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Εικονική αρχαιολογία και η συμβολή των τρισδιάστατων γραφικών στην αρχαιολογική έρευνα , 2008
The recording of archaeological data and the study and representation of archaeological or historical sites, articles and landscapes by means of computer and threedimensional graphic programs is called “virtual archaeology”.The use of computers and three-dimensional graphics in the field of civilization, being an edge technology, enables the cultural bodies to digitize their material for scientific and public use and, in a successive stage, to study, process and visualize complex data, notions and finds, thus providing a most comprehensible form of the cultural commodity. The article comprises the definition and objective of virtual archaeology, as it has been designated by the international bibliography, as well as the contribution of three-dimensional software graphics and modern techniques of data collection to the reinforcement of archaeological research."
Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory
This paper reviews and evaluates the potential use of modern visualization techniques in archaeology. It suggests the need to apply and develop such techniques as a central part of any modern archaeological investigation. The use of these methods is associated with wider questions about data representations, in particular, their integration with archaeological theory and their role in facilitating analysis and shaping interpretation. Concern for these questions and with the overall potential that information systems provide to capture, represent, analyze, and model archaeological information suggests the need for a new interdisciplinary focus, Archaeological Information Science. For such a focus to prosper, archaeologists need to develop additional skills that go beyond mere technical ones. They need to become more active in the design and creation of future information archaeological systems. To this end, archaeologists are urged to view this task as a way to extend archaeology in new directions and to recognize that the digital representation and treatment of archaeological information can generate new forms of doing archaeology.
1 V 2 Visualizing Mediterranean 3 Archaeology 4 Maurizio Forte
The introductory paper is followed by nine papers focusing on some major (definitely not all), aspects connecting archaeological practice and VR presentations and potentials. In doing this, we have attempted to cover some essential theoretical issues (Chapters: Introduction to virtual reconstructions; Physical vs. virtual reconstruction; Augmented reality as an output), technological aspects (Chapters: A comparison of different software solutions for 3D modeling), learning basics of visual products (Chapter: 2D and 3D visual products: First step towards virtual econstructions) and a series of case studies and examples (Chapters: About digital field documentation; Brief overview of examples of VR projects; Virtual reconstruction of the Vinča-Belo Brdo site; Examples of good practice in 3D visualisation in preventive archaeology). It is important to note here, that with the exception of three cases presented in the chapter Brief overview of examples of VR projects (Catalhöyük, Uruk and Etruscanning 3D project) all other papers derived from the archaeological field research performed by the authors who had the possibility to control all different aspects involved in a complete research, from logistics, field execution to interpretation and presentation of the results. While this may not be so relevant for the VR products themselves it is highly relevant for demonstrating some other important aspects regarding professionalism in preventive archaeology, especially the learning capacities and ‘organic’ development and transfer of knowledge of new ideas and technologies. If preventive archaeology is to go beyond the level of basic field service and strengthen its relevance, which is constantly challenged by other stakeholders in spatial development process, it is necessary also to build up on the experiences and knowledge of the practitioners of preventive research.
ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 2017
Scholars with different backgrounds have carried out extensive surveys centred on how 3D digital models, data acquisition and processing have changed over the years in fields of archaeology and architecture and more in general in the Cultural Heritage panorama: the current framework focused on reality-based modelling is then split in several branches: acquisition, communication and analysis of buildings (Pintus et alii, 2014). Despite the wide set of well-structured and all-encompassing surveys on the IT application in Cultural Heritage, several open issues still seem to be present, in particular once the purpose of digital simulacra is the one to fit with the “pre-informatics" legacy of architectural/archaeological representation (historical drawings with their graphic codes and aesthetics). Starting from a series of heterogeneous matters that came up studying two Italian UNESCO sites, this paper aims at underlining the importance of integrating different pipelines from differ...
Journal of Archaeology and Text, 2017
In this article I argue that an important arena for the transfer of knowledge between history and archaeology is that of visual reconstruction. I am taking a brief look at the metamorphoses of archaeological knowledge when used, together with historical knowledge, for the purpose of narrative reconstructions. I then move on to discuss how this knowledge is articulated in order to produce so-called " realistic " visual models of ancient monuments. It is proposed that a middle-range theory to overcome the issue of the perceived incommensurability between excavation and textual data may be found by analyzing the construction of visual models, particularly digital reconstructions. In what follows I discuss in general terms the epistemological environment of knowledge transfer between archaeology and history (part I). I then present some methodological implications of the construction of so-called " realistic " visual models of ancient monuments and probe into how knowledge is articulated in the process (part II). A number of partial solutions for mitigating the tensions between archaeological and literary data are subsequently put forward, particularly with respect to visual reconstructions (part III). In a brief conclusion (IV) it is argued again that in order to look for a middle-range theory to overcome the issue of the perceived incommensurability between excavation and textual data, one of the most promising places is precisely the construction of visual models, particularly digital reconstructions.
Archaeology is an interdisciplinary science, as it is a scholarly study of past processes that often combines space, place, natural science, materials and texts in its interpretation. Presently, the majority of practicing archaeologists include digital tools in their work (e.g. data keeping, digital mapping, visualization tools). And recently, digital visualization is trending beyond 3D modelling and landscape reconstruction and into the interactive, scientific visualization of data in order to render relations between geographies and cultures, sensory properties (Betts 2011, Betts 2017, Foka and Arvidsson 2016), external /internal networks and aerial visualizations. On an international level, we have come to speak of the notion of “cyber-archaeology” (Forte 2015): archaeological methods that utilize participatory technology to interact with past artefacts and spaces and to understand the past through reflection and cooperative efforts. Current digital tools and methodologies help capture and display knowledge about the past. While there is considerable room for improvement, both in terms of tools and of methodologies, from composing plain databases to visualizations intended for wider museum audiences, we address here the current progress within Greek archaeological practice and emphasize the importance of sustainable and updated digital research infrastructures in order to enhance access to materials for researchers and laypeople alike.
As architects collaborating in international archaeological missions -- Tell Massaikh (Syria) and Qasr Shemamok (Iraq), directed by Maria-Grazia Masetti-Rouault and Olivier Rouault -- we face the challenge of generating graphical and visual documents to help understand, reconstruct and publish the findings. At the same time, digital drawing and rendering techniques, of daily use in our discipline, have proven to be a helpful tool in the dissemination of archaeological knowledge, not only to specialized, but to the general public as well. In the second case it is essential to achieve a graphic language that successfully communicates this information to the non-specialized observer. New technologies (3D modeling, photogrammetry, Augmented Reality) have expanded the possibilities of virtual reconstructions displayed in exhibitions, permitting to simultaneously show more layers of information. The virtual reconstructions displayed in two recent archaeological exhibitions in Barcelona and Madrid in Spain ('Before the Flood. Mesopotamia, 3500-2100 BC' and 'Mediterranean. From myths to reason') provide a case study on how new and old techniques can be complementary. Hand drawings, physical models, photographs and videos of the actual state of the site, complemented with computer renderings, animations and ancient texts recordings, were projected into spaces expressly designed for the video-installations. By juxtaposing ancient and modern traces the documents intended to transfer at the same time what we know (evidence), what we think we know (reconstruction), and what the archaeological site looks like today, encouraging the observer to be transported -- in time and space -- from the exhibition hall to the archaeological site.
Arheologija i prirodne nauke 19, 2023
The use of digital technology and digital tools in the research, preservation, and presentation of archaeological heritage is crucial these days. In order to manage resources efficiently, good planning and strategy are necessary. Additionally, in order to plan well, it is necessary to collect, classify, process, and store data. Archaeology, as a science, requires meticulous work on data collection, processing, storage, interpretation, and presentation. A question that is increasingly becoming the focus of all interested parties is the relationship between archaeology and other sciences in terms of exchanging data. The relationship between field archaeology, scientific research, economy, economic development, and spatial and urban planning is mentioned in many works. The main aim of this paper is to promote the need to unify the archaeological documentation used by all interested parties in archaeology, culture, and spatial planning in Serbia and to connect all participants in this process through an information system. Special attention will be paid to the relationship between archaeology, GIS, and spatial planning. An exceptional example of the use of digital tools in archaeology is a map of archaeological sites, which can play a vital role in the coordination of activities in this field.
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