See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26470254 Native speaker norms and teaching English as an international language Article · January 2007 Source: DOAJ CITATIONS READS 7 77 2 authors: Ketabi Saeed Nematullah Shomoossi 7 PUBLICATIONS 26 CITATIONS 40 PUBLICATIONS 95 CITATIONS Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz SEE PROFILE Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Classroom Management View project Manuscript reviewing View project All content following this page was uploaded by Nematullah Shomoossi on 12 May 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. NativespeakernormsandteachingEnglishasaninternational language ƒ‡‡†‡–ƒ„‹ǡŠ ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Šǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ •ˆƒŠƒǡ ”ƒ ‡ƒ–—ŽŽƒŠŠ‘‘‘••‹ Š ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ǡ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Šǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ •ˆƒŠƒǡ ”ƒ ƒ„œ‡˜ƒ” Š‘‘Ž‘ˆ‡†‹ ƒŽ ‹‡ ‡•ǡƒ„œ‡˜ƒ”ǡ ”ƒ Š‹• ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ‹• ‹–‡†‡† –‘ „”‹‡ˆŽ› ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ –Š‡ •–ƒ–—• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‹˜‡ •’‡ƒ‡” ‘”• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ• ƒ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ȋ Ȍ ‘–‡š–ǤŠ‹Ž‡‡š–”‡‡Ž› ‘ˆ‘”‹•–ƒ†‘Ǧ ‘ˆ‘”‹•–•–ƒ ‡•‡š‹•–ǡ ‹– •‡‡• ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡ ‹ˆ   —•‡”• ‘ˆ‘” –‘ –Š‡ ƒ–‹˜‡ •’‡ƒ‡” ‰”ƒƒ” ƒ† ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰›Ǣ ƒ† ƒ–‹˜‡ •’‡ƒ‡”• †‘ ‘– ‹’‘•‡ –Š‡‹” •‘ ‹‘’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ ˜ƒŽ—‡•‘‘–Š‡”—•‡”•Ǥ •Š‘”–ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ ‘ˆ‘”‹‰–‘–Š‡ ƒ–‹˜‡ •’‡ƒ‡” ‘”• ‹ –Š‡ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ƒ”‡ƒ•Ȅ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† ‰”ƒƒ”Ȅ‹• ‡ ‡••ƒ”›ǡ ‡š–”ƒŽ‹‰—‹•–‹  ‡Ž‡‡–•Ȅ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ •‘ ‹‘’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹  ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•Ȅ ƒ „‡ ƒ†ƒ’–‡† –‘ –Š‡   •‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ™‡ ƒŽŽ Ǯ‰Ž‹•Šǯ ™‹ŽŽ ”‡ƒ‹ ƒŽ‘•– ƒ• ‹– ‹•ǡ ƒ† —–—ƒŽ ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„‹Ž‹–›™‹ŽŽ‘–”‡Ž›•‘Ž‡Ž›‘–Š‡ƒ–‹˜‡•’‡ƒ‡”‘”•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ƒ”‰—‡– Šƒ• „‡ƒ”‹‰• ˆ‘” Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ ‘– †‹• —••‡†‹–Š‹•ƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ǥ KeyWords:ƒ–‹˜‡’‡ƒ‡”Ǣ ”ƒƒ”ǢŠ‘‘Ž‘‰›Ǣ”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ •Ǣ‰Ž‹•Šƒ•ƒ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǣ Ǥ 1.Introduction Š‡”‹•‡‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Šƒ•ƒ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ȋ Ȍƒ†–Š‡”‡•—Ž–ƒ–•–ƒ–—• ‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Šƒ•ƒ‡†‹—ˆ‘”‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ȋ’”‡†‹ –‡†„›ƒ’‹”ƒ•Ž‘‰ ƒ‰‘ƒ•ͳͻ͵ͳǣ͸͸Ȍ’‘•‡•‡™ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•–‘–Š‡’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘‹–Š‡•‡•‡–Šƒ– ™‡ ‡‡† –‘ ”‡–Š‹ •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› †‘‹ƒ– ‘ ‡’–•ǡ ƒ‹• ƒ† ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡• ȋ ƒ›ǡ ʹͲͲʹȌǤ ‹–Š ‘ ƒ––‡’– –‘ †‡Ǧ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆ–‡ƒ Š‹‰‰Ž‹•Šƒ•ƒƒ–‹˜‡ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ȋȌˆ‘”‰Ž‹•Š•’‡ƒ‹‰ ‘—–”‹‡•ǡ –Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Š ‹• –Š‘—‰Š– –‘ „‡ ƒ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹ Š †‡•‡”˜‡• ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ƒ––‡–‹‘ „› ‹–•‡ŽˆǤ   ƒ† •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘–Š‡” ƒ‡• ™‹–Š ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› •‹‹Žƒ” ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ”ƒ‹ƒ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ȋ Ȍǡ‘ŽǤͳȋ͵ȌǡʹͲͲ͹ȋ’’Ǥͳ͹ͳǦͳͺͲȌ ͳ͹ʹ ƒ‡‡†‡–ƒ„‹Ƭ‡ƒ–—ŽŽƒŠŠ‘‘‘••‹ ’”‘’‘•‡† ƒ• ˜‹ƒ„Ž‡ •—„•–‹–—–‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘Ž†  Ȁ ‘†‡Ž•ǣ ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ• ƒ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘” –”ƒǦƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘”   ȋ‹–Šǡ ͳͻ͹ͺ “—‘–‡† ‹ ƒŽ‡„‹œŠƒ† Ƭ Ž‹ƒ„ƒ”‹ǡ ʹͲͲͳȌǢ ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ• ƒ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ —š‹Ž‹ƒ”› ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘”   ȋ‹–Šǡ ͳͻͺ͵ “—‘–‡† ‹ ƒŽ‡„‹œŠƒ† Ƭ Ž‹ƒ„ƒ”‹ǡ ʹͲͲͳȌǢ ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ• ƒ ‘”Ž† ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘”  ȋ—ƒǡ ʹͲͲ͵ȌǢ ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ• ƒ Ž‹‰—ƒ ˆ”ƒ ƒ ȋ Ȍ ˜‡”•—• ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ• ƒ ƒ–‹˜‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ȋȌ ȋ‡‹†ŽŠ‘ˆ‡”ǡ ʹͲͲͳȌǢ ‰Ž‹•Šƒ•ƒ –‡” —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‘” ȋ‹ˆƒ‹•ǡʹͲͲͶȌƒ†•–‹ŽŽ‘–Š‡”•Ǥ  Šƒ•ƒŽ•‘‘’‡‡†‡™†‹”‡ –‹‘•ˆ‘””‡•‡ƒ” Š‹Ǥ –Šƒ•„‡‡–Š‡ˆ‘ —• ‘ˆ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ˆ‘” –Š‡ Žƒ•– –™‘ †‡ ƒ†‡• ƒ† ƒ› ƒ––‡’–• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ƒ†‡–‘ †‡• ”‹„‡ ‹– ˆ”‘ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•Ǥ • ƒ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ ”‘Ǧ• ƒŽ‡ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘’”‘ ‡••ȋŽ‘ ǡʹͲͲͶȌǡŽ‹‰—‹•–‹ ‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹•ǡ–Š‡‘–‘”‹‘—•Žƒ  ‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ʹͲ–Š ‡–—”›™Š‹ ŠŽ‡†–‘–Š‡‘ —””‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘ ‘”Ž†ƒ”•ƒ†‘–Š‡”ƒŒ‘”†‡„‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹˜‡™ƒ”•‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡƒǯ•†‡•‹”‡–‘ ˆ‹† ƒ ƒ–—”ƒŽ Ž‹‰—ƒ ˆ”ƒ ƒ ˆ‘” ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ‹˜‡–‹‰ ƒ ƒ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ ‘‡ Ž‹‡ •’‡”ƒ–‘ǡ –Š‡ ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‹–‡”‡– ƒ• ƒ ‡†‹— ‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‡‡”‰‡ ‡ ƒ† •‹Ž‡– ’‡‡–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡Ǧ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ‹–‘ ”‘••Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ •—’‡”’‘™‡” ‘™‡”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Š„›–Š‡‰Ž‹•Š•’‡ƒ‹‰ ‘—‹–›ǡ ‹•‘™’”‡˜ƒŽ‡––Š‡™‘”Ž† ‘˜‡”ǤŠ‹Ž‡”ƒ„‹ ȋ†—‡–‘‹–•Žƒ”‰‡ ‘—‹–›‘ˆ•’‡ƒ‡”•Ȍ‘”’ƒ‹•Š ‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• •‡”‹‘—• ”‹˜ƒŽ•ǡ ‰Ž‹•Š ™‹’‡† –Š‡ ‘—–Ǥ ƒ› ‘†‡” Œ‘—”ƒŽ•ǡ ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡•ǡ ƒ† ‡™•’ƒ’‡”• ƒ’’‡ƒ” ‹ ‰Ž‹•Š ‹ ‘Ǧ ‰Ž‹•Š •’‡ƒ‹‰ ‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ ƒ› ™‡„•‹–‡• ƒ† ‘•– ˆ‘”ƒŽȀ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ ‘””‡•’‘†‡ ‡ ƒ”‡ ‘™ ‹ ‰Ž‹•ŠǤ ‡•‡ƒ” Š ”‡’‘”–• ƒ”‡ ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ‹ ‰Ž‹•Š „› ‘Ǧƒ–‹˜‡ •’‡ƒ‡”• ȋ•Ȍ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ƒ† ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›Ǥ ŽŽ ‹ ƒŽŽǡ Ǧ’”‘†— ‡† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ‘—–—„‡” –Š‘•‡ ™”‹––‡ „› ƒ–‹˜‡ •’‡ƒ‡”• ȋ•Ȍǡ ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ‘™ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ ‹‘”‹–› ‘—‹–› ƒ• ˆƒ” ƒ• ‰Ž‹•Š Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‹• ‘ ‡”‡†Ǣ ‡˜‡ ‡•–‹ƒ–‡• ‘ˆ —’ –‘ ͺͲΨ ‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‰Ž‹•Š „‡–™‡‡ • ƒ”‡ ”‡’‘”–‡† ȋ”‘†”‘‘—ǡ ͳͻͺͺȌǤ • ƒ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡ǡ ƒ›ˆ”‡•Š‘—–Ž‘‘•‡‡”‰‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘—‹–›™Š‘ƒ”‡–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‰Ž‹•Š—•‡”•ƒ†•’‡ƒ‡”•Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ–Š‡‘™‡”•Š‹’‘ˆ‰Ž‹•ŠŠƒ•„‡‡ — Š†‡„ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”‹–‹•–Š‡’”‘’‡”–›‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Š’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘”„‹ŽŽ‹‘•‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘—•‡‹–™Š‹Ž‡‹–‹•‘––Š‡‹”‘–Š‡”–‘‰—‡Ǥ•‘”–‘ ȋͳͻͻ͹Ȍ •–ƒ–‡•ǡ ƒŽ‘•– ƒŽŽ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• –‘ –Š‡ †‹• —••‹‘ǡ ‹’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› ‘” ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›ǡ ƒ††”‡•• –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ǡ ǮŠ‘ ‘™• ‰Ž‹•Š ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǫǯ Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‹• ™Š‡–Š‡” ‹– „‡Ž‘‰• –‘ ƒ–‹˜‡ •’‡ƒ‡”• ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Šǡ –‘ •’‡ƒ‡”• ‘ˆ –ƒ†ƒ”† ‰Ž‹•Šǡ –‘ Š‹–‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ ‘” –‘ ƒŽŽ –Š‘•‡ ™Š‘ •’‡ƒ ‹–Ǥ — Š “—‡•–‹‘• „”‘—‰Š– ˆ‘”–Š Žƒ‹• •— Š ƒ• Ǯ–Š‡ ‘”Ž† ‰Ž‹•Š „‡Ž‘‰• –‘ ”ƒ‹ƒ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ȋ Ȍǡ‘ŽǤͳȋ͵ȌǡʹͲͲ͹ ͳ͹͵ ‡˜‡”›‘‡ ™Š‘ •’‡ƒ• ‹–ǡ „—– ‹– ‹• ‘„‘†›ǯ• ‘–Š‡” –‘‰—‡ǯ ȋƒŒƒ‰‘’ƒŽƒǡ ʹͲͲͶȌǤ ƒ–•—†ƒ ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍ ”‡‹†• —• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ••‡”–‹‘• •— Š ƒ• Ǯƒ• Ž‘‰ ƒ• ‰Ž‹•Š ‹• Ž‡ƒ”‡† ƒ• ƒ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ ‹– •Š‘—Ž† ‘– ‘‡ ˆ”‘ ƒ ‹‡” ‹” Ž‡ ‘—–”›ȏ‰Žƒ†‘”–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•Ȑƒ†•Š‘—Ž†‘–„‡–ƒ—‰Š– ƒ•ƒ‹‡” ‹” Ž‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥǯȋ”ƒ ‡–•ƒ”‡‹•‡”–‡†„›–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”•ȌǤ –Š‡” Žƒ‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†ƒ•ǮŠ‘™‰Ž‹•Š†‡˜‡Ž‘’•‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†‹• ‘„—•‹‡•• ™Šƒ–‡˜‡”‘ˆƒ–‹˜‡•’‡ƒ‡”•‹‰Žƒ†ǡ–Š‡‹–‡†–ƒ–‡•‘”ƒ›™Š‡”‡‡Ž•‡ǯ ȋ‹††‘™•‘ǡͳͻͻͶȌǤ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡƒ›Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ƒ†•–ƒ–‡•‡˜‡•–ƒ”–‡†–‘ ”‡•‹•– –Š‡ •’”‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ• –Š‡  —Ž–—”‡ ™ƒ• •—•’‡ –‡† –‘ –”ƒ•‹– –Š”‘—‰Š ‹–• Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‹ •‹ƒǡ ˆ”‹ ƒǡ ‘—–Š ‡”‹ ƒ ƒ† ‡˜‡ ‹ —”‘’‡ƒ ‘—”–‹‡”•Ǥ ‘‡ ƒ––‡’–‡† –‘ Ž‘ ƒŽ‹œ‡  ƒ† ƒ–‹˜‹œ‡ –Š‡  ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ’”‡˜‡– ‘” †‡Žƒ› –Š‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹˜ƒ•‹‘Ǥ ˜‡ ”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ ˜‹‡™• ™‡”‡ ‡š’”‡••‡† ƒ•–‹‰†‘—„–‘–Š‡‡ ‡••‹–›‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–‡•–••— Šƒ•  ƒ† ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆ‘™‡”•Š‹’™ƒ••–‹ŽŽ‹“—‡•–‹‘ƒ†‰Ž‹•Š™ƒ• ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•ƒ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–›”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‡Ǥ 2.NativeSpeakerGrammar ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡƒ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰“—‡•–‹‘™ƒ•’—–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†„›‘‘ȋͳͻͻͻȌǡǯŠ› •Š‘—Ž†–Š‡ƒ––‡•–‡†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡—•‡‘ˆƒ ‘—‹–›„‡ƒ‘†‡Žˆ‘”Ž‡ƒ”‡”• ‘ˆ  ǫǯ †‡” –Š‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡   ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ǡ  ™ƒ• ‘ Ž‘‰‡” •—’’‘•‡† –‘ ’”‡’ƒ”‡ Ž‡ƒ”‡”• –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„‹Ž‹–› ˆ‘”  ”‡ ‡‹˜‡”• ȋ ‡‹•ǡ ʹͲͲʹȌ ‘” –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ –Š‡ ‹† ‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘’‡–‡ ‡„ƒ•‡† ‘ƒ‘†‡Žȋ—‘ǡʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ‡•‡ƒ” Š‡•‘–Š‡ƒ––‹–—†‡•–‘™ƒ”† ‘ˆ‘”‹‰ –‘ –Š‡  ‘”• ƒ”‡ ‘– ˆ‡™ ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– –‡ƒ Š‡”• ƒ† Ž‡ƒ”‡”• Šƒ˜‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˜‹‡™• ‹ •— Š ”‡•’‡ –• ƒ• ’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‰”ƒƒ” ƒ†’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ •Ǥ‹ŽŽ‹•ȋͳͻͻͻǡ“—‘–‡†‹‹‹•ǡʹͲͲʹȌƒ”‰—‡•–Šƒ–™‡•Š‘—Ž† ’Žƒ ‡ ƒ ˜‡”› Ž‘™ ’”‡‹— ‘ ‘ˆ‘”‹–› –‘  ‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ ‘”•Ǥ  ƒ ‡š–‡•‹˜‡•–—†›ǡ ˜‘”‹‹•ȋʹͲͲʹȌ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡•–Š‡ ‘ˆ‘”‹–›–‘‘”• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ˜‹‡™’‘‹–• ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ••”‘‘ǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ •–—†‡–• ƒ† –‡ƒ Š‡”•Ǥ Š”‘—‰Š –™‘ ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž “—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡•ǡ Š‡ ƒƒ‰‡• –‘ ‡Ž‹ ‹– –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡• ‘ˆ –‡ƒ Š‡”• ƒ† •–—†‡–• ‘ ‘ˆ‘”‹‰ –‘ –Š‡  ‘”• ‹ ’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™”‹––‡ ‰”ƒƒ” ƒ† •’‘‡ ‰”ƒƒ”Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ ’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘ †‹† ‘– ƒ ‘”† ™‹–Š –Šƒ– ‘ˆ ‡‹•ǯ ȋʹͲͲͲȌ ƒ••‡”–‹‘Ǣ –Š‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‹ ‹‹•ǯ ȋʹͲͲʹȌ •–—†› ‡š’”‡••‡† ƒ †‡•‹”‡ –‘ ”‡–ƒ‹ •‘‡–Š‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ˆ‹”•– Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ† ƒ •‹‹Žƒ” ‹†‡ƒ ™ƒ• ‡š’”‡••‡† „› ”‡•’‘†‡–• ˆ”‘ ƒ‹•–ƒǡ †‹ƒƒ†‘—–Šˆ”‹ ƒǤ‡ƒ Š‡”•ǯ˜‹‡™•‘’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘•–”‡••‡† ͳ͹Ͷ ƒ‡‡†‡–ƒ„‹Ƭ‡ƒ–—ŽŽƒŠŠ‘‘‘••‹ –Š‡  ‘†‡Ž ƒ• ‹– ™ƒ• ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• ƒ „‡ Šƒ” ˆ‘” ’‡”ˆ‡ –‹‘ ƒ† ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–Ǥ‹‡™‹•‡ǡ–Š‡‰”ƒƒ”‘†‡Ž™ƒ•–Š‡•–”‡••‡† Š‘‹ ‡™‹–Š „‘–Š•–—†‡–•ƒ†–‡ƒ Š‡”•–Š‘—‰Š•‘‡–‡ƒ Š‡”•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ––Š‡•–—†‡–• ™‡”‡ –‘ „‡ Ž‡ˆ– –‘ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• –‘ Š‘‘•‡ –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž ‘” –‘ ”‡–ƒ‹ –Š‡‹” ‘™ ‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ•’‘‡‰”ƒƒ”ǡ–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”ƒ—–Š‡–‹ ‹–›™ƒ•–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘‘•– ‘ˆ–‡ ‹–‡† „› –‡ƒ Š‡”• ™Š‘ ˆ‡Ž– –Šƒ– •–—†‡–• •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ‡š’‘•‡† –‘ –Š‡  •’‘‡‰”ƒƒ”Ǥ–Š‡ ‘–”ƒ”›ǡ‘’’‘•‹–‡˜‹‡™• ƒ‡ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”–‡ƒ Š‡”• ‹–Š‡•–—†›–Šƒ––Š‡•’‘‡‰”ƒƒ”ǡ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„›–Š‡ —Ž–—”‡ǡƒ› „‡ –‘‘ ‘’Ž‡š ˆ‘” •–—†‡–• —Ž‡•• –Š‡› ™‡”‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ ‹ ‰Ž‹•Š •’‡ƒ‹‰ ‘—–”‹‡•Ǣ•†‘‘–—•‡–Š‹• –›’‡‘ˆŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡™Š‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‰™‹–Š ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡”Ǥ ‹‡™‹•‡ǡ ”‘†”‘‘— ȋͳͻͺͺȌ “—‡•–‹‘• –Š‡ ’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹  ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”ƒƒ” ‘ˆ ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽǡ •’‘‡ ‰Ž‹•Š ‰”ƒƒ” –‘ • ƒ† ‹–• ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‘–‡š– ‘ˆ  Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‹‹• ȋʹͲͲʹȌ ‘ Ž—†‡• –Šƒ– ȋͳȌ –Š‡”‡ ‹• •–‹ŽŽ •‘‡ †‡•‹”‡ ƒ‘‰ •–—†‡–• –‘ ‘ˆ‘” –‘ –Š‡  ‘”•ǡ ȋʹȌ •–—†‡–ƒ†–‡ƒ Š‡”‘’‹‹‘•‘–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ•’‘‡‰”ƒƒ”•‡‡ –‘ „‡ “—‹–‡ †‹˜‹†‡† ƒ† ȋ͵Ȍ –‡ƒ Š‡”• •‡‡ –‘ „‡ ‘˜‹‰ ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ –Š‡  ‘”• ˆƒ•–‡” –Šƒ •–—†‡–• ƒ”‡Ǥ ‡• ”‹„‹‰ –Š‡ †‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ ƒ ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‘†‡Ž‘ˆ ǡ—‘ȋʹͲͲ͸ȌƒŽ•‘ˆƒ˜‘”•–Š‡ƒ–‹˜‡•’‡ƒ‡” ‘†‡Ž ƒ† •–ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– •— Š ƒ ‘†‡Ž •‡”˜‡• ƒ• ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡ ƒ† ‘˜‡‹‡– •–ƒ”–‹‰’‘‹–ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›™‹–Š‹–••‘ ‹‘ —Ž–—”ƒŽ”‹ Š‡••ȋ’ǤʹʹͲȌǤ ˆˆ‡”‹‰ƒ–‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†’ƒ”–‹ƒŽƒ•™‡”ǡ‹‹•–”‹‡•–‘„ƒ‰–Š‡†”—ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘†‡Žƒ†•–ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–Ǯ–Š‡”‡‹•‘”‡ƒ•‘™Š›‹–•Š‘—Ž†ǡ„—–‹–ƒ›„‡–Šƒ– •‘‡•–—†‡–••–‹ŽŽ™ƒ–‹––‘„‡ǡ‡˜‡™Š‡™‡Ž‡ƒ•–‡š’‡ –‹–ǤǯŠ‡†”ƒ™„ƒ  ‘ˆŠ‹••–—†›ǡƒ•Š‡ƒ†‹–•‹–Š‡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘ǡ‹•–Šƒ––Š‡•—”˜‡› ‘—Ž†‘–•Š‘™ Š‘™ ˆƒ” ”‡•’‘†‡–•ǯ ƒ––‹–—†‡• ™‡”‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡‹” awareness of the sociolinguistic issues ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ †‡„ƒ–‡ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡  ‘”• ƒ† ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‰Ž‹•ŠǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ Š‡ ‘–‡†• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ͸ͲͲ ”‡•’‘†‡–• ™‡”‡•‡Ž‡ –‡†ˆ”‘‘˜‡”Ͷͷ ‘—–”‹‡•„—––Š‡’”‘ ‡†—”‡‹•‘–˜‹˜‹†Ž›•–ƒ–‡†Ǥ Š‹Ž‡–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•ƒ”‡‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ƒ†‹ŽŽ—‹ƒ–‹‰ǡ–Š‡•–—†›‹• ‘†— –‡†‹ ‡‡†•ǡ ‰Žƒ†ǡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ‘–‡š–ǡ  „› ƒ–—”‡ǡ ‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ƒˆˆ‡ –‡† –Š‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–•ǯ ƒ––‹–—†‡• „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ƒ‘– „‡ †‹”‡ –Ž› ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘   •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ‹ –Š‡  ‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‘–Š‡” •Š‘”– ‘‹‰ ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ ‘ Ž—•‹‘ ‹• •‘‡Š‘™ ‘”‹‡–‡† –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡  ‘—‹–› ™Š‹Ž‡ ‹– ‘—Ž† ’”‡•—ƒ„Ž›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ƒ†•—„Œ‡ ––‘ƒ‘”‡‡—–”ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‹•ǤŽ•‘ǡ —‘ǯ• ȋʹͲͲ͸Ȍ Œ—†‰‡–ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ™‘”–Š› ‘ˆ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹• •–”‘‰Ž› „‹ƒ•‡† –‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡ƒ–‹˜‡•’‡ƒ‡” ‘—‹–›ǡ™Š‡”‡•Š‡‹•Ž‹˜‹‰ƒ†•–—†›‹‰ǤŠ‡ •‘ ‹‘ —Ž–—”ƒŽ”‹ Š‡••‘ˆ–Š‹•‘†‡Ž‹•’”‡ ‹•‡Ž›–Š‡†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ˆ‘”–Š‡  ”ƒ‹ƒ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ȋ Ȍǡ‘ŽǤͳȋ͵ȌǡʹͲͲ͹ ͳ͹ͷ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǣ ‹– ‹• ‡šƒ –Ž› †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽŽ› Ž‘ƒ†‡† ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –Šƒ– ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•–‘’•‹„‘–ŠǦƒ†Ǧ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•Ǥ 3.NativeSpeakerPhonology •ˆ‘”’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ‘—–•–ƒ†‹‰™‘”‹•†‘‡„› ‡‹ˆ‡” ‡‹•ȋʹͲͲͲȌǤ Š‡”‹–”‘†— –‹‘–‘ThePhonologyofEnglishasanInternationalLanguageǡ •Š‡ ƒ”‰—‡• –Šƒ– ‰Ž‹•Š is –Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ– ’”‡•‡–Ǣ •‘ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ƒ”‰—‹‰ ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ•– ™Š› –Š‹• •Š‘—Ž† ‘– Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ǡ ™‡ ™‘—Ž† ”ƒ–Š‡” Ž‘‘ ƒŠ‡ƒ† –‘ ™ƒ›• ‹ ™Š‹ Š ™‡ ƒ ƒ‡ –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘”‡ ”‘••Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽŽ› †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ǡ —†‡” –Š‡ ‘™‡”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ™Š‘ —•‡ ‹– ˆ‘” ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ ”‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡•• ‘ˆ ™Š‘ ‘” ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ȋʹͲͲͲǡ ’Ǥ ͶȌǤ ‡‹• ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡• ’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘ Ǯƒ• –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ ‰”‡ƒ–‡•– ’”‡Œ—†‹ ‡ǯ ƒ† Š‡” „‘‘ ’”‡•‡–•ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ•—‰‰‡•–‹‘•ˆ‘”†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹œ‹‰’Š‘‘Ž‘‰›ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡   ‘”•Ǥ ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ Š‡” Lingua Franca Core ȋ Ȍ ‹• ƒ‹‡† ƒ– ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„‹Ž‹–› ƒ‘‰ •ǡ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ • ȋ–Š‘—‰ŠŽ‡ƒ”‡”•™‹•Š‹‰–‘•‘—†ƒ•ƒ–‹˜‡ǦŽ‹‡ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ’”‘•’‡ –‹˜‡ –‡ƒ Š‡”•ǡ ƒ› ’—”•—‡ –Š‹• Š‹‰Š‡” ƒ‹ǡ ’”‘˜‹†‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡› ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”‹œ‡ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡   ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ‡“—‹’ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ˆ‘” ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ȌǤ ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ •’‡ƒ‡”• –Š‡ Šƒ ‡ –‘ ‡š’”‡•• –Š‡‹” ‘™ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‹†‡–‹–› –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‘™ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡŠ‡”’”‡• ”‹’–‹˜‡‘†‡Ž‹•‘ˆƒ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ„ƒ•‹•ǡˆ‘ —•‹‰‘‰‡—‹‡ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ƒŽ•’‡‡ Š†ƒ–ƒǤ Š‡  ǡ ™Š‹ Š –”‹‡• –‘ ‡‡’ •‘—†• ƒ• Ž‘•‡ ƒ• ’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘ •’‡ŽŽ‹‰ǡ Šƒ• •‡‰‡–ƒŽ ƒ† •—’”ƒǦ•‡‰‡–ƒŽ ’ƒ”–•Ǣ –Š‹• ‹• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ•‘• ™Š›ǡ „‘–Š ’”‘†— –‹˜‡Ž› ƒ† ”‡ ‡’–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ ‡”‹ ƒ Ȁ”Ȁ ‹• ’”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ –ƒ†ƒ”† ”‹–‹•Š Ȁ”Ȁǡ ƒ† ”‹–‹•Š ‹–‡”˜‘ ƒŽ‹  Ȁ–Ȁ –‘ ‡”‹ ƒ ‹–‡”˜‘ ƒŽ‹  Ȁ–Ȁǡ ™Š‹ Š Šƒ• ƒ –‡†‡ ›–‘„‡ ‘‡Ȁ†Ȁǡ–Š—•‡†ƒ‰‡”‹‰‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„‹Ž‹–›ǤŠ‡•‡‰‡–ƒŽ’ƒ”– ‘’”‹•‡• ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ‘•‘ƒ–• ȋ•‘‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ††‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’Š‘‡–‹  ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• Ž‹‡ ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ• ‹ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ Ȁ’ǡ –ǡ Ȁǡ –‘ ’”‡˜‡– ‘ˆ—•‹‘ ™‹–Š Ȁ„ǡ †ǡ ‰ȀȌǤ ‘”–Š ‘–‹‰ ˆ‘” • ‹• –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› –‘ •—„•–‹–—–‡ ȀˆȀ ƒ† Ȁ˜Ȁ ˆ‘” ˜‘‹ ‡Ž‡•• ƒ† ˜‘‹ ‡† Ȁ–ŠȀ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‹• –”—‡ ‘ˆ Ǯ†ƒ”ǯ ȀŽȀ ƒ† Ǯ Ž‡ƒ”ǯȀŽȀǤŽ•‘ˆ‘”–Š‡•ƒ‡‘ˆ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘•‘ƒ– Ž—•–‡”•ƒ”‡‘––‘„‡ •‹’Ž‹ˆ‹‡†ȋƒ‡š ‡’–‹‘„‡‹‰ƒ†‡ˆ‘”‡†‹ƒŽƒ†ˆ‹ƒŽ Ž—•–‡”•ǡ„—–‘Ž›‹ ‘ˆ‘”‹–› ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ”—Ž‡• ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ• ƒ ƒ–‹˜‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ȌǤ  –Š‡˜‘™‡Ž•ǡŽ‡‰–Š‹•˜‡”›‹’‘”–ƒ–ǤŠ‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ’’Ž‹‡•–‘Ǯˆ”‡‡ǯƒ†Ǯ Š‡ ‡†ǯ ˜‘™‡Ž••— Šƒ•Ȁ„‹†Ȁ˜‡”•—•Ȁ„‹–Ȁƒ†Ȁ„‹ǣ†Ȁ˜‡”•—•Ȁ„‹ǣ–ȀǤˆ–Š‡†‹’Š–Š‘‰•ǡ ͳ͹͸ ƒ‡‡†‡–ƒ„‹Ƭ‡ƒ–—ŽŽƒŠŠ‘‘‘••‹ ‘Ž› –Š”‡‡ ”‡ƒ‹ ȋȀƒ—Ȁǡ Ȁƒ‹Ȁǡ ƒ† Ȁ‘‹ȀȌǡ †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ††‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡”‹ ƒ ™‘”†Ǧˆ‹ƒŽ Ȁ”ȀǤ  –Š‡ •—’”ƒǦ•‡‰‡–ƒŽ ’ƒ”–ǡ ™‡ƒ ˆ‘”• ƒ”‡ ‘– ”‡ ‘‡†‡† ȋ—Ž‡•• ‘‡ ™ƒ–• –‘ •‘—† ƒ–‹˜‡ǦŽ‹‡ȌǤ  ‡–—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‘–”ƒ•–‹˜‡•–”‡••ƒ”‡”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ•‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ––Šƒ‹–‘ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹ Šƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘Šƒ˜‡‘ Ž‡ƒ”Ǧ —–‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽˆ— –‹‘•Ǥ –™‘—Ž†‘–„‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘‰‘‹–‘‘”‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž„—––Š‡ ƒ•‡‹•“—‹–‡‘„˜‹‘—• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ˆ‡™ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‰‹˜‡ Š‡”‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡   ƒ› †”ƒ•–‹ ƒŽŽ› ”‡†— ‡ –Š‡ –‡ƒ Š‡”ǯ• –ƒ• „› ”‡‘˜‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘ •›ŽŽƒ„—• ƒ› –‹‡Ǧ ‘•—‹‰ ‹–‡• ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ ‡‹–Š‡” ‘– –‡ƒ Šƒ„Ž‡ ‘” ‹””‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ˆ‘”  ǡ –Š—• ƒŽ•‘”‡Ž‹‡˜‹‰–Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‡”‘ˆƒ—‡ ‡••ƒ”›„—”†‡Ǥ ‡‹•ȋʹͲͲͲȌ ‘–‡†• –Šƒ– ‹– ‹• –‹‡ –‡ƒ Š‡”• ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Š „‡ ƒ‡ ‘”‡ ƒ™ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ   ƒ† ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‡‡ˆ‹–• ‹– ƒ› Š‘Ž† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ† –Š‡‹” •–—†‡–•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”•ǯ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ǡ –Š‡  ’”‡Œ—†‹ ‡ ™‹ŽŽ ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡Ž› †‹•ƒ‰”‡‡ ™‹–Š –Š‹• — Š †‡•–”‘›‹‰ ƒ† ‹‹‹œ‹‰ ‰Ž‹•ŠǢ ƒ Š—ƒ‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ› •—‰‰‡•– Ž‡ƒ”‡”• –‘ •–”—‰‰Ž‡ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ƒ•–‡” ‰Ž‹•Š ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ –‘ •‹’Ž‹ˆ› ‹–Ǥ —‘ ȋʹͲͲ͸Ȍ ƒŽ•‘ ‘–‡†• –Šƒ– ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ƒ–‹˜‡ •’‡ƒ‡” ‘†‡Ž ‹• ƒ ‘–”‘˜‡”•‹ƒŽ ‘†‡Žǡ Ǯ‹– ‹• ‘”‡ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ† ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‹‰‹•‡ ‘†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡’‡†ƒ‰‘‰›–Šƒ–Š‡†‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Š™Š‹ Š ‹••‘‡™Šƒ–”‡†— ‡†ƒ†‹ ‘’Ž‡–‡ǯȋ’ǤʹʹͲȌǤ 4.NativeǦSpeakerorEILpragmatics? ƒ˜‹‰ ‘”‡ ‘” Ž‡•• –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‘’–‹‹•–‹  ƒ––‹–—†‡ ƒ• ‡‹•ǡ ‘”–‘ ȋͳͻͻ͹Ȍ •—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–‹ˆ‰Ž‹•Š„‡Ž‘‰•–‘–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘•’‡ƒ‹–ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‘” ‘Ǧƒ–‹˜‡ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”‘” ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”•–ƒ†ƒ”†‘”‘•–ƒ†ƒ”†ǡ–Š‡–Š‡ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Š‹–Š‡‡”ƒ‘ˆ”ƒ’‹†‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ›’‘••‹„Ž›„‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ „‡––‡” ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ™‘”•‡Ǥ ‘˜‹‰ ƒ •–‡’ ˆƒ”–Š‡” –Šƒ ’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‰”ƒƒ”ǡ ‡–‡” ”—†› ȋʹͲͲͶȌ ‘•‹†‡”• –Š‡ ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„Ž‡ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ •ˆ‘”‹–‡” —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‡†‹—‘ˆƒŽ‹‰—ƒ ˆ”ƒ ƒ ƒ† ‡š’Ž‘”‡• ‹–• ’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹  ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” –‡ƒ Š‡”•Ǥ Š‹Ž‡   ’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹  ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• –‡† –‘ ’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡ ˆ‘”—Žƒ‹  —––‡”ƒ ‡Ǧ–›’‡ ‡ƒ‹‰• ȋ‡˜‹•‘ǡ ʹͲͲͲȌǡ ‘ –Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡–Šƒ––Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‡”‹•ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ‘˜‡›ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ ȋ’”‡•—’–‹˜‡Ȍ ‘–‡š– ˆ‘” ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› Ž‹––Ž‡ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ‡ˆˆ‘”–ǡ ”—†› ȋʹͲͲͶȌ ƒ”‰—‡• –Šƒ– ‹–‡” —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ –ƒ‡• ’Žƒ ‡ ‹ ƒ ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ‘–‡š–Ǧ ˆ”‡‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ •‡––‹‰ǡ ƒ† Ž‡ƒ”‡”• ‡‡† –‘ „‡ ‘‡ ‘”‡ ƒ†‡’– ƒ– ’”‘†— ‹‰ ƒ† ‘’”‡Š‡†‹‰ —––‡”ƒ ‡Ǧ–‘‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ǡ ‘ –Š‡ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ –Šƒ– Ž‡•• ‘–‡š–‹’Ž‹‡•‘”‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ ”ƒ‹ƒ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ȋ Ȍǡ‘ŽǤͳȋ͵ȌǡʹͲͲ͹ 5.AnintelligibilitydrivenModel ͳ͹͹ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‡‹• ȋʹͲͲͲȌ ’—–• ˆ‘”™ƒ”† –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ™Š› –Š‡  ‘” ‹• ƒ••—‡†ƒ•–Š‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†ˆ‘”‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„‹Ž‹–›ǤŠ‡”‡‹†•—•–Šƒ–‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„‹Ž‹–› ‹•†‡–‡”‹‡†„›–Š‡”‡ ‡‹˜‡”ƒ†‹•‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›”‡ ‹’”‘ ƒŽǡƒ†–Šƒ–™Šƒ– •ƒ†•ˆ‹†‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„Ž‡™‹ŽŽ‘–‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž› ‘‹ ‹†‡Ǥ ‡”ƒ”‰—‡–‹• –Šƒ– “—‡•–‹‘• •— Š ƒ• –Š‡•‡ ‡‡”‰‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‘–‡š– ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ• ƒ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ Ž‹‰—ƒ ˆ”ƒ ƒ, ™Š‹Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ   ƒ† ’‡”Šƒ’• ǡ –Š‡•‡ “—‡•–‹‘• †‘ ‘–ƒ”‹•‡•‹ ‡–Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‡”ǯ•’—”’‘•‡‹•–‘Ž‡ƒ”ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‘—•‡‹ ‘–ƒ – ™‹–Š ƒ–‹˜‡ •’‡ƒ‡”•Ǥ —– —†‡” –Š‡   ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡• ™Š‡”‡ ‰Ž‹•Š ‹• ˆƒ•– „‡ ‘‹‰ –Š‡ †‡ˆƒ—Ž– ‡†‹— ‘ˆ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘Ž› ƒ ‹‘”‹–› ‘ˆ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ ƒ  ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‰ ™‹–Š ƒ Ǥ Šƒ– ‹• ™Š› ‡‹• ƒ”‰—‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‘••Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ   •‘ –Šƒ– ‹– ‹• •Šƒ”‡†„›ƒŽŽ‹–•—•‡”•ǡ™‹–Š ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”•’‡ƒ‡”•‘ˆƒ–‹˜‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡•™Š‘™‹ŽŽ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›‡‡†–‘„‡ ‘‡ —•‡”•ǤŠ‹•‹–—”‡ƒ• –Šƒ– • •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ‘”‡ –‘Ž‡”ƒ– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ ‡–”‹  ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡• –Šƒ „‡ˆ‘”‡ ’”‡ ‹•‡Ž› „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ —„‡” ƒ† ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Š •’‡ƒ‡”• ‹• †”ƒ•–‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘–Š‡”‹•‡Ǥ –ƒ›ƒŽ•‘„‡ƒ••—‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹•–‹ •’”‡ƒ†‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Š‹• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‘˜‡”ƒ†ǡ‘ ‡‘”‡ǡ–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ‘™‡”•Š‹’‹•–‘„‡•–”‡••‡†Ǥ  ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„‹Ž‹–› †”‹˜‡ ‘†‡Žǡ ƒ• •—’’‘”–‡† „› ‡‹• ȋʹͲͲͲȌ ƒ† ƒ› ‘–Š‡”•ǡŠƒ•ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ— Šƒ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡‘‹–•–Š‡’Š‘‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ ”‡†—†ƒ ›ǡ ‡ƒ– –‘ ’”‘–‡ – –Š‡ ’”‡ ‹•‡‡•• ƒ† ‘’Ž‡–‡‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡••ƒ‰‡ ȋ—‘ǡ ʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ  ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ •— Š ˜‹‡™• Š‡Ž’ †‹‹‹•Š–Š‡‘†‡Ž‹–‘Ǯ—‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ„—–—’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ǯ•— Š ƒ• ǮŠ‡ Ž‘‘ ˜‡”› •ƒ†ǯǡ ƒ† Ǯƒ ’‹ –—”‡ ™Š‘ ‰‹˜‡• –Š‡ ‹’”‡••‹‘ǯ ȋ—‘ǡ ʹͲͲ͸ “—‘–‹‰ ˆ”‘ ‡‹†ŽŠ‘ˆ‡”ǡ ʹͲͲͳȌǤ Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ ˜‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ •— Š ƒ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‹‰—ƒ ˆ”ƒ ƒ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ Ǯ‹ƒ —”ƒ–‡ „—– ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„Ž‡ǯ ’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘ •— Š ƒ• Ǯ  –Š‹Ȁ•‹ăȀǯȋ ‡‹•ǡʹͲͲʹȌǤ 6.Discussion Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Šƒ•ƒ‹‰—ƒ ”ƒ ƒ‹•’—–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†ˆ‘”–Š‡—‹–›ƒ† ‘•‹•–‡ ›‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ–ƒ‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Žǡ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–™‹ŽŽ„‡†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ‹ –Š‡ Ž‘‰ ”—ǡ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ —‹–›Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ƒ ‰‘˜‡”‹‰  ‘†‡Ž ‹• —†‘—„–‡†Ž› ”‡“—‹”‡† ƒ† ‡••‡–‹ƒŽǤ Š‹• ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ Šƒ• ”‡˜‹‡™‡† •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘Ǧƒ†Ǧ ‘˜‹‡™•‘ˆ ‘ˆ‘”‹‰–‘–Š‡‘†‡ŽǢ‡š–”‡‡Ž›‘Ǧ ‘ˆ‘”‹•– ˜‹‡™• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ‡‹•ǡ ʹͲͲͲ Ƭ ʹͲͲʹȌ ˜‡”•—• ‡š–”‡‡Ž› ‘ˆ‘”‹•– ˜‹‡™• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ‹‹•ǡʹͲͲʹǢ—‘ǡʹͲͲ͸Ȍƒ”‡„”‹‡ˆŽ›”‡˜‹‡™‡†Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ•ˆƒ”ƒ•’Š‘‘Ž‘‰› ͳ͹ͺ ƒ‡‡†‡–ƒ„‹Ƭ‡ƒ–—ŽŽƒŠŠ‘‘‘••‹ ƒ†•›–ƒšƒ”‡ ‘ ‡”‡†ǡ•–‹ ‹‰–‘ƒ‘†‡Ž‹•‹‡˜‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡•ƒ‡‘ˆ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ†—–—ƒŽ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹‘ǤŠ‡’‘‹–™Š‹ Š”‡ƒ‹•‹• –Šƒ–‰Ž‹•Š‹•‘–‡”‡Ž›•›–ƒšƒ†’Š‘‘Ž‘‰›Ǣ”ƒ–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ–‹˜‡•’‡ƒ‡”‘†‡ŽȂ‹–••‘ ‹‘ —Ž–—”ƒŽ”‹ Š‡••ȋ—‘ǡʹͲͲ͸ȌȂ‹•–Š‡•–ƒ”–‹‰ ’‘‹–ˆ‘” ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ǤŠ‡‡š–”ƒŽ‹‰—‹•–‹ ‡Ž‡‡–•‘”–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‘ˆ •‘ ‹‘’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ • ‹• –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ™Š‹ Š ƒ‘– „‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡† „› –Š‡  ”—Ž‡• ƒ† ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǩ • ‹– ™ƒ• ‘–‡† ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ ‡‹•ǯ ƒ”‰—‡– ˆ‘” ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† ”—†›ǯ• ƒ”‰—‡– ˆ‘” ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ • •Šƒ”‡ –Š‡ ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ —–—ƒŽ ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„‹Ž‹–› ƒ– –Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ •— Š ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„‹Ž‹–› ȋ‹ Ǧ ƒ† Ǧ †‹ƒŽ‘‰•Ȍ‹•„›ˆƒ”ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š†‡˜‹ƒ–‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡‘”• ƒ†–”›‹‰–‘ •‡–‡™‘”•™Š‹ Šƒ”‡ ‘’‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”‡”ǡ‘––Š‡ˆ‘”‡”‹–•‡ŽˆǤ— Š”‡Ǧ ƒ†Œ—•–‡–• Ž‡ƒ† –‘ ‹ƒ —”ƒ–‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ —‰”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽ „—– —’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ƒ† ‹ƒ —”ƒ–‡ „—– ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„Ž‡ ’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘ ȋ—‘ǡ ʹͲͲ͸Ȍ ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒ Š—ƒ‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ™‘—Ž† ‘– ƒŽŽ‘™ •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‹‰ ƒ Š—ƒ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ˆ‘” ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ ƒ–Š‡”ǡ ‹– ‹• —†‘—„–‡†Ž› ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ –Š‡  ‘”• ƒ• ˆƒ” ƒ• –Š‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‹• ‘ ‡”‡† „—– ‡”–ƒ‹ ‡š–”ƒŽ‹‰—‹•–‹  ƒ•’‡ –• •— Š ƒ• •‘ ‹‘’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹  ‡Ž‡‡–• ”‡“—‹”‡ ”‡Ǧ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”„‘–Šƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†‘Ǧƒ–‹˜‡•’‡ƒ‡”•Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ ••‡ ȋʹͲͲͶȌ ‘–‡†• –Šƒ– ƒ› ‘Ǧƒ–‹˜‡ •’‡ƒ‡”• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡ English ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ–‹˜‡Ǧ•’‡ƒ‡” ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ† —Ž–—”‡ǡ ƒ› ‘”‡ • ƒŽŽ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† —•‡ ‰Ž‹•Š –‘ ‹–‡”ƒ – ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡” • ™‹–Š‘—– ‰‹˜‹‰ ƒ •‹‰Ž‡–Š‘—‰Š––‘–Š‡Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ† —Ž–—”‡‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Šƒ–‹˜‡Ǧ•’‡ƒ‹‰ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘” •— Š Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ —•‡”• ‰Ž‹•Š ‹• ‘– Ǯ‰Ž‹•Šǯ ‹ –Š‡ ”‡•–”‹ –‡† •‡•‡ ‘ˆ ”‡Žƒ–‹‰ –‘ ‰Žƒ† ‘” –‘ ‹–• ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ „—– Œ—•– ƒ —•‡ˆ—Ž –‘‘Ž ˆ‘” ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ˜ƒ”›‹‰ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ „ƒ ‰”‘—†•‹ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘–‡š–•ǤŽ‘•––Š‡•ƒ‡‹†‡ƒ‹• ’”‘’‘•‡† „› ‹ˆƒ‹• ȋʹͲͲͶȌ ”‡ˆ‡””‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡” ƒ• Ǧ„‘—† ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ†–‘–Š‡Žƒ––‡”ƒ•Ǧ„‘—†’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ȋ•–ƒ†‹‰ˆ‘”‘”•‘ˆ•ƒ† ˆ‘” ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† —Ž–—”‡ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ Š‡ ’”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ ”‡ˆ‡” –‘ –Š‡ Ǧ„‘—† ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ•   ƒ† Ǧ„‘—† ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ•   ȋ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ• ƒ –‡” —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ȍ „—– –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‹• ‘Ž› –‡”‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ™Šƒ– Š‡ –‡”• ƒ•   ƒ† ƒ”‰—‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡• ‹•   ‹ ƒ–—”‡Ǣ ƒ† ™Šƒ– Š‡ –‡”• ƒ•   ‹•  ‘”   ‹ ‘–Š‡” ™‘”•Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‹ –‡”‹‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ‹ˆƒ‹• •Šƒ”‡• ƒ› ‘ˆ Š‹• ”ƒ‹ƒ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ȋ Ȍǡ‘ŽǤͳȋ͵ȌǡʹͲͲ͹ ͳ͹ͻ ‘’‹‹‘•™‹–Š‘–Š‡”•ȋ‡Ǥ‰ǤǡƒŽ‡„‹‡œŠƒ†ƬŽ‹ƒ„ƒ”‹ǡʹͲͲͳȌ‹ –Š‡’‡†ƒ‰‘‰‹  ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•–‘–Š‹•‰Ž‘„ƒŽ–”‡†Ǥ – ‹• ƒ‹Ž› †—‡ –‘ –Š‹• –”‡† ‹ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ‘—‹–› ‘ˆ   Ž‡ƒ”‡”• –Šƒ– ’”‡˜‹‘—• ‡–Š‘†• ƒ† ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• ƒ”‡ ˆ‡Ž– –‘ „‡ ‹•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ǥ ˜‡ –Š‡ ‘•– •— ‡••ˆ—Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡ǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ –Š‡ ǡ Šƒ• „‡‡ ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡† ƒ• †‡ˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ† ƒŽˆ— –‹‘‹‰‹–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘–‡š–ȋƒšǡʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ˆ”‘  ‘”• ƒ† –Š‡ ”ƒ’‹†Ž› ‰”‘™‹‰ ‡‡† ˆ‘” ƒ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹˜‡ –‘‘Ž Šƒ• „”‘—‰Š– ƒ„‘—– ƒ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡ ‰ƒ’ „‡–™‡‡  ‘”• ƒ† –Š‡ ™‡•–‡” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ƒ† Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǥ ‘†ƒ›ǡ —†‡” –Š‡   ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǡ ‰Ž‹•Š Šƒ• –—”‡† –‘ „‡ ƒ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–› ™‹–Š —‹“—‡ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ƒ† ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ‹– ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‹’‘”–ƒ– –Šƒ–  Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡† ”‡•‡ƒ” Š •Š‡†• Ž‹‰Š– ‘ –Š‡ ™ƒ›• Ž‡ƒ”‡”• ˆ”‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– •’‡‡ Š ‘—‹–‹‡• ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ „ƒ ‰”‘—†• ‘—‹ ƒ–‡ ™‹–Š • ƒ† ‘–Š‡” • ‹ ‰Ž‹•ŠǤ • ˆƒ” ƒ• –Š‡ —Ž–—”‡ ‹• ‘ ‡”‡†ǡ †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ †‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ   •’‡ƒ‡”•ǡ ‘ –Š‡ ‘‡ Šƒ†ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ Š‡–‡”‘‰‡‡‘—• ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘Ǧƒ–‹˜‡ •’‡ƒ‡”•ǡ ‘ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡ —Ž–—”‡‘ˆƒ–‹˜‡•’‡ƒ‡”• ƒ‘Ž‘‰‡”„‡‹’‘•‡† „—–‹– ƒ„‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒŒ‘” ˜ƒ”‹‡–‹‡• ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ– –Š‡ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘Ǥ Š—• ‹– •‡‡• —”‰‡– –Šƒ– Ž‡ƒ”‡”• ‹ ƒŽŽ ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† „‡ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž›‡“—‹’’‡†™‹–Š–Š‹•‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡–‘‘Žƒ••‘‘ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ 7.Conclusion Š‹•ƒ”–‹ Ž‡™ƒ•‹–‡†‡†–‘”‡Ǧ‡šƒ‹‡–Š‡ƒ†‘’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘”•™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǥ –™ƒ•ƒ”‰—‡†ƒ†”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Šƒ– ™ƒ• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†™‹–Š –Š‡ †‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ •’‡ƒ‡”• ‘” —•‡”• ƒ† ‘–‡š–•Ǣ –Šƒ– ‹– ‹• ‘– ƒ ‡ƒ•‹Ž› ƒƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ™‹–Š Ž‡ƒ” „‘”†‡”Ž‹‡• ƒ•  ƒ†   ™‡”‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ †‡•’‹–‡ ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽŽ› „ƒ•‡† •–—†‹‡• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ ‡‹•ǡ ʹͲͲʹȌǡ –Š‹• ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ †‘‡• ‘– ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ ƒ ‡ƒ ‹’ƒ–‘”› •–ƒ ‡ ‹ –Š‡ •‡•‡ –Šƒ–   —•‡”• ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‘™‡† –‘ ‹‹‹œ‡ –Š‡ ‰”ƒƒ” ‘” ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Š –‘ –Š‡ •‹œ‡ –Š‡› ™‹•Š ˆ‘” ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‹„‹Ž‹–› ‡š —•‡•Ǥ — Š ‹‹‹œ‡† ƒ† ‹’‡”ˆ‡ – ˜‡”•‹‘• ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Š ™‘—Ž† ‘– „‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ™‡ ƒŽŽ Ǯ‰Ž‹•Šǯǡ ƒ† ™‹ŽŽ „”‹‰ ƒ„‘—– †‹˜‡”•‹–› ƒ† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ ‹ –Š‡ Ž‘‰ ”—Ǥ – ‹• ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž›ƒ”‰—ƒ„Ž‡–Šƒ– —•‡”•ƒ†‘’––Š‡‘”•ƒ•ˆƒ”ƒ•–Š‡Ž‹‰—‹•–‹  ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ƒ”‡ ‘ ‡”‡†Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ•˜ƒ”‹‘—••‘ ‹‘ —Ž–—”ƒŽ„‡ƒ”‹‰•”—•Š‹–‘   ‡˜‡”› ‹—–‡ ˆ”‘ ‹–• ™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ† •’‡ƒ‡”•ǡ –Š‡ ‡š–”ƒŽ‹‰—‹•–‹  ‘” ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–‡ƒ Š‹‰ƒ†Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ˆ‘”‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‘ Ž‘‰‡” ”‡Ž› •‘Ž‡Ž› ‘ –Š‡  ‘”•Ǥ Š‡ ™‹†‡ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ƒ† ͳͺͲ ƒ‡‡†‡–ƒ„‹Ƭ‡ƒ–—ŽŽƒŠŠ‘‘‘••‹ ‘–‡š–•ǡ‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ˆ‘”–‡ƒ Š‹‰Ǥ —•‡”• ƒ‡Œ‘› –Š‡ ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‹‰—ƒ ”ƒ ƒ „—–ǡ ƒ– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡ǡ ƒ†† –Š‡‹”•‘ ‹‘’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•–‘‰Ž‹•Šƒ•–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ  ‘ Ž—•‹‘ǡ™‡™‹ŽŽ‡‡†–‘”‡Ǧ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡–Š‡ ‘–‡š–‘ˆ—•‡ǡ–‘”‡Ǧ†‡ˆ‹‡–Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǡƒ†–‘”‡ ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ –‘ƒ†‘’–ƒ‡™ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ Ǥ‘†‘–Šƒ–ǡ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ •ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ–Š‡Ž‡ƒ”‡”ǯ•‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘Ȍ –‘ ‡Šƒ ‡ ”‘••Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‘• ‹‘—•‡•• ƒ† –‡ƒ Š‡” ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ‹• ƒ”‡ –‘ „‡ ƒ– –Š‡ Š‡ƒ”– ‘ˆ ƒ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† —””‹ —Žƒ” ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ Ȃ –Š‡ ‘”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ „‡‹‰ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‘”–• –‘ ‡’‘™‡”   –‡ƒ Š‡”•–Š‡™‘”Ž†‘˜‡”Ǥ   ‡ ƒ”‡ ‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—Ž –‘ –Š‡ ƒ‘›‘—• ‘‡–•ǤŽŽ‡””‘”•ƒ”‡‘—”•Ǥ  ”‡˜‹‡™‡”• ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ‹•‹‰Š–ˆ—Ž References ƒšǡǤȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤŠ‡‡†‘ˆǣ ‘–‡š–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‡ƒ Š‹‰ǤELT Journalǡͷ͹ȋ͵Ȍǡʹ͹ͺǦʹͺ͹Ǥ Ž‘ ǡǤȋʹͲͲͶȌǤ Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–‡ƒ Š‹‰ǤELTJournalǡͷͺȋͳȌǡ͹ͷǦ ͹͹Ǥ ‘‘ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻͻͻȌǤ ‘‹‰ „‡›‘† –Š‡ ƒ–‹˜‡ ’‡ƒ‡” ‹ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‡ƒ Š‹‰Ǥ TESOLQuarterlyǡ͵͵ȋʹȌǡͳͺͷǦʹͲͻǤ ••‡ Ǥ Ǥ ˜ƒǤ ȋʹͲͲͶȌ Š‡ ‹•‡ ƒ† ‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ• ƒ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǣ•‘‡‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•ǤHLTǡ͸ȋͶȌǡ‘˜‡„‡”Ǥ ”—†›ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲͶȌǤ ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† ”ƒ‰ƒ–‹ • ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ• ƒ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǤTheJournalofASIATEFLǡͳȋͳȌǡʹ͵ǦͶͷǤ ‡‹•ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲͲȌǤ Š‡ ’Š‘‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ• ƒ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ šˆ‘”†ǣšˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ ”ƒ‹ƒ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–—†‹‡•ȋ Ȍǡ‘ŽǤͳȋ͵ȌǡʹͲͲ͹ ͳͺͳ ‡‹•ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲʹȌǤ  •‘ ‹‘Ž‹‰—‹•–‹ ƒŽŽ› „ƒ•‡†ǡ ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽŽ› ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡† ’”‘— ‹ƒ–‹‘•›ŽŽƒ„—•ˆ‘”‰Ž‹•Šƒ•ƒ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǤApplied Linguisticsǡʹ͵ȋͳȌǡͺ͵ǦͳͲ͵Ǥ —‘ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ ††”‡••‹‰ –Š‡ ‹••—‡ ‘ˆ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ• ƒ Ž‹‰—ƒ ˆ”ƒ ƒǤ ELTJournalǡ͸Ͳȋ͵Ȍǡʹͳ͵Ǧʹʹͳ  ƒ›ǡǤȋʹͲͲʹȌǤ‡ƒ Š‹‰‰Ž‹•Šƒ•ƒ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǣ‡–Š‹‹‰ ‘ƒŽ•ƒ†’’”‘ƒ Š‡•Ǥšˆ‘”†ǣǤ ƒ–•—†ƒǡǤȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ  ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‰™‘”Ž†‰Ž‹•Š‡•‹–‡ƒ Š‹‰‰Ž‹•Šƒ•ƒ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡.TESOLQuarterlyǡ͵͹ȋͶȌǡ͹ͳͻǦʹͻǤ ‘”–‘ǡǤȋͳͻͻ͹ȌǤƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ƒ†–Š‡‘™‡”•Š‹’‘ˆ‰Ž‹•ŠǤTESOLQuarterlyǡ ͵ȋ͵ȌǡͶͲͻǦͶʹͻǤ ”‘†”‘‘—ǡǤȋͳͻͺͺȌǤ‰Ž‹•Šƒ• —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ –‹‘ǤELTJournalǡͶʹȋʹȌǡ͹͵Ǧͺ͵Ǥ ƒŒƒ‰‘’ƒŽƒǡǤȋʹͲͲͶȌǤŠ‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆǮ‘”Ž†‰Ž‹•Šǯƒ†‹–•‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” ǤELTJournalǡͷͺȋʹȌǡ Ǧͳ͹Ǥ ƒ’‹”ǡǤȋͳͻ͵ͳȌǤŠ‡ˆ— –‹‘‘ˆƒ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ—š‹Ž‹ƒ”›Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ  ǤǤ Š‡–‘ǡǤƒ’‹”ǡƬǤ ‡•’‡”•‡ȋ†•ȌǡInternationalCommunication:A symposiumontheLanguageProblemǤȋ’’Ǥ͸ͷǦͻͶȌǤ‘†‘ǣ‡‰ƒƒ—ŽǤ ‡‹†ŽŠ‘ˆ‡”ǡǤȋʹͲͲͳȌǤŽ‘•‹‰ƒ ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ‰ƒ’ǣ–Š‡ ƒ•‡ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ• ƒ Ž‹‰—ƒ ˆ”ƒ ƒǤ International Journal of Applied Linguisticsǡ ͳͳȋʹȌǡͳ͵͵ǦͳͷͺǤ ‹ˆƒ‹•ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲͶȌǤ ‡ƒ Š‹‰   Ȃ ‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘” ‹–‡” —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‰Ž‹•ŠǫŠƒ––‡ƒ Š‡”••Š‘—Ž†‘™ǤSystemǡ͵ʹǡʹ͵͹ǦʹͷͲǤ ƒŽ‡„‹‡œŠƒ†ǡ Ǥ ǡ Ƭ Ž‹ƒ„ƒ”‹ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲͳȌǤ ƒ•‹  ••—’–‹‘• ‹ ‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ• ƒ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ The Internet TESL JournalǢ ͹ȋ͹Ȍǡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–Š––’ǣȀȀ‹–‡•ŽŒǤ‘”‰Ȁ”–‹ Ž‡ȀƒŽ‡„‹‡œŠƒ†Ǧ ǤŠ–Ž ‹‹•ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͲʹȌǤ ƒ–‹˜‡Ǧ•’‡ƒ‡” ‘”• ƒ† ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‰Ž‹•Šǣ ƒ Žƒ••”‘‘˜‹‡™ǤELTJournalǡͷ͸ȋ͵ȌǡʹͶͲǦʹͶͻǤ ͳͺʹ ƒ‡‡†‡–ƒ„‹Ƭ‡ƒ–—ŽŽƒŠŠ‘‘‘••‹ ‹††‘™•‘ǡ Ǥ ǤȋͳͻͻͶȌǤŠ‡‘™‡”•Š‹’‘ˆ‰Ž‹•ŠǤ TESOLQuarterlyǡʹͺȋʹȌǡ ͵͹͹ǦͺͻǤ AUTHORS'BIODATA Saeed Ketabiǡ Š ‹ ’’Ž‹‡† ‹‰—‹•–‹ • ˆ”‘ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ„”‹†‰‡ǡ ‰Žƒ†ǡ ‹• —””‡–Ž› –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ˜ƒ”‹‘—•  ‘—”•‡• ƒ– ‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ƒ– –Š‡ ‡’ƒ”–‡– ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Šǡ ƒ —Ž–› ‘ˆ ‘”‡‹‰ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•ǡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ •ˆƒŠƒǡ ”ƒǤ ‡Šƒ•’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ†’”‡•‡–‡†’ƒ’‡”•‹Š‹•ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥƒ‹Žǣ ‡–ƒ„‹̷ˆ‰Ǥ—‹Ǥƒ Ǥ‹” Nematullah Shomoossiǡ Š ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ ‹ ’’Ž‹‡† ‹‰—‹•–‹ • ƒ– –Š‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ •ˆƒŠƒǡ ”ƒǡ ‹• –Š‡ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‘” ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Š ’”‘‰”ƒ• ƒ– ƒ„œ‡˜ƒ” Š‘‘Ž‘ˆ‡†‹ ƒŽ ‹‡ ‡•Ǥ ‡‹•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–‡ƒ Š‹‰‰Ž‹•Šƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‹ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ’‘Ž‹ ›ǡ Ž‡ƒ”‡” •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ƒ† †‹•–ƒ ‡ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǤǦƒ‹Žǣ•Š‘‘‘••‹̷›ƒŠ‘‘Ǥ ‘ View publication stats