Thermal Cracking of Low
Temperature Conversion on Low
Density Polyethylene Plastic
Waste for Liquid Hydrocarbon
AQ:au
Thermal
Cracking of
Low
Temperature
Conversion
523
Heriyanti, Lenny Marlinda, Rayandra Asyhar and Sutrisno
Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Jambi,
Jambi, Indonesia
Marfizal
School of Engineering, Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Nasional Jambi, Jambi Indonesia
Abstract
Purpose – This work aims to study the treatment of adsorbant on the increasing liquid hydrocarbon quality
produced by pyrolysis low density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic waste at low temperature. The hydrocarbon
distribution, physicochemical properties and emission test were also studied due to its application in internal
combustion engine. This research uses pure Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and pure activated carbon as
adsorbant, LDPE type clear plastic samples with control variable that is solar gas station.
Design/Methodology/Approach – LDPE plastic waste of 10 kg were vaporized in the thermal cracking
batch reactor using LPG 12 kg as fuel at range temperature from 100 to 300°C and condensed into liquid
hydrocarbon. Furthermore, this product was treated with the mixed CaCO3 and activated carbon as
adsorbants to decrease contaminant material.
Findings – GC-MS identified the presence of carbon chain in the range of C6–C44 with 24.24% of
hydrocarbon compounds in the liquid. They are similar to diesel (C6–C14). The 30% of liquid yields were
found at operating temperature of 300°C. The calorific value of liquid was 46.021 MJ/Kg. This value was
5.07% higher than diesel as control.
Originality/value – Hydrocarbon compounds in liquid produced by thermal cracking at a low temperature
was similar to liquid from a catalytic process.
Keywords LDPE, pyrolysis, liquid hydrocarbon, fuel
All papers within this proceedings volume have been peer reviewed by the scientific committee of the
Malikussaleh International Conference on Multidisciplinary Studies (MICoMS 2017).
Authors of this research paper sincerely acknowledge the research grant provided by PNPB 2017
Faculty of Sains and Technology University of Jambi, Indonesia.
© Heriyanti, Lenny Marlinda, Rayandra Asyhar, Sutrisno, Marfizal. Published in the Emerald Reach
Proceedings Series. Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This article is published under the
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and
create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to
full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at
http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode
Emerald Reach Proceedings Series
Vol. 1
pp. 523–530
Emerald Publishing Limited
2516-2853
DOI 10.1108/978-1-78756-793-1-00074
Proceedings of
MICoMS 2017
524
1. Introduction
In Indonesia there are 64 million tons of waste and 9.6 million tons of them are plastic waste.
According to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry in Indonesia, the rate of used plastic
bags in Indonesia is more 1 million per minute in 2016. Every year, to produce plastic bags it
would need about 8% of world oil production or 12 million barrels of oil and 14 million trees
(Nugraha, 2016). In fact, plastic can be converted again into fuel by pyrolysis or thermal
cracking. The molecular structure of the plastic was decomposed into smaller molecules by
heating process at high temperature without oxygen. Therefore, plastic with a high enough
calorific value can be used as an alternative energy source that equivalent to fossil fuels such
as gasoline and diesel (Velma, 2015). Surono and Ismanto (2016) processed polypropylene
(PP) and polyethylene (PE) plastic wastes to produce plastic oil with carbon atoms close to
gasoline and kerosene. Meanwhile polyethylene-terephthalate (PET) plastic did not produce
oil but powdered material. Norsujianto (2014) converted plastic waste into oil indicating the
hydrocarbon component in the C4–C44 range as a new energy fuel. According to Surono
(2013), the mixed PE and PP plastics were converted into fuel oil using thermal cracking at
450°C for 2 h and condensed at temperature of 21°C to produce oil having equal amount of
carbon atoms, i.e., C12–C17.
Generally, the crude oil produced by the pyrolysis still contain lots of contaminants.
Adsorption was one way to remove the contaminants so that the quality of oil produced is
better. This product can be used as fuel and chemicals. Febriani (2015) had studied natural
bentonite and activated carbon of palm shells as adsorbents. Based on XRD and SEM
results, the main content in bentonite in the form of Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) succeeded in
decreasing the sulfur value and increasing the calorific value.
As a consequence, the proposed work based on pyrolysis of low density polyethylene
(LDPE) followed adsorption process on liquid hydrocarbon with the mixed CaCO3 and
activated carbon as adsorbant has been performed in a batch reactor in a range temperature
from 100 to 300°C. This work aims to investigate the treatment of adsorbant on the
increasing liquid hydrocarbon quality. The hydrocarbon distribution, physicochemical
properties, and emission test were also studied due to its application in internal combustion
engine. This research used pure CaCO3 and activated carbon as adsorbent, the clear LDPE
plastic samples and solar from gas station as control variable.
2. Experimental methods
2.1. Preparation of materials and sample
LDPE plastic waste, i.e., clear plastic for food wrapping, trash bags and plastic bags were
collected from landfills around residential areas in Jambi. The plastics before used in this
study were washed with soap and dried under sunshine. To increase surface area during
pyrolysis process the dried plastics were crushed into a small size. According to Wahyudi
(2001), the smaller size of plastic can give the greater surface area per unit weight so that
liquid product was formed quickly during the pyrolysis process.
CaCO3 and activated carbon were proanalyzed Grade from E. Merck (Germany). A
85%:15% weight ratio of this mixed CaCO3 and activated carbon were used to adsorp
contaminat materials in liquid product. Before it was used, the mixed materials were
grounded into powder until the stability of color changing was reached. The adsorbants was
analyzed by XRD to know crystal structure.
2.2. Thermal cracking process
Thermal cracking process on LDPE plastic waste was done according to a previous
procedure (Zainuri, 2014). Plastics of 10 kg were vaporized in the thermal cracking batch
reactor using LPG 12 kg as fuel at range temperature from 100 to 300°C and condensed into
the product of liquid hydrocarbon.
Furthermore, the product was treated with the mixed CaCO3 and activated carbon as
adsorbants to decrease contaminant material. According to a previous procedure
(Puspadiningrum, 2007), the adsorbant of 2.5g was loaded in flask and followed liquid
product of 250 mL under stiring at temperature of 30°C for 2 h. After finishing this process,
filtrate was separated from adsorbant solid. The obtained filtrate was denoted as the liquid
hydrocarbon. Meanwhile, physicochemical analysis such as the calorific value and density
were applied on the liquid hydrocarbon to determine its properties for application as fuel.
With the same treatment on the liquid product, petroleum diesel was used as control
variable.
The caloarific value was obtained through a bomb calorimeter (Model: type 5E-C5500
Automatic Calorimeter AXT). Density was determined by pycnometric bottles. Beside that,
diesel like hydrocarbon composition in liquid product were identified by gas
chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) with tipe QP2010 SE. The GC system was
programmed at 30°C and increased to 330°C at 10°C/min for 30 min of total run time. Some
compounds in liquid hydrocarbon were ionized at sources ion temperature of 260°C and a
mass electron range of 40–500 were used to analysis process. The chromatograms of
hydrocarbons were shown at different retention time and identified using the W9N11 MS
library mass spectral library of data.
2.3. Emission test of liquid hydrocarbon
To minimize negative impact on environment the emission gas test was carried out using a
motor engine and liquid hydrocarbon was used as fuel. According to a previous procedure
(Norsujianto, 2014), this test was applied in a motor engine that using oil from LDPE plastic
pyrolyzed before and after adsorption. Waste emission gas was identified by a gas analyzer.
The emission test on motor vehicle exhaust were the process of measuring the levels of the
compounds contained in motor vehicle exhaust emissions.
F1
F2
T1
3. Results and discussion
When the temperature of pyrolysis increased from 100 to 130°C, plastic solids began to melt
indicated by vapor and droplets of plastic oil that was still mixed with impurities. The
increase of temperature to 220°C, plastic oil of 750 mL was obtained. Finally, when
temperature was raised to 300°C, the process was stopped. This is due to leakage in the
thermal cracking batch reactor. This occurred after a pyrolysis process lasted for 2.05 h and
3,100 mL of plastic oil was obtained. A yield of 30% was reached. It was similar to Sarker et al.
(2012), plastic oil yield of 40% was obtained at 325°C. Figure 1 shows plastic oil dan
residual pyrolysis solids. This liquid has characteristics, i.e yellowish brown, thick and
very sharp smell. The residue color seen in brown milk. This residue has also a waxy
texture as shown in Figure 1b.
When Figures 1 and 2 were compared, the difference in color between the clear LDPE
plastic oil before and after adsorption was visible. This indicated that the mixed CaCO3 and
activated carbon in bleaching.can bind substances causing undesirable color and odor.
3.1 Characterization of liquid hydrocarbon
Physical and chemical properties of liquid hydrocarbon. The calorific value of petroleum
diesel and liquid hydrocarbon was listed in Table 1. It can be seen that the calorific value of
liquid hydrocarbon increased when the value was compared with petroleum diesel.
(Dewangan et al., 2016) also reported that it can be caused by the increase in H/C ratio. The
Thermal
Cracking of
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526
Figure 1.
Plastic Oil (a) and
Residual Pyrolysis
Solids (b).
Figure 2.
Liquid Hydrocarbon
from Plastic Oil
Treated with
Adsorbant (a) and
Petroleum Diesel as
Control Variable (b).
Properties Before Adsorption
Table 1.
Physical Properties
of Liquid Products.
Properties After Adsorption
Sample
Density
(g/mL)
Calorific Value
(MJ/kg)
Density
(g/mL)
Calorific Value
(MJ/kg)
Liquid hydrocarbon
Petroleum Diesel
0.7133
0.7683
46.021
43.800
0.6903
0.7483
46.624
44.417
hydrocarbon content and oxygen content play a significant role in controlling the calorific
value of oil.
Calorific value of liquid hydrocarbon after adsorption was increased by 60.3% likewise
with petroleum diesel after adsorption increased to 61.7%. This indicated that the adsorption
process has a major effect on increasing the calorific value of the fuel. The adsorption by the
mixed CaCO3 adsorbent and activated carbon can decrease impurities content that can
influence the calorific value.
Thermal
Cracking of
Low
Temperature
Conversion
527
Figure 3.
The
Chromatographic
Peaks of Liquid
Hydrocarbon from
LDPE Pyrolyzed at
Range Temperature
of (a) 100–300°C in
this Work, (b) 100–
400°C, reported by
Sarker et al. (2012).
F3
T2
GC-MS analysis of liquid hydrocarbon. Figure 3 shows the chromatograms of liquid product
produced from pyrolyzed LDPE at 300 °C. It was detected 80 of peaks in the range of
retention time. It can be also observed that the peak positions in Figure 3 were almost similar
to liquid from pyrolyzed LDPE by Yang et al. (2012). It was also the same result reported by
a previous study (Sarker et al., 2012), in the range of retention time less than 18 min, the
carbon distribution ranging from C6 to C20 was detected. For the retention time longer than
18 min, long-chain hydrocarbon (alkenes) such as octadecene became the main compounds
in the liquid hydrocarbon. It should be noted that only the peaks corresponding to the
hydrocarbons in the liquid hydrocarbon derived from the pyrolysis of LDPE. The
information of main peaks such as retention time and compound name are listed in Table 2
Retention
Time
(min)
Area
%
m/z
52
19,508
4,33
266
C18H38
C15H32
C14H30
C20H42
C21H14FEN2O3
57
20,603
4,37
276
C19H40
C21H14FEN2O3
Peak
Chemical
Formula
C20H42
C18H38
Compound
m/z
n-Octadecana
h-Pentadecana
n-tetradecana
n-Eicosane
[N-(phenyl-2-pyridinylmethylene)
benzenamine-N,N]
n-Nonadecana
[N-(Phenyl-22pyridinylmethylene)
benzenamine-N,N]
n-Eicosane
n-Oktadecana
254
212
198
282
398
268
398
282
254
Table 2.
The Retention Time
and Compounds of
Main Peaks Shown in
Figure 3.
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Figure 4.
XRD Pattern of the
Mixed CaCO3 and
Activated Carbon
before Adsorption
and After
Adsorption.
indicating that liquid hydrocarbon composition (C14-C21) was similar with petroleum diesel
(C15-C18).
3.2 Characterization of adsorbant
In this research, characterization of the mixed CaCO3 and activated carbon before and after
adsorption was done. This was done to see the changes that occur in the adsorbant after the
adsorption process. Figure 4 shows that the diffraction peak characteristic of calcite was
clearly observed at 2u = 29.23° dan 29.39°, corresponding to JCPDS 47-1743. It indicated that
the adsorption did not change cristal structure of calcite significantly.
F4
F5
F6
3.3 Emission test of liquid hydrocarbon
Figure 5 shows the highest emission gas produced by liquid hydrocarbon is CxHy gas. This
was due to incomplete combustion so that CxHy gas produced was higher than CO, NO, NO2,
NOx, and SOx. However, it can be seen that the gas concentration produced by liquid
hydrocarbon after adsorption had been decreased. It can be concluded that the adsorption
can give a good effect on reducing of the concentration of emission gas produced by motor
engine. In this gas exhaust emission test, SO2 produced was 0 ppm. It was possibly because
the plastic raw material used was clear LDPE plastic. In addition, the SO2 gas produced was
still in small concentration so it cannot be detected by the exhaust gas gauge. Similarly, NO2
gas produced was 0 ppm. Furthermore, CH4 and CO2 gas emissions are listed in Figure 6.
Figure 6 shows the emission of CH4 gas produced on liquid hydrocarbon after adsorption
was decreased when compared with before adsorption. It indicated that the adsorption can
decrease methane concentration from while the CO2 gas produced increased. It can be said
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529
Figure 5.
Exhaust Gas
Emissions of Liquid
Hydrocarbon (Blue:
Before Adsorption,
Red: After
Adsorption).
Figure 6.
CH4 and CO2 Gas
Emissions of Liquid
Hydrocarbon (Blue:
Before Adsorption,
Red: After
Adsorption).
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that the combustion happened was already good. According to Guntur et al. (2011), the CO2
concentration indicated a completely burning conditions at the burning room. The higher the
CO2 concentration, the better the combustion process.
530
4. Conclusions
According to the results of GC-MS, liquid hydrocarbon from pyrolyzed LDPE had a C6-C14
range hydrocarbon. Liquid hydrocarbon before adsorption was more wasteful than liquid
hydrocarbon after adsorption. Adsorption using a mixture of 85% CaCO3 and 15% activated
carbon can reduce exhaust gas emissions.
References
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Corresponding author
Sutrisno can be contacted at herasutrisno@unja.ac.id
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