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2018, LOONEY, R. (Ed). Handbook of international trade agreements: country, regional and global approaches. Oxford: Routledge, 2018.
This chapter aims to carry out a historical retrospective of the strategic sense given to the Southern Common Market (Mercosur) by its members, from the date it was founded in 1991 to the current days. Following a brief introduction, there are four other sections: the second one concerns to the period 1991-2002, here called “The economic-commercial phase”; the third one approaches the period between 2003-2010, here called “The social, political, participatory and distributive phase”; the fourth, which deals with the period from 2011 to the present time (November 2017), is defined here as “The uncertainty phase”. Finally, there is a fifth and last concluding section.
[Introduction]. In the last ten years Mercosur has become a viable instrument for the creation of a South American pole of economic development and integration as well as to enhance regional power in face of inter-regional and global negotiations. For many Europeans, Mercosur (1) is a child of the EU process and structures and should closely follow its model of integration; for many North-Americans it is being portrayed as nothing more than a regional political arrangement in order to better negotiate with the United States. They argue that Latin Americans do not have conditions to create a stable integration process. Surprisingly for everyone Mercosur is there and is growing despite all adversities. This essay discusses key aspects that Mercosur shares with the EU and stresses the particularities that once produced and maintain Mercosur as an original regional integration model.
Erasmus Law Review
Mercosur: Limits of Regional Integration2019 •
This study is focused on the evaluation of successes and failures of the Common Market of the South (Mercosur). This analysis of Mercosur's integration seeks to identify the reasons why the bloc has stagnated in an incomplete customs union condition, although it was originally created to achieve a common market status. To understand the evolution of Mercosur, the study offers some thoughts about the role of the European Union (EU) as a model for regional integration. Although an EU-style integration has served as a model, it does not necessarily set the standards by which integration can be measured as we analyse other integration efforts. However, the case of Mercosur is emblematic: during its initial years, Mercosur specifically received EU technical assistance to promote integration according to EU-style integration. Its main original goal was to become a common market, but so far, almost thirty years after its creation, it remains an imperfect customs union. The article demonstrates the extent to which almost thirty years of integration in South America could be considered a failure, which would be one more in a list of previous attempts of integration in Latin America, since the 1960s. Whether it is a failure or not, it is impossible to envisage EU-style economic and political integration in South America in the foreseeable future. So far, member states, including Bra-zil, which could supposedly become the engine of economic and political integration in South America, have remained sceptical about the possibility of integrating further politically and economically. As member states suffer political and economic turmoil, they have concentrated on domestic recovery before being able to dedicate sufficient time and energy to being at the forefront of integration.
2005 •
2010 •
Comunicación en lengua castellana N2
Comunicacion en lengua castellana 22016 •
El contenido del presente programa formativo está orientado al aprendizaje efectivo de una serie de nociones y herramientas, fundamentales para conseguir participar de manera exitosa en los procesos comunicativos que día a día tienen lugar en la vida de cualquier persona. De esta manera, se empieza por el estudio de la comunicación como aspecto global, para pasar, a continuación, al análisis de cada uno de sus elementos constituyentes, haciendo especial hincapié en el código lingüístico correspondiente, que en este caso es la lengua castellana. Así, a lo largo de las cinco unidades didácticas siguientes se abordarán aspectos teóricos relativos a la comunicación, la lengua y el lenguaje, tales como: las diferencias entre comunicación oral y escrita; los tipos de oraciones y textos existentes; las reglas ortográficas que rigen la escritura; y finalmente, el uso de las fuentes. De forma introductoria, esta primera unidad didáctica trata aspectos básicos como el concepto de comunicación, la diferencia entre lenguaje, lengua y habla; los medios de comunicación existentes y las variedades empleadas en el uso de la lengua.
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Entrepôts TDM BCH Suppl 58
Entrepôts et circuits de distribution en Méditerranée antique2018 •
Die Philosophie der Antike 5 (Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie online)
LebenJournal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry
Rice bean (Vigna Umbellata) the forgotten gold: unraveling the commercial, nutritional and medicinal value1999 •
2020 •
Journal of the American College of Cardiology
Percutaneous coronary intervention of complex lesions is associated with increased in-hospital and one-year adverse event rates: results from the NHLBI dynamic registry2002 •
1989 •
Journal of Virology
Immunization with Live Attenuated Influenza Viruses That Express Altered NS1 Proteins Results in Potent and Protective Memory CD8 + T-Cell Responses2009 •
IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting
Evaluation of the Concept of Dynamic Adaptive Streaming of Light Field Video2018 •
2020 •
Naukovì ìnnovacìï ta peredovì tehnologìï. Deržavne upravlìnnâ, ekonomìka, pravo, pedagogìka, psihologìâ.
ЖИТТЄСТІЙКІСТЬ ОСОБИСТОСТІ: ІНДИВІДУАЛЬНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПРОЯВУ2024 •
Handbook on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence (Eds. David Gunkel), 97-112
AI Ethics and Machine Ethics2024 •