, K. C., John Stuart Mill and Freedom of Expression: The Genesis of A Theory, (London: Routledge, 2001); Radcliff, P. (ed.), The Limits of Liberty: Studies of Mill’s on Liberty, (Belmont, Ca.: Wadsworth, 1966); Rees, J, “Was Mill for Liberty?”, Political Studies, Vol.14 (1966); ──, John Stuart Mill’s ‘On Liberty’, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985); Riley, J., Liberal Utilitarianism: Social Choice Theory and J. S. Mill’s Philosophy, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); ──, Mill on Liberty, (London & New York: Routledge, 1998); ──, Mill’s Radical Liberalism: an Essay in Retrieval, (London: Routledge, 2000); Robson, J. M., The Improvement of Mankind: The Social and Political Thought of John Stuart Mill, (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul; Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1968); Rosen, F., “Bentham and Mill on Liberty and Justice” in G. Fever & F. Rosen (eds.), Lives, Liberties and the Public Good, (Basingstoke: Macmillan in association with the London School of Economics and Political Science, 1987); Ryan, A., The Philosophy of John Stuart Mill, (London: Macmillan, 1970); ──, J. S. Mill, (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975); Schneewind, J. B. (ed.), Mill. A Collection of Critical Essays, (London: University of Notre Dame Press, 1968); Semmell, B., J. S. Mill and the Pursuit of Virtue, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984); Stafford, W., John Stuart Mill, (London: Macmillan, 1998); Ten, C. L., Mill on Liberty, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980); ──, Mill’s Moral, Political and Legal Philosophy, (Aldershot & Brookfield, Vt.: Ashgate/Darmouth, 1999); Thornton, N, The Problem of Liberalism in the Thought of J. S. Mill, (New York & London: Garland, 1987); Waldron, J., “Mill and the Value of Moral Distress”, Political Studies, Vol.35 (1987); Williams, G., “Mill’s Principle of Liberty”, Political Studies, Vol.24 (1976); Wollheim, P., “John Stuart Mill and Isaiah Berlin: The Ends of Life and the Preliminaries of Morality” in A. Ryan (ed.), The Idea of Freedom: Essays in Honour of Isaiah Berlin, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979); Wollheim, R., “J. S. Mill and the Limits of State Action”, Social Research, Vol.40 (1973); Wood, J. C. (ed.), John Stuart Mill. Critical Assessments, (London: Croom Helm, 1986, c.1987) [The Croom Helm Critical Assessments of Leading Economists Series]. J. S. Mill on Women’s Emancipation and Socialism Set Texts: J. S. Mill, “On the Subjection of Women”; “Chapters on Socialism”, in On Liberty and Other Writings, edited by S. Collini, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989) [Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought Series]; Principles of Political Economy, edited with an introduction by Sir William Ashley, (Fairfield, N.J.: Augustus M. Kelley, 1987) [Reprints of Economic Classics Series], Book IV, ch. VII: “On the Probable Futurity of the Labouring Classes”. Commentaries: Annas, J., “Mill and the Subjection of Women”, Philosophy, (1977); Boralevi, L. C., “Utilitarianism and Feminism”, in Kennedy, E. & Mendus, S. (eds.), Women in Western Political Philosophy: Kant to Nietzsche, (Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books, 1987) – provides an account of the views of Jeremy Bentham, James Mill and John Stuart Mill on women; Coole, D. H., Women in Political Theory. From Ancient Misogyny to Contemporary Feminism, 2nd ed., (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester-Wheatsheaf, 1993), ch.6; Donner, W., “John Stuart Mill’s Liberal Feminism”, Philosophical Studies, Vol.69 nos.2-3 (1993); Duncan, G., Marx and Mill: Two Views of Social Conflict and Social Harmony, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973); Goldstein, L., “Mill, Marx and Women’s Liberation”, Journal of the History of Philosophy, Vol.18 (1980); Harris, A. L., “John Stuart Mill’s Theory of Progress”, Ethics (1956); Hughes, P., “The Reality vs. The Ideal: J. S. Mill’s Treatment of Women, Workers and Private Property”, Canadian Journal of Political Science, Vol.12 (1979); Okin, S. M., Women in Western Political Thought, (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1979), Part IV; Scwartz, P., The New Political Economy of J. S. Mill (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson for the London School of Economics and Political Science, 1972); Shanley, M., “Marital Slavery and Friendship: John Stuart Mill’s The Subjection of Women”, Political Theory, Vol.9 no.2 (1981); Smart, P., Mill and Marx: Individual Liberty and the Roads to Freedom, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990); Tulloch, G., Mill and Sexual Equality, (Hemel Hempstead: Wheatsheaf, 1989, c.1988); Urbinary, N., “John Stuart Mill on Androgyny and Ideal Marriage”, Political Theory, (1991). Jean-Jacques Rousseau Set Texts: J.- J. Rousseau, A Discourse on Inequality, translated with an introduction and notes by M. Cranston, (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984) [Penguin Classics Series] and The Social Contract, translated and introduced by M. Cranston, (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968) [Penguin Classics Series]. Commentaries: Barnard, F. M., “Will and Political Rationality in Rousseau”, Political Studies, Vol.32 no.3 (1984); Berman, M., The Politics of Authenticity: Radical Individualism and the Emergence of Modern Society, (London: Allen & Unwin, 1971); Cameron, D., The Social Thought of Rousseau and Burke: A Comparative Study, (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson for the London School of Economics and Political Science, 1973); Canovan, M., “Rousseau’s Two Concepts of Citizenship”, in Kennedy, E. & Mendus, S., Women in Western Political Philosophy: Kant to Nietzsche, (Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books, 1987); Charvet, J., The Social Problem in the Philosophy of Rousseau, (London: Cambridge University Press, 1974); Cobban, A., Rousseau and the Idea of the Modern State, (London: Allen & Unwin, 1974); Colletti, L., “Rousseau as Critic of Civil Society”, in his From Rousseau to Lenin: Studies in Ideology and Society, (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972); Cullen, D. E., Freedom in Rousseau’s Political Philosophy, (De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1993); Dent, N. J. H., Rousseau: An Introduction to his Psychological, Social and Political Theory, (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988); Ellenbury, S., Rousseau’s Political Philosophy: An Interpretation From Within, (Ithaca & London: Cornell University Press, 1976); Fralin, R., Rousseau and Representation: A Study of the Development of his Concept of Political Institutions, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978); Gildin, H., Rousseau’s Social Contract: The Design of the Argument, (Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press, 1983); Hall, J. C., Rousseau. An Introduction to his Political Philosophy, (London: Macmillan, 1973); Keens-Soper, M., “Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Social Contract”, in Forsyth, M. & Keens-Soper, M. (eds.), The Political Classics: A Guide to the Essential Texts From Plato to Rousseau, (Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 1992); Lemas, R., “Rousseau’s Animadversions on Representative Democracy”, Social Theory and Practice, Vol.3 no.3 (1975); Levin, A., The General Will: Rousseau, Marx, Communism, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Masters, R. D., The Political Philosophy of Rousseau, (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1968); Miller, J., Rousseau: Dreamer of Democracy, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984); Morris, C. W., The Social Contract Theorists: Critical Essays on Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau, (Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1999); Riley, P., “Rousseau’s General Will: Freedom of a Particular Kind”, Political Studies, Vol.39 no.1 (1991); Roche, K., Rousseau: Stoic and Romantic, (London: Methuen, 1974), chs.7-16; Rosenblatt, H., Rousseau and Geneva: From the ‘First Discourse’ to the ‘Social Contract’, 1749-1762, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Shklar, J. N., Men and Citizens: A Study of Rousseau’s Social Theory, (London: Cambridge University Press, 1969); Thompson, D., “Rousseau and the General Will” in D. Thompson (ed.), Political Ideas, (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969); Viroli, M., “The Concept of Ordre and the Language of Classical Republicanism in Jean-Jacques Rousseau”, in A. Pagden (ed.), The Languages of Political Theory in Early-Modern Europe, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); Wokler, R., “Rousseau’s Two Concepts of Liberty” in G. Feaver & F. Rosen (eds.), Lives, Liberties and the Public Good, (Basingstoke: Macmillan in association with the London School of Economics and Political Science, 1987); ──, Social Thought of J. J. Rousseau, (New York: Carland Pub., 1987) [Political Theory and Political Philosophy Series]; ──, Rousseau, (Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 1995); ── (ed.), Rousseau and Liberty, (Manchester & New York: Manchester University Press; Distributed in the USA and Canada by St. Martin’s Press, 1995). Edmund Burke Set Text: E. Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France, edited with an introduction by L. G. Mitchell, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993). Commentaries: Cameron, D., The Social Thought of Rousseau and Burke: A Comparative Study, (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson for the London School of Economics and Political Science, 1973); Canavan, F. F., The Political Reason of Edmund Burke (Published for the Lilly Endowment Research Program in Christianity and Politics by the Duke University Press; Cambridge University Press, 1960); Cobban, A., Edmund Burke and the Revolt Against the Eighteenth Century, (London: Allen & Unwin, 1973); Conniff, J., The Useful Cobbler: Edmund Burke and the Politics of Progress, (New York: State University of New York Press, 1994); Dreyer, F., Burke’s Politics: A Study in Whig Orthodoxy, (Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1979); Freeman, M., “Edmund Burke and the Theory of Revolution”, Political Theory, Vol.6 (1978); ──, Edmund Burke and the Critique of Political Radicalism, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1980); Gurr, T. R., “Burke and the Modern Theory of Revolution“, Political Theory, Vol.6 (1978); Hindson, P., Burke’s Dramatic Theory of Politics, (Aldershot: Avebury, 1988) [Avebury Series in Philosophy]; Lock, F. P., Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France, (London: Allen & Unwin, 1985) [Unwin Critical Library Series]; Macpherson, C. B., Burke, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980); O’Gorman, F., Edmund Burke. His Political Philosophy, (London: Allen & Unwin, 1973); Parkin, C., The Moral Basis of Burke’s Political Thought: An Essay, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956); Stanlis, P., Edmund Burke: The Enlightenment and Revolution, (New Brunswick, N. J.: Transaction, 1991); Waldron, J., Nonsense Upon Stilts. Bentham, Burke and Marx on the Rights of Man, (London: Methuen, 1987); Wilkins, B. T., The Problem of Burke’s Political Philosophy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967). G. W. F. Hegel Set Text: Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, translated with notes by T. M. Knox, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967). Commentaries: Avineri, S., Hegel’s Theory of the Modern State, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972); Buchwalter, A., “Hegel’s Concept of Virtue”, Political Theory, Vol.16 no.1 (1992); Cristi, F. R., “The Hegelsche Mitte and Hegel’s Monarch”, Political Theory, Vol.11 no. 4 (1983); Cullen, B., Hegel’s Social and Political Thought: An Introduction, (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1979); Fackenheim, E. L., “On the Actuality of the Rational and the Rationality of the Actual”, Review of Metaphysics, Vol.23 no.4 (1970); Fine, R., After the Revolution: The Politics of Hegel, Marx and Arendt, (London: UCL, 2000); ──, Political Investigations: Hegel, Marx, Arendt, (New York: Routledge, 2001); Fraser, I., Hegel and Marx: The Concept of Need, (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998), esp. chs.1 & 4; Hardimon, M., “The Project of Reconciliation: Hegel’s Social Philosophy”, Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol.21 no.2 (1992); Hodge, J., “Women and the Hegelian State”, in Kennedy, E. & Mendus, S. (eds.), Women in Western Political Philosophy: Kant to Nietzsche, (Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books, 1987); Hyppolite, J., Studies on Marx and Hegel, (London: Heinemann Educational, 1969); Inwood, M. J., A Hegel Dictionary, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 1995); Kelly, G. A., Hegel’s Retreat from Eleusis: Studies in Political Thought, (Princeton, Guildford: Princeton University Press, 1978); Kierans, K., “The Concept of Ethical Life in Hegel’s Philosophy of Right”, History of Political Thought, Vol.13 no.3 (1992); MacIntyre, A. (ed.), Hegel: A Collection of Critical Essays, (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1972); Matetz, D. J., “Hegel on Right as Actualized Will”, Political Theory, Vol.17 no.1 (1989); Neuhouser, F., Foundations of Hegel’s Social Theory: Actualizing Freedom, (Cambridge, Massachusetts & London: Harvard University Press, 2000); Pelczynski, Z., Hegel’s Political Philosophy: Problems and Perspectives, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971); ──, The State and Civil Society: Studies in Hegel’s Political Philosophy, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); Peperzak, A. T., Philosophy and Politics: A Commentary on the Preface to Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, (Dordrecht: Nijhoff, 1987); Pinkard, T., “Freedom and Social Categories in Hegel’s Ethics”, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol.47 no.2 (1986); Pippin, R., “Hegel’s Political Argument and the Problem of Verwicklichung”, Political Theory, Vol.9 (1981); Planinc, Z., “Family and Civil Society in Hegel’s ‘Philosophy of Right’”, History of Political Thought, Vol.12 no.2 (1991); Plant, R., Hegel: An Introduction, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1983); Ritter, J., Hegel and the French Revolution: Essays on the Philosophy of Right, (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1982); Seeburger, W., “The Political Significance of Hegel’s Concept of History”, Monist, Vol.48 no.1 (1964); Singer, P., Hegel, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983); Smith, S. B., Hegel’s Critique of Liberalism: Rights in Context, (Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press, 1989); Stillman, P., “Hegel’s Critique of Liberal Theories of Right”, American Political Science Review, Vol.68 (1974); ──, “Property, Freedom and Individuality in Hegel’s and Marx’s Political Thought”, Nomos, Vol.22 (1980); Taylor, C., Hegel, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975); ──, Hegel and Modern Society, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979); Tunick, M., “Hegel’s Justification of Hereditary Monarchy”, History of Political Thought, Vol.12 no.3 (1991); Williams, R. R., Hegel’s Ethics of Recognition, (Berkeley, Los Angeles & London: University of California Press, 1997), Part II: “Recognition in the Philosophy of Right”, chs.6-14; Williams, R. (ed.), Beyond Liberalism and Communitarianism: Studies on Hegel’s ‘Philosophy of Right’, (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001); Wood, A., Hegel’s Ethical Thought, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990). The Young Marx, the Theory of Alienation and the Critique of Liberalism Set Text: The Marx-Engels Reader, 2nd ed., edited by R. C. Tucker, (New York & London: W. W. Norton Co., 1978). Commentaries: Althusser, L., For Marx, translated by B. Brewster, (London: Verso, 1979); Avineri, S., The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968); Buchanan, A., Marx and Justice. The Radical Critique of Liberalism, (London: Methuen, 1982); Burns, T. & Fraser, I., The Hegel-Marx Connection, (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000); Draper, H., “The Death of the State in Marx and Engels”, Socialist Register (1970); Evans, M., Karl Marx, (London: Unwin & Allen, 1975); Fine, R., After the Revolution: The Politics of Hegel, Marx and Arendt, (London: UCL, 2000); ──, Political Investigations: Hegel, Marx, Arendt, (New York: Routledge, 2001); Francis, W., Karl Marx, (London: Fourth Estate, 1999) – a biography; Fraser, I., Hegel and Marx: The Concept of Need, (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1998); Fromm, E, Marx’s Concept of Man, (New York: Ungar, 1966); Hook, S., From Hegel to Marx: Studies in the Intellectual Development of Karl Marx, (University of Michigan Press, 1962); Hunt, G., “Development of the Concept of Civil Society in Marx”, History of Political Thought, Vol.8; Husami, Z., “Marx on Distributive Justice”, Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol.8 no.1 (1978); Hyppolite, J., Studies on Marx and Hegel, (London: Heinemann Educational, 1969); Kocis, R., “An Unresolved Tension in Marx’s Critique of Justice and Rights”, Political Studies, Vol.34 no.3 (1986); Laclau, E., “The Specificity of the Political: The Poulantzas-Miliband Debate”, Economy and Society, Vol.5 no.11 (1975); Lee, W. L., On Marx, (Belmont: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, 2002) [Wadsworth Philosophers Series]; Lefevre, H., The Sociology of Marx, (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972); Levin, A., The General Will: Rousseau, Marx, Communism, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Lukes, S., Marxism and Morality, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985); McLellan, D., The Thought of Karl Marx: An Introduction, (London: Macmillan, 1971); ──, Marx Before Marxism, (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972); ──, Karl Marx. His Life and Thought, (London: Macmillan, 1973); ──, Marx, (London: Fontana, 1975) [Fontana Modern Masters Series]; Miliband, R., “Marx and the State”, Socialist Register (1975); Munck, R., Marx @ 2000: Late Marxist Perspectives, (Basingstoke: Macmillan & New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999); Ollman, B., Alienation: Marx’s Concept of Man in Capitalist Society, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976); Poulantzas, N., “Controversy Over the State”, New Left Review, Vol.95 (1976); Poulantzas, N. & Miliband, R., “The Problem of the Capitalist State”, New Left Review, Vol.82 (1973); Sanderson, J., “Marx and Engels on the State”, Western Political Quarterly, (1973); Singer, P., Marx: A Very Short Introduction, (Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); Smith, C., Marx at the Millenium, (London & East Haven, CT.: Pluto Press, 1996); Stillman, P., “Property, Freedom and Individuality in Hegel’s and Marx’s Political Thought”, Nomos, Vol.22 (1980); Waldron, J., Nonsense Upon Stilts. Bentham, Burke and Marx on the Rights of Man, (London: Methuen, 1987); Wood, A., “The Marxist Critique of Justice”, Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol.1 no.13 (1972); ──, “Marx on Right and Justice. A Reply to Husami”, Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol.8 no.13 (1979). Karl Marx on Historical Materialism Set Text: Karl Marx, “The German Ideology: Part I”, in The Marx-Engels Reader, 2nd ed., edited by R. C. Tucker, (New York & London: W. W. Norton Co., 1978), pp.146-200. Commentaries: Carter, A., Marx: A Radical Critique, (Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books, 1988); Carver, T., Marx’s Social Theory, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982); Cohen, G., Karl Marx’s Theory of History: A Defence, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978); ──, History, Labour, and Freedom, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988); Duncan, G., Marx and Mill: Two Views of Social Conflict and Social Harmony, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973); Rader, M., Marx’s Interpretation of History, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979); Smart, P., Mill and Marx: Individual Liberty and the Roads to Freedom, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990); Walker, D. M., Marx, Methodology and Science: Marx’s Science of Politics, (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001); White, J. D., Karl Marx and the Intellectual Origins of Dialectical Materialism, (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996). PAGE 12