Cotinga31-OL-090605:Cotinga 6/5/2009 2:34 PM Page 96 Cotinga 31 Birds in the Parque Estadual dos Três Picos, Rio de Janeiro state, south-east Brazil Francisco Mallet-Rodrigues and Maria Luisa Marinho de Noronha Received 7 May 2008; final revision accepted 24 April 2009 Cotinga 31 (2009): OL 96–107 published online 5 June 2009 O Parque Estadual dos Três Picos (PETP), atualmente a maior unidade de conservação ambiental do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (58.000 ha) protege uma das mais importantes regiões florestadas do território fluminense. Entre novembro de 2005 e agosto de 2006 foram visitadas trinta e cinco localidades dentro do parque e em seu entorno, com o objetivo de inventariar a avifauna regional. Foram registradas 321 espécies de aves, sendo que aproximadamente metade dessa avifauna foi constituída por espécies consideradas incomuns. Cerca de um terço das espécies de aves registradas é representado por espécies endêmicas da mata atlântica. Foram encontradas 24 espécies globalmente vulneráveis ou quase ameaçadas, bem como 18 espécies ameaçadas ou provavelmente ameaçadas de extinção no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Além de preservar uma das mais ricas faunas regionais, a criação do PETP foi uma garantia para a conservação das nascentes que abastecem de água várias cidades vizinhas e para o futuro estabelecimento de um potencial corredor ecológico entre as áreas florestadas do Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos e do Parque Estadual do Desengano, duas das mais importantes unidades de conservação do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. near Fazenda Verdin (22º24’S 42º29’W; 950–1,230 m), Macaé de Cima, Nova Friburgo; montane forest. (6) Rio das Flores region (22º24’S 42º29’W; 950 m), Macaé de Cima, Nova Friburgo; secondary forest, second growth and pasture. (7) Region between Guapiaçu and Santo Amaro (22º26’S 42º45’W; 40 m), Cachoeiras de Macacu; pasture and cultivation. (8) Reserva Ecológica Guapiaçu (REGUA) (22º25’S 42º44’W; 70–250 m), Cachoeiras de Macacu; submontane and secondary forests, second growth and wetlands. (9) Region between Fazenda Santo Antonio, Cachoeiras de Macacu, and Fazenda Campestre (22º23’S 42º42’W; 380–700 m), Nova Friburgo; montane, submontane and secondary forests, and second growth. (10) Fazenda São Miguel (22º26’S 42º42’W; 100–300 m), Cachoeiras de Macacu; submontane and secondary forests. (11) Área de Proteção Ambiental do Jacarandá (22º26’S 42º55’W; 800–1,400 m), Teresópolis; secondary forest. (12) Vale da Revolta (22º26’S 42º56’W; 1,030 m), Teresópolis; montane and secondary forests, cultivation and pasture. (13) Clube Sayonara (22º26’S 42º53’W; 900 m), Teresópolis; montane and secondary forests. (14) Três Picos and Capacete peaks (22º19’S 42º43’W; 1,550–1,750 m), Teresópolis / Nova Friburgo border; montane forest and pasture. (15) Fazenda Campestre (22º22’S 42º41’W; 1,050–1,100m), Nova Friburgo; montane forest, cultivation and pasture. (16) Mariana (22º20’S 42º41’W; 1,300 m), Nova Friburgo; montane and secondary forests, second growth and pasture. (17) São Lourenço–Cascatinha trail (22º20’S 42º36’W; 1,250–1,550 m), Nova Friburgo; secondary forest, second growth and pasture. (18) Foothills of the Pico Cabeça do Dragão (22º19’S 42º43’W; 1,500–2,040 m), Nova Friburgo; montane forest, Parque Estadual dos Três Picos (PETP), situated in the centre of Rio de Janeiro state (encompassing parts of the municipalities of Teresópolis, Guapimirim, Cachoeiras de Macacu, Nova Friburgo and Silva Jardim), is currently the state’s largest environmental conservation unit occupying 58,000 ha. PETP is named after the Três Picos mountains located on the Teresópolis / Nova Friburgo border, a majestic assemblage of three granitic peaks reaching c.2,350 m. Since its creation in 2002, the PETP protects one of the largest and most important forested areas in Rio de Janeiro, guaranteeing the preservation of the headwaters that supply water to the cities adjacent to the park. The present study provides an inventory of the bird species found in the PETP and adjacent areas, as well as a basis for the conservation policies required to preserve the natural resources of this important remnant of Atlantic Forest in south-east Brazil. Material and methods Bird surveys were conducted between November 2005 and August 2006 (with occasional visits since). The following 35 localities were visited in the PETP and adjacent areas (Fig. 1). (1) Hotel São João and environs (22º22’S 42º28’W; 960 m), Macaé de Cima, Nova Friburgo; second growth and secondary forest. (2) Hotel São João (22º21’S 42º28’W; 950–1,000 m), Macaé de Cima, Nova Friburgo; secondary forest. (3) Trail near the Córrego Frisia (22º22’S 42º30’W; 950–1,270 m), Macaé de Cima, Nova Friburgo; montane and secondary forests, and pasture. (4) Macaé de Cima to Teodoro de Oliveira trail (22º22’S 42º31’W; 950–1,300 m), Nova Friburgo; montane and secondary forests. (5) Trail 96 Cotinga31-OL-090605:Cotinga Cotinga 31 6/5/2009 2:34 PM Page 97 Birds in the Parque Estadual dos Três Picos, Rio de Janeiro state, south-east Brazil 1 Figure 1. Localities visited in the Parque Estadual dos Três Picos (in black) and adjoining areas (see Material and methods). Figure 2. Central part of the Parque Estadual dos Três Picos (locality 9) (F. Mallet-Rodrigues) Figure 3. Três Picos and Capacete mountains (locality 14) (F. Mallet-Rodrigues) Figure 4. Fazenda Campestre (locality 15) (F. MalletRodrigues) Figure 5. Pico da Caledônia (locality 19) (F. Mallet-Rodrigues) Figure 6. Serra dos Pirineus (locality 24) (F. Mallet-Rodrigues) 2 3 4 5 6 97 Cotinga31-OL-090605:Cotinga Cotinga 31 6/5/2009 2:34 PM Page 98 Birds in the Parque Estadual dos Três Picos, Rio de Janeiro state, south-east Brazil second growth and pasture. (19) Pico da Caledônia (22º21’S 42º35’W; 2,060–2,219 m), Nova Friburgo; montane forest and high grassland. (20) Boca do Mato (22º24’S 42º36’W; 400–500 m), Cachoeiras de Macacu; submontane forest. (21) Upper rio Macacu, near the Córrego Grande (22º23’S 42º35’W; 500–600 m), Cachoeiras de Macacu; submontane and secondary forests, and second growth. (22) Trail near dam on the rio Macacu (Posto do Pena) (22º23’S 42º34’W; 550–700 m), Cachoeiras de Macacu; submontane forest. (23) Sertão de Bananeiras (22º27’S 42º26’W; 150–400 m), Silva Jardim; secondary forest, second growth and pasture. (24) Foothills of the Serra dos Pirineus (22º28’S 42º30’W; 100–300 m), Silva Jardim; submontane forest. (25) Waterfall on the rio Frades (22º20’S 42º47’W; 1,000 m), Teresópolis; scattered secondary forest, second growth and pasture. (26) Upper rio Frades (22º20’S 42º45’W; 1,220 m), Teresópolis; secondary forest, second growth and pasture. (27) Middle rio Antas (22º20’S 42º48’W; 1,100–1,150 m), Teresópolis; second growth and pasture. (28) Córrego Buraco do Ouro (22º21’S 42º49’W; 1,200–1,250 m), Teresópolis; secondary forest, second growth and pasture. (29) Region between the upper rios Iconha and Soberbo (22º28’S 42º59’W; 350–1,150 m), Guapimirim; submontane and secondary forests, and second growth. (30) Serra da Caneca Fina (22º28’S 42º56’W; 200–600 m), Guapimirim; submontane forest and second growth. (31) Caminho do Ouro (22º30’S 42º56’W; 250 m), Guapimirim; secondary forest and second growth. (32) Estação Ecológica Paraíso (22º29’S 42º54’W; 60–1,350 m), Cachoeiras de Macacu; submontane forest. (33) Serra Queimada (22º28’S 42º51’W; 15–150 m), Cachoeiras de Macacu; submontane and secondary forests, and second growth. (34) Areal (22º27’S 42º50’W; 15–200 m), Cachoeiras de Macacu; secondary forest and second growth. (35) Foothills of the Serra do Estreito (22º25’S 42º48’W; 150 m), Cachoeiras de Macacu; submontane forest. During a total of >200 hours of field observations were visited areas of montane and submontane Atlantic Forest, second growth, pastures and high grassland. Observations were conducted from 05h00 to 18h00, with some nocturnal surveys to record owls, nightjars and potoos. In each locality visited we observed birds along foot trails, and any vocalisations not immediately identified were tape-recorded and then identified by playback, or compared later with recordings deposited at the Arquivo Sonoro Elias Coelho (ASEC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ). The status of each species was defined using four categories: common—recorded on >75% of days; fairly common—recorded on 51–75% of days; uncommon—recorded on 25–50% of days; and rare—recorded on <25% of days. The status of each threatened species is defined according to BirdLife International4, the Brazilian list of threatened species5 and Alves et al.2, whilst the status of species endemic to the Atlantic Forest is based on Parker et al.15. Nomenclature and sequence follow the Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos (CBRO)7. Coordinates and altitudes of the localities visited were established using a GPS (Garmin GPS 12). Results We detected 321 bird species from 58 families in the PETP (see Appendix). ‘Uncommon’ species were predominant (52%), but some of these are very common in non-forested and disturbed areas adjacent to the PETP, e.g. Rock Pigeon Columba livia, Swallow-tailed Hummingbird Eupetomena macroura and House Sparrow Passer domesticus. Only 11 of the 43 species ‘rare’ in the PETP are endemic to the Atlantic Forest (25.5% of endemics among the species ‘rare’ in the PETP). Although a large proportion of the PETP is covered by well-preserved, dense tropical forest, localities predominantly covered by second growth and mature secondary forest possess the highest number of species. A total of 161 species (or 50% of the total) recorded in the PETP occurred in second growth and 150 species (46.5%) recorded in the park in mature secondary forest. Only nine species (3%) occurred in the high grasslands, most of them above 1,800–2,000 m. Ninety-six species in the PETP are endemic to the Atlantic Forest, which represents 30% of endemics known from the region, whilst the number of endemics found in the PETP represents c.60% of Atlantic Forest endemics known from Rio de Janeiro state. The majority of endemic species occurred more frequently in forested areas, especially in mature and well-preserved forest. Only ten endemic species (or 10.5% of endemics) were ‘rare’ in the PETP. A significant percentage (45%) of those species restricted to high grasslands in the PETP were endemics. Twenty-four species (7.5%) recorded in the PETP are considered globally Vulnerable or Near Threatened4 and four (1%) are Vulnerable in Brazil5, whilst 18 species (5.5%) are considered Threatened or Probably Threatened in the state of Rio de Janeiro2. Selected species accounts Solitary Tinamou Tinamus solitarius Nowadays rare or extinct in many parts of its overall range (eastern Pernambuco to northern Argentina), Solitary Tinamou is considered ‘Threatened’ in the state of Rio de Janeiro2. 98 Cotinga31-OL-090605:Cotinga Cotinga 31 6/5/2009 2:34 PM Page 99 Birds in the Parque Estadual dos Três Picos, Rio de Janeiro state, south-east Brazil Black-banded Owl Strix huhula Apparently, it was fairly common in the Nova Friburgo region in the mid-20th century8,14. In the late afternoon of 27 March 2006, the species was heard in forest along the upper rio Macacu (22º23’S 42º34’W), in the municipality of Cachoeiras de Macacu, at 650 m, whilst it has been recently recorded at Paraíso Ecological Station (near the PETP), at the border of Guapimirim and Cachoeiras de Macacu municipalities13. A nest (with five eggs) was found in December 2007 at Boca do Mato, Cachoeiras de Macacu (P. Forrest & A. Foster in litt. 2008). Apparently scarce, the form S. h. albomarginata, which is restricted to the Atlantic Forest, is known from a few localities in Rio de Janeiro state10 in which the species’ status is described as unknown2. On 27 March 2006 the species’ song was heard at Boca do Mato (22º24’S 42º36’W), municipality of Cachoeiras de Macacu, at c.400 m. Two months later, two birds, probably a pair, were tape-recorded and seen in the same area (L. P. Gonzaga pers. comm.). White-bearded Antshrike Biatas nigropectus Spot-winged Wood Quail Odontophorus capueira Typically found in stands of bamboo in forests from south-east Brazil to Argentina, the species is considered ‘Probably Threatened’ in the state of Rio de Janeiro2. A pair was observed (and taperecorded) at a site with dense bamboo (Merostachys sp.) on the Teodoro de Oliveira to Macaé de Cima trail, at 1,200 m, on 28 March 2006. Now a rare bird at several localities and considered ‘Probably Threatened’ in the state of Rio de Janeiro2, Spot-winged Wood Quail was recorded at several localities in the PETP, where we deemed it to be ‘uncommon’. White-necked Hawk Leucopternis lacernulatus Slaty Bristlefront Merulaxis ater Endemic to the Atlantic Forest, this hawk is considered ‘Vulnerable’ in the state of Rio de Janeiro2. Intense deforestation of the lowlands and foothills is undoubtedly a serious threat to the species. One was seen over forest along the upper rio Macacu (22º23’S 42º34’W), municipality of Cachoeiras de Macacu, at c.650 m, in the early afternoon of 27 March 2006. Considered globally Near Threatened4, Slaty Bristlefront is rare in central Rio de Janeiro state and has rarely been found there since a specimen was collected in the early 1800s. Recently it has been found on the Teodoro de Oliveira to Macaé de Cima trail, at 1,200 m, where a male was seen and tape-recorded on 28 March 2006. Slaty Bristlefront also has been recorded at Reserva Ecológica Guapiaçu (REGUA) (F. Olmos in litt. 2008) and at Boca do Mato (L. P. Gonzaga in litt. 2008). Mantled Hawk Leucopternis polionotus Mantled Hawk is similar to the previous species but is generally found at higher altitudes. Although rare, it is considered less threatened than Whitenecked Hawk. One was recorded on 22 February 2006 at Mariana (22º20’S 42º41’W), municipality of Nova Friburgo, at 1,290 m. Oustalet’s Tyrannulet Phylloscartes oustaleti Oustalet’s Tyrannulet is considered ‘Vulnerable’ in the state of Rio de Janeiro2 and has not recently been recorded in the Serra dos Órgãos13. One was observed in a mixed-species flock in forest between São Lourenço and Cascatinha (22º20’S 42º36’W), municipality of Nova Friburgo, on 23 February 2006. White-rumped Hawk Percnohierax leucorrhous One was recorded on 14 November 2005 at Macaé de Cima (22º22’S 42º30’W), municipality of Nova Friburgo, at 1,060 m. Swallow-tailed Cotinga Phibalura flavirostris Pileated Parrot Pionopsitta pileata ‘Probably Threatened’ in the state of Rio de Janeiro2. A group of six (including immatures) was observed in second growth with Pteridium aquilinum at 1,550 m in the northern PETP (22º19’S 42º43’W) on 23 February 2006. ‘Probably Threatened’ in the state of Rio de Janeiro2, the species was found on the trail from Teodoro de Oliveira to Macaé de Cima (22º23’S 42º31’W), municipality of Nova Friburgo, on 16 November 2005. Elegant Mourner Laniisoma elegans Blue-bellied Parrot Triclaria malachitacea Occasionally recorded in central Rio de Janeiro state6,12,19, the species’ song was heard at Macaé de Cima, Nova Friburgo, on 17 November 2005, from where the species was already known6. ‘Probably Threatened’ in the state of Rio de Janeiro2. Considered globally Near Threatened4 and ‘Vulnerable’ in the state of Rio de Janeiro2. The call of this parrot was heard in the canopy of forest along the upper rio Macacu (22º23’S 42º34’W), municipality of Cachoeiras de Macacu, at 650m, in the afternoon of 27 March 2006. 99 Cotinga31-OL-090605:Cotinga Cotinga 31 6/5/2009 2:34 PM Page 100 Birds in the Parque Estadual dos Três Picos, Rio de Janeiro state, south-east Brazil Giant Cowbird Molothrus oryzivorus Passer domesticus and Common Waxbill Estrilda astrild, among introduced species, and Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis, Picazuro Pigeon Patagioenas picazuro, Wing-banded Hornero Furnarius figulus, Rufous-fronted Thornbird Phacellodomus rufifrons, Masked Water Tyrant Fluvicola nengeta, Curlcrested Jay Cyanocorax cristatellus and Chalk-browed Mockingbird Mimus saturninus, among natural invaders. These birds, which occur in open habitats (pastures, cultivation and around habitation) although common on the periphery, are uncommon in the forested central region of the park. The occurrence of several ‘Threatened’ or ‘Probably Threatened’ species in the state of Rio de Janeiro increases the importance of the park to local biodiversity. The large size of the PETP and the well-preserved state of its forests have guaranteed the occurrence of birds of prey, such as White-necked Hawk Leucopternis lacernulatus, Mantled Hawk L. polionotus and Black HawkEagle Spizaetus tyrannus, which require adequate habitat and prey. The occurrence of Solitary Tinamou Tinamus solitarius, Spot-winged Wood Quail Odontophorus capueira, Dusky-legged Guan Penelope obscura and Rusty-margined Guan P superciliaris indicate that hunting is not a significant factor at least in some parts of the park. Some species are probably extinct in the region because of hunting, such as Black-fronted Piping Guan Aburria jacutinga (Probably Extinct in Rio de Janeiro2,6) and Variegated Tinamou Crypturellus variegatus17. Others have not been recently recorded in the vicinity of the PETP (Purple-winged Ground Dove Claravis godefrida, Rio de Janeiro Antbird Cercomacra brasiliana, Atlantic Royal Flycatcher Onychorhynchus swainsoni, Cinnamonvented Piha Lipaugus lanioides and Lesser Seed Finch Sporophila angolensis) or are of unknown status (Kinglet Calyptura Calyptura cristata and Rio de Janeiro Antwren Myrmotherula fluminensis). Another important bird species found in the PETP is Grey-winged Cotinga Tijuca condita, which has a restricted range and was only described in 198018. T. condita has recently been found on the Pico da Caledônia3 and might also be found elsewhere in the PETP where there is suitable habitat. We were unable to find T. condita on the Pico da Caledônia despite using playback. Creating the PETP, protecting one of the most extensive areas of forest in the state of Rio de Janeiro, was a very important measure to preserve the rich regional biodiversity, including several endemic and threatened species. PETP is also a potential corridor between the forested areas of the Parque Estadual do Desengano and Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, two of the most important forest reserves in Rio de Janeiro state. ‘Probably Threatened’ in the state of Rio de Janeiro2, one was observed in a pasture at Macaé de Cima, Nova Friburgo, on 14 November 2005. Discussion The creation of the PETP, encompassing the large and densely forested montane massif in central Rio de Janeiro, was an important government initiative to guarantee the conservation of the rich local fauna and flora, and to preserve the headwaters that supply water to cities adjacent to the park. The park’s environment is well preserved, with dense forest covering most of the area, although adjacent regions are predominantly devoted to agriculture and residential land use. The west of the PETP is undoubtedly the most threatened by drastic human pressure from occupation of the foothills, illegal hunting and capture of passerines as cagebirds. Some passerines are now scarce, principally in the western PETP. The predominance of ‘uncommon’ species in the bird community is a known feature of tropical habitats. According to Goerck9, 68% of birds in the Atlantic Forest in Brazil are ‘rare’ because of their evolutionary history, spatial distribution and genetic structure. Although primary forests are highly diversified habitats, secondary forests are richer in bird species than primary forests1,11,16. Apparently, birds typical of natural clearings and forest borders are commoner in secondary forests. In the PETP many bird species were recorded in secondary forest and shrubby clearings. However, greater effort should be devoted to preserving mature forests, because most birds found in secondary habitats are widely distributed in the Neotropics and their populations are less threatened than those species endemic to the Atlantic Forest. More than 50% of extinct or less-abundant species found in secondary forests in eastern Brazil are endemic to the Atlantic Forest1. The same was true in the PETP, where more than half of bird species recorded in primary forest were endemic taxa. High grasslands in the PETP, although of limited extent, are important for the four endemics (Plovercrest Stephanoxis lalandi, Rufous-tailed Antbird Drymophila genei, Velvety Black Tyrant Knipolegus nigerrimus and Bay-chested Warbling Finch Poospiza thoracica) among the nine species recorded in this habitat. An important species is Itatiaia Spinetail Oreophylax moreirae, a furnariid restricted to high montane grasslands in eastern Brazil (above 1,800 m), which is common on the Pico da Caledônia, Nova Friburgo. Although apparently not a threat to local avifauna, some exotic or naturally invading bird species are common in areas adjoining the PETP, with Rock Pigeon Columba livia, House Sparrow 100 Cotinga31-OL-090605:Cotinga Cotinga 31 6/5/2009 2:34 PM Page 101 Birds in the Parque Estadual dos Três Picos, Rio de Janeiro state, south-east Brazil Acknowledgements 10. Gonzaga, L. P. & Castiglioni, G. D. A. (2004) Registros recentes de Strix huhula no Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Strigiformes: Strigidae). Ararajuba 12: 141–144. 11. Ihering, H. (1900) Aves observadas em Cantagallo e Nova Friburgo. Rev. Mus. Paulista 4: 149–164. 12. Mallet-Rodrigues, F. & Noronha, M. L. M. (2003) The avifauna of low elevations in the Serra dos Órgãos, Rio de Janeiro state, south-east Brazil. Cotinga 20: 51–56. 13. Mallet-Rodrigues, F., Parrini, R. & Pacheco, J. F. (2007) Birds of the Serra dos Órgãos, state of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil: a review. Rev. Brasil. Orn. 15: 5–35. 14. Miranda-Ribeiro, A. (1938 [1937]) Notas ornithológicas. XIII. Tinamidae. Rev. Mus. Paulista 23: 667–788. 15. Parker, T. A., Stotz, D. F. & Fitzpatrick, J. W. (1996) Ecological and distributional databases. In: Stotz, D. F., Fitzpatrick, J. W., Parker, T. A. & Moskovits, D. K. (eds.) Neotropical birds: ecology and conservation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 16. Protomastro, J. J. (2001) A test for preadaptaton to human disturbances in the bird community of the Atlantic Forest. In: Albuquerque, J. L. B., Cândido, J. F., Straube, F. C. & Roos, A. L. (eds.) Ornitologia e conservação: da ciência ás estratégias. Tubarão: Ed. Unisul. 17. Sick, H. (1997) Ornitologia brasileira. Rio de Janeiro: Ed. Nova Fronteira. 18. Snow, D. W. (1980) A new species of cotinga from southeastern Brazil. Bull. Brit. Orn. Club 100: 213–215. 19. Vieira, C. O. C. (1935) Os cotingídeos do Brasil. Rev. Mus. Paulista 19: 327–397. We thank Flávio Medeiros de Britto (Fundação Brasileira para a Conservação da Natureza) and José Fernando Pacheco (CBRO) for their invitation to carry out this study and their support during its execution. We are also grateful to Flavio de Jesus and Adriano Luz Correa Pinto (Instituto Estadual de Florestas) for providing logistical support and assistance. Ivan Dias contributed a photograph of Rough-legged Tyrannulet. Luiz Pedreira Gonzaga identified the vocalisations of Black-banded and Striped Owls. Jeremy Minns and Carmen Sílvia de Noronha Swire provided comments and reviewed the English version. The study was conducted whilst developing a management plan for the PETP. References 1. Aleixo, A. (1999) Effects of selective logging on a bird community in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Condor 101: 537–548. 2. Alves, M. A. S., Pacheco, J. F., Gonzaga, L. A. P., Cavalcanti, R. B., Raposo, M. A., Yamashita, C., Maciel, N. C. & Castanheira, M. (2000) Aves. In: Bergallo, H. G., Rocha, C. F. D., Alves, M. A. S. & Van Sluys, M. (eds.) A fauna ameaçada de extinção do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro: Ed. UERJ. 3. Alves, M. A. S., Pimm, S. L., Storni, A., Raposo, M. A., Brooke, M. de L., Harris, G., Foster, A. & Jenkins, C. N. (2008) Mapping and exploring the distribution of the Vulnerable grey-winged cotinga Tijuca condita. Oryx 42: 562–566. 4. BirdLife International (2000) Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions & Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. 5. Brasil [Ministério do Meio Ambiente] (2003) Lista da fauna brasileira ameaçada de extinção. Instrução Normativa do Ministério do Meio Ambiente n° 03/2003. Diário Oficial da União n° 101, Seção 1 (dia 28.05.2003): 88–97. 6. Collar, N. J., Gonzaga, L. P., Krabbe, N., Madroño Nieto, A., Naranjo, L. G., Parker, T. A. & Wege, D. C. (1992) Threatened birds of the America: the ICBP/IUCN Red Data book. Cambridge, UK: International Council for Bird Preservation. 7. Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos (2008) Lista das aves do Brasil. Seventh version. www.cbro.org.br/CBRO/listabr.htm (accessed October 2008). 8. Goeldi, E. A. (1894) As aves do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Livraria Clássica de Alves & Cia. 9. Goerck, J. M. (1997) Patterns of rarity in the birds of the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Conserv. Biol. 11: 112–118. Francisco Mallet-Rodrigues Laboratório de Ornitologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, UFRJ, 21944–970, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. E-mail: fmallet@bol.com.br. Maria Luisa Marinho de Noronha Instituto Municipal de Medicina Veterinária Jorge Vaitsman (S/IJV), Avenida Bartolomeu de Gusmão 1.120, 20.941–160, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. E-mail: marilunoronha@yahoo.com.br. 101 Cotinga31-OL-090605:Cotinga Cotinga 31 6/5/2009 2:34 PM Page 102 Birds in the Parque Estadual dos Três Picos, Rio de Janeiro state, south-east Brazil Appendix. Bird species recorded in the Parque Estadual dos Três Picos, Rio de Janeiro state, south-east Brazil. Occurrence: common (Co), fairly common (Fc), uncommon (Uc), rare (Ra), with evidence: sight record (S), tape-recorded (T). Habitats: montane forest (mo), submontane forest (sm), mature secondary forest (se), second growth, cultivated fields and gardens (sc), pasture and open areas (pa), high grassland (hg) and wetlands (we). Status: Global status3: Vulnerable (VGB), Near Threatened (NGB). Status in Brazil4: Vulnerable (VBR). Status in Rio de Janeiro2: Threatened (TRJ), Probably Threatened (PRJ), Vulnerable (VRJ), unknown status (URJ). Familiy / Species Occurrence Habitats Status Endemic to the Atlantic Forest TINAMIDAE Solitary Tinamou Tinamus solitarius Brown Tinamou Crypturellus obsoletus Tataupa Tinamou Crypturellus tataupa Ra (T) Fc (S,T) Uc (T) sm mo, sm, se se NGB, TRJ ANATIDAE White-faced Whistling Duck Dendrocygna viduata Brazilian Teal Amazonetta brasiliensis Uc (S) Uc (S) we we 8 7, 8, 33 CRACIDAE Rusty-margined Guan Penelope superciliaris Dusky-legged Guan Penelope obscura Ra (S) Uc (S) sm mo 8 15, 17 ODONTOPHORIDAE Spot-winged Wood Quail Odontophorus capueira Uc (S) mo PHALACROCORACIDAE Neotropic Cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus Ra (S) we 8 ARDEIDAE Rufescent Tiger Heron Tigrisoma lineatum Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax Striated Heron Butorides striata Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Great Egret Ardea alba Snowy Egret Egretta thula Ra (S) Uc (S) Uc (S) Uc (S) Uc (S) Ra (S) we we we we we we 8 8 8 8, 33, 34 8, 33, 34 8 THRESKIORNITHIDAE Buff-necked Ibis Theristicus caudatus Ra (S) pa 33 CATHARTIDAE Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura Black Vulture Coragyps atratus Uc (S) Co (S) sc, pa sc, pa ACCIPITRIDAE Grey-headed Kite Leptodon cayanensis Sharp-shinned Hawk Accipiter striatus White-necked Hawk Leucopternis lacernulatus Mantled Hawk Leucopternis polionotus Savanna Hawk Heterospizias meridionalis White-rumped Hawk Percnohierax leucorrhous Roadside Hawk Rupornis magnirostris White-tailed Hawk Buteo albicaudatus Black Hawk-Eagle Spizaetus tyrannus Ra (S,T) Ra (S) Ra (S) Ra (S) Uc (S) Ra (S) Fc (S,T) Uc (S,T) Ra (S,T) sm se sm sc sc, pa mo, se se, sc, pa sc, pa se FALCONIDAE Southern Caracara Caracara plancus Yellow-headed Caracara Milvago chimachima Laughing Falcon Herpetotheres cachinnans Barred Forest Falcon Micrastur ruficollis Collared Forest Falcon Micrastur semitorquatus American Kestrel Falco sparverius Aplomado Falcon Falco femoralis Uc (S) Fc (S) Uc (S) Uc (S,T) Ra (T) Ra (S) Uc (S) pa sc, pa pa se se pa pa RALLIDAE Slaty-breasted Wood Rail Aramides saracura Rufous-sided Crake Laterallus melanophaius Ash-throated Crake Porzana albicollis Blackish Rail Pardirallus nigricans Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus Fc (S,T) Ra (T) Ra (T) Uc (S) Ra (S) se, sc, we we we we we CARIAMIDAE Red-legged Seriema Cariama cristata Uc (S) pa PRJ X X Localities 22 2–6, 8, 9, 11, 15, 17 8, 9, 11, 30, 31 2, 20, 29 1, 2, 8, 14, 23–27, 33, 34, 35 1–5, 7, 8, 11, 14, 19, 23–30, 32–35 VGB, VBR, VRJ NGB, PRJ X PRJ 8 15 22 16 1, 3, 7, 8, 15, 33, 34 3 1, 5–9, 11, 13–16, 20, 23, 24, 30, 33–35 18, 19 11 3, 6–8, 12, 18, 33, 34 1, 3, 6–9, 14, 15, 23, 33–35 33, 34 11, 14, 20, 29 8 18 24, 33, 34 X 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 13, 15 8 8 1, 15 8 16, 25–27 102 Cotinga31-OL-090605:Cotinga Cotinga 31 6/5/2009 2:34 PM Page 103 Birds in the Parque Estadual dos Três Picos, Rio de Janeiro state, south-east Brazil CHARADRIIDAE Southern Lapwing Vanellus chilensis Fc (S) pa 1, 3, 7, 8, 12–15, 23, 24, 33, 34 JACANIDAE Wattled Jacana Jacana jacana Uc (S) we 7, 8 COLUMBIDAE Ruddy Ground Dove Columbina talpacoti Rock Dove Columba livia Picazuro Pigeon Patagioenas picazuro Pale-vented Pigeon Patagioenas cayennensis Plumbeous Pigeon Patagioenas plumbea White-tipped Dove Leptotila verreauxi Grey-fronted Dove Leptotila rufaxilla Ruddy Quail-Dove Geotrygon montana Co (S) Uc (S) Fc (S) Ra (S,T) Uc (S) Fc (S,T) Fc (S,T) Uc (T) sc sc sc, pa se mo, se sc se se PSITTACIDAE White-eyed Parakeet Aratinga leucophthalma Maroon-bellied Parakeet Pyrrhura frontalis Blue-winged Parrotlet Forpus xanthopterygius Plain Parakeet Brotogeris tirica Pileated Parrot Pionopsitta pileata Scaly-headed Parrot Pionus maximiliani Blue-bellied Parrot Triclaria malachitacea Co (S) Co (S) Fc (S) Co (S) Ra (T) Co (S) Ra (S) se, sc se, sc sc sm, se, sc se sm, se, sc mo CUCULIDAE Squirrel Cuckoo Piaya cayana Smooth-billed Ani Crotophaga ani Guira Cuckoo Guira guira Striped Cuckoo Tapera naevia Fc (S,T) Fc (S) Fc (S) Ra (S) sm, se, sc pa sc, pa sc TYTONIDAE Barn Owl Tyto alba 1, 3, 6–8, 16, 20, 24, 33–35 7 1, 7–9, 23–27, 33, 34 15, 17 2, 3, 5, 11 7, 8, 10, 23, 24, 30–35 1–9, 11–13, 15, 16, 30 4, 14, 30, 32 X PRJ X X NGB, VRJ X 14, 18, 25–29 2–5, 8, 9, 13, 15, 20, 22, 29 7, 9, 20, 23 2, 3, 5, 6, 8–11, 20–24, 32, 33, 35 4 2–4, 8, 9, 11, 13–15, 20–23, 25–31, 33–35 22 5, 8, 15, 17, 18, 21, 23, 24, 30, 31 1, 7, 8, 9, 15, 23, 24, 33, 34 7, 8, 15, 23–28, 33, 34 12 24 Ra (S) sc STRIGIDAE Tropical Screech Owl Megascops choliba Tawny-browed Owl Pulsatrix koeniswaldiana Black-banded Owl Strix huhula Ferruginous Pygmy Owl Glaucidium brasilianum Burrowing Owl Athene cunicularia Striped Owl Rhinoptynx clamator Uc (S) Uc (S) Ra (S,T) Uc (S,T) Uc (S) Uc (S,T) sc se sc sc pa sc NYCTIBIIDAE Common Potoo Nyctibius griseus Uc (T) sm 29–31 CAPRIMULGIDAE Short-tailed Nighthawk Lurocalis semitorquatus Pauraque Nyctidromus albicollis Uc (S,T) Fc (S,T) sc sc 1, 29 7, 8, 15, 24, 31 Uc (S) Uc (S) Uc (S) se, sc se, sc se, sc Fc (S,T) Uc (S,T) Uc (S) Fc (S,T) Uc (S) Uc (S) Uc (S) Uc (S,T) Ra (S) Uc (S) Co (S) Uc (S,T) Co (S,T) Uc (S) Ra (S) Fc (S,T) Ra (S) sm, se se, sc sc mo, se, sc sc sc se, sc se, sc, hg sc sc se, sc se, sc sc, pa sc sc mo, se, sc sc Uc (S) sm, se APODIDAE White-collared Swift Streptoprocne zonaris Grey-rumped Swift Chaetura cinereiventris Sick’s Swift Chaetura meridionalis TROCHILIDAE Saw-billed Hermit Ramphodon naevius Reddish Hermit Phaethornis ruber Planalto Hermit Phaethornis pretrei Scale-throated Hermit Phaethornis eurynome Swallow-tailed Hummingbird Eupetomena macroura Sombre Hummingbird Aphantochroa cirrochloris Black Jacobin Florisuga fusca Plovercrest Stephanoxis lalandi Frilled Coquette Lophornis magnificus Glittering-bellied Emerald Chlorostilbon aureoventris Violet-capped Woodnymph Thalurania glaucopis White-chinned Sapphire Hylocharis cyanus White-throated Hummingbird Leucochloris albicollis Versicoloured Emerald Amazilia versicolor Glittering-throated Emerald Amazilia fimbriata Brazilian Ruby Clytolaema rubricauda Amethyst Woodstar Calliphlox amethystina TROGONIDAE White-tailed Trogon Trogon viridis X URJ 103 15, 30, 31 9, 20–22, 30 20 23, 31 7, 8, 15, 16, 23, 24, 33, 34 8, 24 1, 5, 6, 8, 13, 24, 29, 30, 33, 34 5, 9, 10, 15, 20, 23 6–8, 10, 11, 13, 29, 33, 34 NGB, PRJ X X X X X X X X 8, 9, 20, 22–24, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35 8, 21, 32 14 1, 3, 4–6, 11, 13–15, 20 16 20, 21 1–4, 7, 8, 13 5, 14, 19 29 15, 25–27 1, 2, 7, 8, 10, 11, 20, 30 8 1, 3–5, 14, 17, 18 8 7 1, 3–5, 14, 15, 17, 29 1 8, 20, 32, 33 Cotinga31-OL-090605:Cotinga Cotinga 31 6/5/2009 2:34 PM Page 104 Birds in the Parque Estadual dos Três Picos, Rio de Janeiro state, south-east Brazil Surucua Trogon Trogon surrucura Black-throated Trogon Trogon rufus Uc (S) Uc (S) se, sc sm, se, sc X 3–6, 22 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 30 ALCEDINIDAE Ringed Kingfisher Megaceryle torquata Amazon Kingfisher Chloroceryle amazona Green Kingfisher Chloroceryle americana Uc (S) Uc (S) Uc (S) sc, we we sc, we MOMOTIDAE Rufous-capped Motmot Baryphthengus ruficapillus Uc (S,T) se GALBULIDAE Rufous-tailed Jacamar Galbula ruficauda Uc (S,T) sm BUCCONIDAE White-eared Puffbird Nystalus chacuru Crescent-chested Puffbird Malacoptila striata Uc (S,T) Uc (S,T) sc, pa sm X 7, 15 20, 29 RAMPHASTIDAE Channel-billed Toucan Ramphastos vitellinus Spot-billed Toucanet Selenidera maculirostris Saffron Toucanet Pteroglossus bailloni Fc (S) Uc (S) Uc (S) sm, se mo, sm sm X X 7–9, 20–23, 29–33 4, 8, 15, 20, 21, 30 20 PICIDAE White-barred Piculet Picumnus cirratus White Woodpecker Melanerpes candidus Yellow-fronted Woodpecker Melanerpes flavifrons Yellow-eared Woodpecker Veniliornis maculifrons Yellow-throated Woodpecker Piculus flavigula Yellow-browed Woodpecker Piculus aurulentus Campo Flicker Colaptes campestris Blond-crested Woodpecker Celeus flavescens Co (S) Uc (S) Uc (S) Co (S) Uc (S) Uc (S,T) Co (S) Uc (S,T) mo, se, sc pa sm mo, sm, se sm mo, se pa sm, se THAMNOPHILIDAE Spot-backed Antshrike Hypoedaleus guttatus Giant Antshrike Batara cinerea Large-tailed Antshrike Mackenziaena leachii Tufted Antshrike Mackenziaena severa Rufous-capped Antshrike Thamnophilus ruficapillus Chestnut-backed Antshrike Thamnophilus palliatus Sooretama Slaty Antshrike Thamnophilus ambiguus Variable Antshrike Thamnophilus caerulescens White-bearded Antshrike Biatas nigropectus Spot-breasted Antvireo Dysithamnus stictothorax Plain Antvireo Dysithamnus mentalis Rufous-backed Antvireo Dysithamnus xanthopterus Star-throated Antwren Myrmotherula gularis White-flanked Antwren Myrmotherula axillaris Unicoloured Antwren Myrmotherula unicolor Rufous-winged Antwren Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus Ferruginous Antbird Drymophila ferruginea Bertoni’s Antbird Drymophila rubricollis Rufous-tailed Antbird Drymophila genei Ochre-rumped Antbird Drymophila ochropyga Dusky-tailed Antbird Drymophila malura Scaled Antbird Drymophila squamata Streak-capped Antwren Terenura maculata White-shouldered Fire-eye Pyriglena leucoptera White-bibbed Antbird Myrmeciza loricata Uc (S) Uc (S,T) Uc (S,T) Uc (S,T) Uc (S,T) Uc (S,T) Uc (S,T) Uc (S,T) Ra (S,T) Fc (S,T) Fc (S,T) Uc (S,T) Co (S,T) Uc (S,T) Uc (S,T) Uc (S,T) Uc (S,T) Fc (S,T) Uc (S,T) Uc (S,T) Uc (S,T) Fc (S,T) Fc (S,T) Co (S,T) Uc (S,T) sm mo mo, sc sc sc sc sc se, sc mo sm, se se mo mo, sm, se se se se sc mo, se hg se, sc se, sc sm, se sm, se sm, se, sc se CONOPOPHAGIDAE Rufous Gnateater Conopophaga lineata Black-cheeked Gnateater Conopophaga melanops Fc (S,T) Fc (S,T) mo, se, sc sm, se, sc GRALLARIIDAE Variegated Antpitta Grallaria varia Uc (T) mo, se RHINOCRYPTIDAE Spotted Bamboowren Psilorhamphus guttatus Slaty Bristlefront Merulaxis ater Serra do Mar Tapaculo Scytalopus notorius Ra (T) Ra (S,T) Uc (S,T) sm, se mo mo, sc FORMICARIIDAE Rufous-capped Antthrush Formicarius colma Such’s Antthrush Chamaeza meruloides Uc (S,T) Fc (T) sm mo, se 6, 7 11, 23 6, 8, 33 X 5, 20, 23, 29, 31 32 104 NGB X NGB X X X X X X X X X X X 7–9, 20, 30 4, 5, 15, 17, 18 14, 17, 18 16, 30 14, 16, 18 8, 30 8, 31, 33 4, 11, 14, 15, 17, 25, 27, 28 4 7–10, 20 4–6, 11, 13, 15, 20 4, 17 2–9, 11–13, 15, 20–22, 24, 29, 30, 33 8, 32, 33, 35 8, 30, 33 8, 20 11, 13 2–5, 11, 15, 17 19 2, 4, 5, 11, 15 3, 4, 6, 14, 15, 17 7, 8, 10, 20 7–10, 20, 22–24, 29, 30 2–4, 6–12, 14, 15, 22, 23, 27–29, 31 11–13 X X 2–4, 11, 14, 15, 17 7–9, 22, 24, 29 X X VGB, VBR, PRJ NGB X X X NGB NGB NGB 7–9, 11, 17, 20, 23, 24, 30 7, 25–28 7, 8 2, 5, 8, 15, 25–28, 30, 33 8, 29, 30, 33 3–5, 15, 17 1, 3, 6–9, 14, 15, 23, 25, 26, 33, 34 8, 21, 29, 30, 32 X 3–5, 11, 15, 17, 29 NGB NGB X X X 8, 11 4 3–5, 14, 17–19 X 8, 9 2–6, 11–13 Cotinga31-OL-090605:Cotinga Cotinga 31 6/5/2009 2:34 PM Page 105 Birds in the Parque Estadual dos Três Picos, Rio de Janeiro state, south-east Brazil Rufous-tailed Antthrush Chamaeza ruficauda Fc (S,T) mo, se X 3, 4, 14, 17 SCLERURIDAE Rufous-breasted Leaftosser Sclerurus scansor Uc (S,T) mo, sm, se X 4, 7, 9, 12, 15, 30 DENDROCOLAPTIDAE Plain-winged Woodcreeper Dendrocincla turdina Olivaceous Woodcreeper Sittasomus griseicapillus White-throated Woodcreeper Xiphocolaptes albicollis Lesser Woodcreeper Xiphorhynchus fuscus Scaled Woodcreeper Lepidocolaptes squamatus Black-billed Scythebill Campylorhamphus falcularius Uc (S,T) Co (S,T) Uc (S,T) Co (S,T) Uc (S) Uc (S,T) sm, se mo, sm, se mo, sm, se mo, sm, se sm mo, sm, se X 7, 8, 10, 24, 30, 33, 35 2–9, 11–13, 15, 21–24, 29, 32, 33, 35 3–5, 7, 9, 13–15, 20, 29 4–9, 11–13, 15, 17, 20, 22–24, 30, 31, 33, 35 29, 30 20, 22 FURNARIIDAE Wing-banded Hornero Furnarius figulus Rufous Hornero Furnarius rufus Itatiaia Spinetail Oreophylax moreirae Rufous-capped Spinetail Synallaxis ruficapilla Grey-bellied Spinetail Synallaxis cinerascens Spix’s Spinetail Synallaxis spixi Pallid Spinetail Cranioleuca pallida Yellow-chinned Spinetail Certhiaxis cinnamomeus Rufous-fronted Thornbird Phacellodomus rufifrons Red-eyed Thornbird Phacellodomus erythrophthalmus Buff-browed Foliage-gleaner Syndactyla rufosuperciliata Ochre-breasted Foliage-gleaner Philydor lichtensteini Black-capped Foliage-gleaner Philydor atricapillus Buff-fronted Foliage-gleaner Philydor rufum White-collared Foliage-gleaner Anabazenops fuscus Pale-browed Treehunter Cichlocolaptes leucophrus White-eyed Foliage-gleaner Automolus leucophthalmus Sharp-tailed Streamcreeper Lochmias nematura Sharp-billed Treehunter Heliobletus contaminatus Plain Xenops Xenops minutus Streaked Xenops Xenops rutilans Uc (S) Co (S) Ra (S,T) Fc (S) Uc (S,T) Fc (S) Uc (S,T) Uc (S) Fc (S) Uc (S,T) Uc (S,T) Uc (S) Uc (S) Fc (S,T) Uc (S) Uc (S) Uc (S) Uc (S) Uc (S,T) Uc (S,T) Uc (S,T) sc sc, pa hg se, sc mo, se sc, hg se, sc we pa se, sc se, sc sm sm sm, se se, sc mo, sm, se sm, se se, sc mo, se sm, se, sc sm, se TYRANNIDAE Ochre-bellied Flycatcher Mionectes oleagineus Grey-hooded Flycatcher Mionectes rufiventris Sepia-capped Flycatcher Leptopogon amaurocephalus Southern Antpipit Corythopis delalandi Drab-breasted Bamboo Tyrant Hemitriccus diops Eye-ringed Tody-Tyrant Hemitriccus orbitatus Eared Pygmy Tyrant Myiornis auricularis Ochre-faced Tody-Flycatcher Poecilotriccus plumbeiceps Yellow-lored Tody-Flycatcher Todirostrum poliocephalum Common Tody-Flycatcher Todirostrum cinereum Rough-legged Tyrannulet Phyllomyias burmeisteri Planalto Tyrannulet Phyllomyias fasciatus Grey-capped Tyrannulet Phyllomyias griseocapilla Yellow-bellied Elaenia Elaenia flavogaster Olivaceous Elaenia Elaenia mesoleuca Highland Elaenia Elaenia obscura Southern Beardless Tyrannulet Camptostoma obsoletum White-crested Tyrannulet Serpophaga subcristata Mottle-cheeked Tyrannulet Phylloscartes ventralis Oustalet’s Tyrannulet Phylloscartes oustaleti Serra do Mar Tyrannulet Phylloscartes difficilis Yellow-olive Flycatcher Tolmomyias sulphurescens White-throated Spadebill Platyrinchus mystaceus Bran-coloured Flycatcher Myiophobus fasciatus Whiskered Flycatcher Myiobius barbatus Black-tailed Flycatcher Myiobius atricaudus Cliff Flycatcher Hirundinea ferruginea Euler’s Flycatcher Lathrotriccus euleri Blue-billed Black Tyrant Knipolegus cyanirostris Velvety Black Tyrant Knipolegus nigerrimus White-rumped Monjita Xolmis velatus Shear-tailed Grey Tyrant Muscipipra vetula Masked Water Tyrant Fluvicola nengeta White-headed Marsh Tyrant Arundinicola leucocephala Long-tailed Tyrant Colonia colonus Ra (S,T) Fc (S,T) Fc (S) Uc (S,T) Uc (S,T) Fc (S,T) Uc (S,T) Fc (S,T) Fc (S) Uc (S) Uc (S,T) Fc (S) Uc (S,T) Co (S) Uc (S,T) Uc (S,T) Uc (S) Uc (S) Uc (S) Ra (S) Uc (S,T) Co (S) Fc (S,T) Fc (S) Uc (S) Uc (S) Uc (S) Co (S) Uc (S) Uc (S) Uc (S) Ra (S) Co (S) Uc (S) Fc (S) sm, se sm, se sm, se se se sm, se, sc se se, sc sc sc sm se, sc se sc sc sc sc sc se, sc se mo sm, se, sc se, sc sc se se sc se sc sc, hg pa, hg sc sc, pa we se 105 X X X X X X X X X X X X X NGB X X X X NGB X NGB, VRJ NGB X X X X 7, 30 1, 7–10, 12, 15, 18, 23–27, 30 19 2–6, 11, 14, 15, 17 15, 17 1, 3, 8, 12–14, 18, 19, 21, 25, 27, 28 3–5, 14, 15, 20 23, 35 8, 15, 16, 25–27, 33, 34 7, 9, 11, 15, 17, 27, 28 1, 4, 5, 15 29 20, 24, 29 1–9, 11, 12, 20, 22, 30, 32 2–6, 11, 13, 15, 17 3–5, 8, 11, 15, 29, 30 7–10, 13, 20, 33, 35 4, 6, 11, 13–15, 17, 18, 23, 25, 28, 29, 32 3, 4, 6, 12, 15, 17 7–10, 12, 13, 24, 30, 32 5, 8, 11, 15, 22, 23, 30 8 7–9, 17, 20, 22, 24 2, 3, 5–9, 20, 24, 30 8, 30 2, 4, 5, 11, 15 4, 7–9, 11, 24, 30, 32 4, 8, 21 2–4, 11, 14, 15, 17, 25, 27, 28 7, 24, 25, 27–29 23, 35 20, 30, 32 1, 11, 14, 15, 25, 27, 28 14, 15 1, 7, 8, 10, 14, 16, 24, 30, 31, 33, 35 14 18 2–4, 14, 24 25, 27, 28, 30 2, 4–6, 13, 14, 16 17 14, 18 2–4, 6–11, 13–17, 20–25, 27–30, 32, 33, 35 4–6, 8, 11, 13, 15, 17, 20, 22, 29 15, 21, 25–27, 31 23, 24 5, 15 1, 21 2, 5, 6, 8, 11, 14, 15, 21, 30 15, 16, 18 18, 19, 25, 26 14, 18, 19, 25, 26 18 1, 7, 8, 20, 23, 24, 30 8, 34 8, 33, 35 Cotinga31-OL-090605:Cotinga Cotinga 31 6/5/2009 2:34 PM Page 106 Birds in the Parque Estadual dos Três Picos, Rio de Janeiro state, south-east Brazil Cattle Tyrant Machetornis rixosa Piratic Flycatcher Legatus leucophaius Social Flycatcher Myiozetetes similis Great Kiskadee Pitangus sulphuratus Streaked Flycatcher Myiodynastes maculatus Boat-billed Flycatcher Megarynchus pitangua Variegated Flycatcher Empidonomus varius Tropical Kingbird Tyrannus melancholicus Fork-tailed Flycatcher Tyrannus savana Greyish Mourner Rhytipterna simplex Sirystes Sirystes sibilator Dusky-capped Flycatcher Myiarchus tuberculifer Short-crested Flycatcher Myiarchus ferox Large-headed Flatbill Ramphotrigon megacephalum Rufous-tailed Attila Attila phoenicurus Grey-hooded Attila Attila rufus Fc (S) Uc (S,T) Co (S) Co (S) Fc (S) Co (S) Co (S) Co (S) Uc (S) Uc (S) Uc (S) Uc (S) Fc (S) Uc (S,T) Uc (S,T) Co (S) pa se, sc sc sc sc se, sc sc, pa sc, pa pa se se se sc se, sc se mo, se COTINGIDAE Swallow-tailed Cotinga Phibalura flavirostris Hooded Berryeater Carpornis cucullata Bare-throated Bellbird Procnias nudicollis Black-and-gold Cotinga Tijuca atra Ra (S) Uc (S,T) Fc (S,T) Uc (S,T) sc mo mo, sm, se mo PIPRIDAE Serra do Mar Tyrant-Manakin Neopelma chrysolophum Pin-tailed Manakin Ilicura militaris White-bearded Manakin Manacus manacus Blue Manakin Chiroxiphia caudata Uc (S,T) Fc (S) Co (S) Co (S) se sm, se se mo, sm, se, sc TITYRIDAE Sharpbill Oxyruncus cristatus Greenish Schiffornis Schiffornis virescens Elegant Mourner Laniisoma elegans Black-tailed Tityra Tityra cayana Chestnut-crowned Becard Pachyramphus castaneus White-winged Becard Pachyramphus polychopterus Black-capped Becard Pachyramphus marginatus Crested Becard Pachyramphus validus Uc (S,T) Uc (S,T) Ra (S) Uc (S) Fc (S,T) Co (S) Uc (S,T) Uc (S) mo, se se se sm, se se, sc mo, sm, se, sc sm se, sc VIREONIDAE Rufous-browed Peppershrike Cyclarhis gujanensis Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus Rufous-crowned Greenlet Hylophilus poicilotis Grey-eyed Greenlet Hylophilus amaurocephalus Co (S,T) Co (S) Co (S,T) Ra (S,T) se, sc se, sc se, sc se, sc CORVIDAE Curl-crested Jay Cyanocorax cristatellus Uc (S) pa HIRUNDINIDAE Blue-and-white Swallow Pygochelidon cyanoleuca Southern Rough-winged Swallow Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Brown-chested Martin Progne tapera Grey-breasted Martin Progne chalybea Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica Co (S) Co (S) Uc (S) Uc (S) Ra (S) sc, pa sc, pa sc, pa sc sc, pa TROGLODYTIDAE Southern House Wren Troglodytes musculus Moustached Wren Pheugopedius genibarbis Long-billed Wren Cantorchilus longirostris Co (S) Uc (S) Fc (S) sc sc sc TURDIDAE Yellow-legged Thrush Turdus flavipes Rufous-bellied Thrush Turdus rufiventris Pale-breasted Thrush Turdus leucomelas Creamy-bellied Thrush Turdus amaurochalinus White-necked Thrush Turdus albicollis Co (S,T) Co (S,T) Co (S) Uc (S) Co (S,T) mo, se se, sc se, sc sc se MIMIDAE Chalk-browed Mockingbird Mimus saturninus NGB, PRJ NGB VGB, PRJ X 1, 7, 15, 33, 34 7, 8, 11, 29 1, 3, 6–8, 11, 14–16, 20–33, 35 1, 3–9, 11, 14–16, 20, 21, 23–35 1, 3, 5–8, 11, 13 3, 4, 6–11, 14–16, 20, 21, 23, 30, 32, 33, 35 1, 3, 4, 7–11, 15, 16 1, 3, 4, 6–9, 11, 14, 15, 20, 21, 23, 24, 30, 32–35 3, 7, 8, 10 8 8 11, 30 1, 3, 7–10, 15, 18 4, 6, 8 15 1–9, 11, 13, 17, 29–32 X X X 18 2–6, 15 1–6, 11, 13, 15, 32, 33 3–5, 12, 15, 17, 18 X X X PRJ X 14 4, 8, 12, 13 7–10, 23, 31–33, 35 2–9, 11–13, 15, 17, 20, 23, 24, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35 3–5 3–5, 15 5 8, 20, 21 3–6, 11, 20, 23, 30 1, 3–5, 7–9, 13–15, 17, 30, 33, 35 8, 24, 30 8, 10 1–6, 11, 13–18, 20, 22–25, 27, 28 5–10, 13, 16, 24, 30, 33, 35 3–6, 11, 13–15, 17, 18 17 25, 26 1, 3, 4, 7–9, 11, 12, 20, 22, 23, 25–28, 30, 33–35 7–9, 23–29, 32–35 24, 25, 27, 28, 32 24, 35 11 1, 3, 7–9, 11, 14, 15, 20, 21, 23, 25–30, 32–35 8, 12, 30 7, 9, 31 1–6, 12, 15, 17, 24, 30–33 1, 3–9, 11, 13, 15, 20, 21, 25, 27–31, 33, 34 1, 4, 8, 13, 15, 20, 23, 29, 30, 32, 33 1, 7 2–5, 8, 20, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35 Fc (S) pa COEREBIDAE Bananaquit Coereba flaveola 7, 9, 15, 23, 25–27, 33, 34 Co (S,T) se, sc 1, 5, 8, 20, 23, 29, 30 THRAUPIDAE Cinnamon Tanager Schistochlamys ruficapillus Uc (S,T) sc, hg 18, 19, 25–27 106 Cotinga31-OL-090605:Cotinga Cotinga 31 6/5/2009 2:34 PM Page 107 Birds in the Parque Estadual dos Três Picos, Rio de Janeiro state, south-east Brazil Olive-green Tanager Orthogonys chloricterus Orange-headed Tanager Thlypopsis sordida Chestnut-headed Tanager Pyrrhocoma ruficeps Black-goggled Tanager Trichothraupis melanops Red-crowned Ant Tanager Habia rubica Flame-crested Tanager Tachyphonus cristatus Ruby-crowned Tanager Tachyphonus coronatus Brazilian Tanager Ramphocelus bresilius Sayaca Tanager Thraupis sayaca Azure-shouldered Tanager Thraupis cyanoptera Golden-chevroned Tanager Thraupis ornata Palm Tanager Thraupis palmarum Diademed Tanager Stephanophorus diadematus Fawn-breasted Tanager Pipraeidea melanonota Green-headed Tanager Tangara seledon Red-necked Tanager Tangara cyanocephala Brassy-breasted Tanager Tangara desmaresti Burnished-buff Tanager Tangara cayana Swallow Tanager Tersina viridis Blue Dacnis Dacnis cayana Green Honeycreeper Chlorophanes spiza Rufous-headed Tanager Hemithraupis ruficapilla Yellow-backed Tanager Hemithraupis flavicollis Chestnut-vented Conebill Conirostrum speciosum Uc (S,T) Uc (S,T) Ra (S) Co (S) Co (S) Fc (S) Co (S) Fc (S) Co (S) Fc (S,T) Fc (S,T) Fc (S,T) Fc (S,T) Uc (S,T) Co (S) Fc (S) Co (S) Co (S) Uc (S) Fc (S) Ra (S) Fc (S,T) Uc (S,T) Uc (S) sm sc se se, sc se sm, se se, sc sc sc se, sc se, sc sc sc, hg sc sm, se, sc sm, se se, sc sc mo se, sc sm sm, se se, sc sc X EMBERIZIDAE Rufous-collared Sparrow Zonotrichia capensis Uniform Finch Haplospiza unicolor Bay-chested Warbling Finch Poospiza thoracica Saffron Finch Sicalis flaveola Wedge-tailed Grass Finch Emberizoides herbicola Blue-black Grassquit Volatinia jacarina Buffy-fronted Seedeater Sporophila frontalis Temminck’s Seedeater Sporophila falcirostris Lined Seedeater Sporophila lineola Double-collared Seedeater Sporophila caerulescens Sooty Grassquit Tiaris fuliginosus Half-collared Sparrow Arremon semitorquatus Co (S) Uc (S,T) Uc (S) Co (S) Uc (S,T) Fc (S) Ra (S) Ra (S) Uc (S) Co (S) Uc (S,T) Uc (S,T) sc, pa sc hg sc, pa pa sc, pa mo, sc mo, sc sc, pa sc, pa sc mo, sc CARDINALIDAE Yellow-green Grosbeak Caryothraustes canadensis Black-throated Grosbeak Saltator fuliginosus Buff-throated Saltator Saltator maximus Green-winged Saltator Saltator similis Uc (S,T) Uc (S,T) Uc (S,T) Uc (S,T) se se sc se PARULIDAE Tropical Parula Parula pitiayumi Masked Yellowthroat Geothlypis aequinoctialis Golden-crowned Warbler Basileuterus culicivorus White-browed Warbler Basileuterus leucoblepharus Co (S) Uc (S) Co (S) Fc (S,T) se sc se, sc mo, se ICTERIDAE Crested Oropendola Psarocolius decumanus Red-rumped Cacique Cacicus haemorrhous Chopi Blackbird Gnorimopsar chopi Chestnut-capped Blackbird Chrysomus ruficapillus Giant Cowbird Molothrus oryzivorus Shiny Cowbird Molothrus bonariensis White-browed Blackbird Sturnella superciliaris Uc (S) Uc (S) Uc (S) Uc (S) Ra (S) Uc (S) Uc (S) se se, sc pa we pa sc, pa pa FRINGILLIDAE Hooded Siskin Carduelis magellanica Purple-throated Euphonia Euphonia chlorotica Violaceous Euphonia Euphonia violacea Orange-bellied Euphonia Euphonia xanthogaster Chestnut-bellied Euphonia Euphonia pectoralis Blue-naped Chlorophonia Chlorophonia cyanea Uc (S) Uc (S) Co (S) Fc (S,T) Co (S) Ra (S) sc sc se, sc sm, se sm, se, sc sm ESTRILDIDAE Common Waxbill Estrilda astrild Uc (S) pa 12, 15, 30 PASSERIDAE House Sparrow Passer domesticus Uc (S) sc 7 NGB VRJ 8, 30 8, 10, 23, 31 17 4–7, 9, 12, 13, 15, 20, 22–24, 27–30 5, 7–9, 12, 20, 23, 24, 29, 33, 35 7–9, 22, 24, 29, 30 X 1–13, 20, 21 X 1, 5, 7, 8, 16, 23, 25, 27–31 1, 3–5, 7–9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21–23, 29, 30, 33–35 X 1–6, 11, 32 X 1–6, 15, 16, 29 16, 29, 32 14, 18, 19 5, 6, 30 X 7–9, 20, 23, 24, 29, 30, 32 X 7–9, 21, 29 X 1, 2, 4–6, 11, 13, 14, 17, 18, 24, 25, 27, 28 1, 7, 9, 14, 16, 25–28 4, 12 7–9, 14, 20, 25, 27–29 20 X 5, 7–9, 22, 24, 29, 32 8, 24, 30, 32 8, 24, 30 X X VGB, VBR, TRJ VGB, VBR, TRJ X X X X 107 X 1–3, 5–7, 9, 13–16, 18, 19, 25–27 8, 11 19 1, 3, 7–9, 15, 18, 25–27, 30, 33, 34 7, 9 7, 8, 13, 15 29 29 7, 8 1, 3, 7, 8, 11–13, 15, 20, 21, 23, 25–27, 33, 34 11, 32 11, 30 8, 30, 32 20, 22 7, 8 2–6, 30 7–9, 20, 24, 30, 32 25–28 2–7, 10–18, 21, 22, 25, 27–29, 31 1, 3–6, 14–18 1–6, 21, 22, 29 7, 8, 23, 24, 30, 32, 33, 35 7, 33, 34 8 3 1, 3 7, 8 PRJ X 1, 25–27 7, 8 7, 8, 23, 24, 30–32 7, 8, 10, 20, 23, 29, 30, 32 2–5, 8, 11, 21, 22, 24, 29, 30 20