Marfizal.ST MT

Purpose-This work aims to study the treatment of adsorbant on the increasing liquid hydrocarbon quality produced by pyrolysis low density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic waste at low temperature. The hydrocarbon distribution, physicochemical properties and emission test were also studied due to its application in internal combustion engine. This research uses pure Calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) and pure activated carbon as adsorbant, LDPE type clear plastic samples with control variable that is solar gas station. Design/Methodology/Approach-LDPE plastic waste of 10 kg were vaporized in the thermal cracking batch reactor using LPG 12 kg as fuel at range temperature from 100 to 300°C and condensed into liquid hydrocarbon. Furthermore, this product was treated with the mixed CaCO 3 and activated carbon as adsorbants to decrease contaminant material. Findings-GC-MS identified the presence of carbon chain in the range of C6-C44 with 24.24% of hydrocarbon compounds in the liquid. They are similar to diesel (C6-C14). The 30% of liquid yields were found at operating temperature of 300°C. The calorific value of liquid was 46.021 MJ/Kg. This value was 5.07% higher than diesel as control. Originality/value-Hydrocarbon compounds in liquid produced by thermal cracking at a low temperature was similar to liquid from a catalytic process.

Biomass gasification of organic waste is a gas which can be utilized as a source of alternative energy. However, in the process, the resulting gas still found fairly high moisture content. So it takes liquidifikasi, water trap and adsorption technology to improve the quality of the gas. This research begins with the design of energy conversion tool as the process liquidifikasi, fluids water trap and adsorption technology. The quality of the resulting gas increases significantly and the resulting combustion gases are reduced. Keyword : the design of liquidifikasi, water trap and liquid adsorption technology ABSTRAK Hasil gasifikasi biomasa dari sampah organik adalah gas yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber energi alternatif. Namun, dalam prosesnya, gas yang dihasilkan masih ditemukan kandungan air yang cukup tinggi. Sehingga dibutuhkan liquidifikasi, water trap dan teknologi adsorpsi untuk meningkatkan kualitas gas.Penelitian ini dimulai dengan perancangan alat konversi energy sebgai proses liquidifikasi, penjebak cairan dan teknologi adsorpsi.Kualitas gas yang dihasilkan meningkat secara signifikan dan dihasilkan pembakaran gas yang tereduksi pengotornya.. Kata kunci: perancangan liquidifikasi, teknologi adsorpsi dan penjebak cairan 1. PENDAHULUAN Pertumbuhan penduduk menyebabkan pertambahan jumlah sampah. Semakin banyak jumlah penduduk dalam suatu kota, maka semakin kompleks pula kegiatan dan usahanya, sehingga akan semakin besar pula permasalahan sampah yang harus ditanggulangi [1]. Sumber sampah yang terbanyak dari pemukiman dan pasar tradisional. Sampah pasar seperti sayur mayur, buah-buahan, ikan, dan lain-lain, sebagian besar (95%) berupa sampah organik sehingga lebih mudah untuk ditangani dan bisa diurai oleh mikroba. Sedangkan sampah yang berasal dari pemukiman umumnya sangat beragam,

Pyrolysis is one method to solve problem of plastic waste management to convert plastic waste into liquid fuel to reduce plastic waste. The purpose of this study is to produce liquid fuel from polypropylene plastic waste and also improving of the quality of the liquid fuel through the adsorption process and also characterization of bentonite and activated carbon as the adsorbent. The pyrolysis have done at 200-270 o C for 4-9 hours. The mixture of bentonite and activated carbon are used and activated with KOH and H3PO4. The ratio of the mixture bentonite and activated carbon were 40%:60%, 55%:45% and 85%:15% for KOH as activator and 25%:75% and 75%:25% for H3PO4. The pyrolysis results of 5 kg clear PP produced 310 mL of liquid fuel, while 6 kg color PP produce 320 ml of liquid fuel. The GC-MS analysis result that the carbon chain of the liquid fuel is in the range of C8-C12. The caloric value is 45,032 J/kg for liquid fuel from clear PP and 45,542 KJ/Kg for color PP. The adsorption results showed that an increase in liquid fuel calorific value. The highest increase was 4.45% i.e. liquid fuel from clear PP with variation of bentonite and activated carbon was 85%:15% activated with KOH. While the value of sulfur content is reduced, the highest reduction was 32.5% which is liquid fuel from clear PP with variation of bentonite and activated carbon was 70%:30% activated with H3PO4. The characterization of bentonite using XRD and SEM show that the compound is calcite (CaCO3) and some element such as carbon, calcium, rubidium, Iridium, thallium, and arsenic and the structure of activated carbon from palm shell is amorphous compounds SiO2.

Pyrolysis is one method to solve problem of plastic waste management to convert plastic waste into liquid fuel to reduce plastic waste. The purpose of this study is to produce liquid fuel from polypropylene plastic waste and also improving of the quality of the liquid fuel through the adsorption process and also characterization of bentonite and activated carbon as the adsorbent. The pyrolysis have done at 200-270 o C for 4-9 hours. The mixture of bentonite and activated carbon are used and activated with KOH and H3PO4. The ratio of the mixture bentonite and activated carbon were 40%:60%, 55%:45% and 85%:15% for KOH as activator and 25%:75% and 75%:25% for H3PO4. The pyrolysis results of 5 kg clear PP produced 310 mL of liquid fuel, while 6 kg color PP produce 320 ml of liquid fuel. The GC-MS analysis result that the carbon chain of the liquid fuel is in the range of C8-C12. The caloric value is 45,032 J/kg for liquid fuel from clear PP and 45,542 KJ/Kg for color PP. The adsorption results showed that an increase in liquid fuel calorific value. The highest increase was 4.45% i.e. liquid fuel from clear PP with variation of bentonite and activated carbon was 85%:15% activated with KOH. While the value of sulfur content is reduced, the highest reduction was 32.5% which is liquid fuel from clear PP with variation of bentonite and activated carbon was 70%:30% activated with H3PO4. The characterization of bentonite using XRD and SEM show that the compound is calcite (CaCO3) and some element such as carbon, calcium, rubidium, Iridium, thallium, and arsenic and the structure of activated carbon from palm shell is amorphous compounds SiO2.

Purpose-This work aims to study the treatment of adsorbant on the increasing liquid hydrocarbon quality produced by pyrolysis low density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic waste at low temperature. The hydrocarbon distribution, physicochemical properties and emission test were also studied due to its application in internal combustion engine. This research uses pure Calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) and pure activated carbon as adsorbant, LDPE type clear plastic samples with control variable that is solar gas station. Design/Methodology/Approach-LDPE plastic waste of 10 kg were vaporized in the thermal cracking batch reactor using LPG 12 kg as fuel at range temperature from 100 to 300°C and condensed into liquid hydrocarbon. Furthermore, this product was treated with the mixed CaCO 3 and activated carbon as adsorbants to decrease contaminant material. Findings-GC-MS identified the presence of carbon chain in the range of C6-C44 with 24.24% of hydrocarbon compounds in the liquid. They are similar to diesel (C6-C14). The 30% of liquid yields were found at operating temperature of 300°C. The calorific value of liquid was 46.021 MJ/Kg. This value was 5.07% higher than diesel as control. Originality/value-Hydrocarbon compounds in liquid produced by thermal cracking at a low temperature was similar to liquid from a catalytic process.

Pyrolysis is one method to solve problem of plastic waste management to convert plastic waste into liquid fuel to reduce plastic waste. The purpose of this study is to produce liquid fuel from polypropylene plastic waste and also improving of the quality of the liquid fuel through the adsorption process and also characterization of bentonite and activated carbon as the adsorbent. The pyrolysis have done at 200-270 o C for 4-9 hours. The mixture of bentonite and activated carbon are used and activated with KOH and H3PO4. The ratio of the mixture bentonite and activated carbon were 40%:60%, 55%:45% and 85%:15% for KOH as activator and 25%:75% and 75%:25% for H3PO4. The pyrolysis results of 5 kg clear PP produced 310 mL of liquid fuel, while 6 kg color PP produce 320 ml of liquid fuel. The GC-MS analysis result that the carbon chain of the liquid fuel is in the range of C8-C12. The caloric value is 45,032 J/kg for liquid fuel from clear PP and 45,542 KJ/Kg for color PP. The adsorption results showed that an increase in liquid fuel calorific value. The highest increase was 4.45% i.e. liquid fuel from clear PP with variation of bentonite and activated carbon was 85%:15% activated with KOH. While the value of sulfur content is reduced, the highest reduction was 32.5% which is liquid fuel from clear PP with variation of bentonite and activated carbon was 70%:30% activated with H3PO4. The characterization of bentonite using XRD and SEM show that the compound is calcite (CaCO3) and some element such as carbon, calcium, rubidium, Iridium, thallium, and arsenic and the structure of activated carbon from palm shell is amorphous compounds SiO2.

Biomass gasification of organic waste is a gas which can be utilized as a source of alternative energy. However, in the process, the resulting gas still found fairly high moisture content. So it takes liquidifikasi, water trap and adsorption technology to improve the quality of the gas. This research begins with the design of energy conversion tool as the process liquidifikasi, fluids water trap and adsorption technology. The quality of the resulting gas increases significantly and the resulting combustion gases are reduced. Keyword : the design of liquidifikasi, water trap and liquid adsorption technology ABSTRAK Hasil gasifikasi biomasa dari sampah organik adalah gas yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber energi alternatif. Namun, dalam prosesnya, gas yang dihasilkan masih ditemukan kandungan air yang cukup tinggi. Sehingga dibutuhkan liquidifikasi, water trap dan teknologi adsorpsi untuk meningkatkan kualitas gas.Penelitian ini dimulai dengan perancangan alat konversi energy sebgai proses liquidifikasi, penjebak cairan dan teknologi adsorpsi.Kualitas gas yang dihasilkan meningkat secara signifikan dan dihasilkan pembakaran gas yang tereduksi pengotornya.. Kata kunci: perancangan liquidifikasi, teknologi adsorpsi dan penjebak cairan 1. PENDAHULUAN Pertumbuhan penduduk menyebabkan pertambahan jumlah sampah. Semakin banyak jumlah penduduk dalam suatu kota, maka semakin kompleks pula kegiatan dan usahanya, sehingga akan semakin besar pula permasalahan sampah yang harus ditanggulangi [1]. Sumber sampah yang terbanyak dari pemukiman dan pasar tradisional. Sampah pasar seperti sayur mayur, buah-buahan, ikan, dan lain-lain, sebagian besar (95%) berupa sampah organik sehingga lebih mudah untuk ditangani dan bisa diurai oleh mikroba. Sedangkan sampah yang berasal dari pemukiman umumnya sangat beragam,

Purpose – This work aims to study the treatment of adsorbant on the increasing liquid hydrocarbon quality produced by pyrolysis low density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic waste at low temperature. The hydrocarbon distribution, physicochemical properties and emission test were also studied due to its application in internal combustion engine. This research uses pure Calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) and pure activated carbon as adsorbant, LDPE type clear plastic samples with control variable that is solar gas station. Design/Methodology/Approach – LDPE plastic waste of 10 kg were vaporized in the thermal cracking batch reactor using LPG 12 kg as fuel at range temperature from 100 to 300°C and condensed into liquid hydrocarbon. Furthermore, this product was treated with the mixed CaCO 3 and activated carbon as adsorbants to decrease contaminant material. Findings – GC-MS identified the presence of carbon chain in the range of C6–C44 with 24.24% of hydrocarbon compounds in the liquid. They are similar to diesel (C6–C14). The 30% of liquid yields were found at operating temperature of 300°C. The calorific value of liquid was 46.021 MJ/Kg. This value was 5.07% higher than diesel as control. Originality/value – Hydrocarbon compounds in liquid produced by thermal cracking at a low temperature was similar to liquid from a catalytic process.

—Pyrolysis is one method to solve problem of plastic waste management to convert plastic waste into liquid fuel to reduce plastic waste. The purpose of this study is to produce liquid fuel from polypropylene plastic waste and also improving of the quality of the liquid fuel through the adsorption process and also the characterization of bentonite and activated carbon as the adsorbent. The pyrolysis have done at 200-270 C for 4-9 hours. The mixture of bentonite and activated carbon are used and activated with KOH and H 3 PO 4. The ratio of the mixture bentonite and activated carbon were 40%:60%, 55%:45% and 85%:15% for KOH as activator and 25%:75% and 75%:25% for H3PO4. The pyrolysis results of 5 kg clear PP produced 310 mL of liquid fuel, while 6 kg. The GC-MS analysis results that the carbon chain in the liquid fuel is in the range of C8-C12. The caloric value is 45,032 J/kg. The adsorption results showed that an increase in liquid fuel calorific value. The highest increase was 4.45% i.e. liquid fuel from clear PP with variation of bentonite and activated carbon was 85%:15% activated with KOH. While the value of sulfur content is reduced, the highest reduction was 32.5% which is liquid fuel from clear PP with variation of bentonite and activated carbon was 70%:30% activated with H 3PO4. The characterization of bentonite using XRD and SEM show that the compound is calcite (CaCO 3) and some element such as carbon, calcium, rubidium, Iridium, thallium, and arsenic and the structure of activated carbon from palm shell is amorphous compounds as a SiO 2 .

Kata Kunci : Prestasi mesin dan Temperatur bahan bakar premium Tujuan yang ingin dicapai dalam penelitian ini yaitu untuk mendapatkan suatu jawaban dari rumusan masalah yang diajukan. Seberapa besar daya yang dihasilkan, konsumsi bahan bakar, efisiensi termal, efisiensi mekanis, dan efisiensi volumetrik yang dihasilkan setelah saluran bahan bakar dimodifikasi dengan menggunakan tube tembaga berukuran 1/16 inchi. Penelitian ini dilakukan berdasarkan konsep, prinsip, dan prosedur yang telah ditentukan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan dua kali penelitian, pengujian pertama dilakukan dengan pengujian mesin yang masih standar atau saluran bahan bakarnya masih standar. Pengujian kedua dilakukan dengan mesin yang sudah dimodifikasi saluran bahan bakarnya dengan tube tembaga. Data pertama dan data kedua dianalisa dengan menggunakan rumus-rumus yang sudah ada agar dapat ditarik kesimpulan seberapa besar perbedaan antara mesin yang standar dan mesin yang sudah dimodifikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mesin yang menggunakan tube tembaga lebih irit daripada mesin standar, dan sangat mempengaruAhi terhadap prestasi mesin sepeda motor tersebut. Berdaskan temuan penelitian ini, maka dapat dikemukakan saran: 1) Pemanasan bahan bakar premium sangat mempengaruhi terhadap daya mesin sepeda motor. 2) Memodifikasi saluran bahan bakar perlu melakukan beberapa kali percobaan untuk mengetahui jumlah lilitan yang sesuai dengan spesifikasi motor tersebut. A. PENDAHULUAN Perkembangan dunia otomotif yang semakin pesat ditandai dengan meningkatnya jumlah kendaraan bermotor, kendaraan tersebut menjadi sarana utama dalam bidang transportasi. Saat ini masyarakat kalangan ekonomi menengah kebawah lebih memilih sepeda motor sebagai alat transportasi, selain praktis juga terjangkau oleh ekonomi masyarakat. Hal ini ditandai dengan meningkatnya jumlah sepeda motor yang beredar dimasyarakat. Meningkatnya jumlah sepeda motor mengakibatkan banyaknya akan kebutuhan bahan bakar. Dalam hal ini Penulis mencoba untuk mengganti saluran masuk bahan bakar dengan tube tembaga berukuran 1/16 inchi dengan cara melilitkan terlebih dahulu ke saluran pembuangan sepeda motor sebelum masuk ke karburator. Upaya tersebut bertujuan untuk menyempurnakan kemampuan sepeda motor dan pemakaian bahan bakar yang lebih hemat. Sebuah motor bensin yang memiliki campuran bahan bakar yang tepat dapat melakukan proses pembakaran dalam ruang bakar dengan sempurna,

Abstract-The United Nations estimates that 1 billion people worldwide access to electricity, has a poor power quality. China has an installed capacity of hydroelectric power plants ranked first in the world. The United Nations estimates that 1 billion people poor quality of electricity. . From the above five countries are aggressively developing micro hydro as in the graph below show, from five countries such as Russia, USA, Canada, Brazil, China had an installed capacity of hydroelectric power plants ranked first in the world. In 2011, the national electrification ratio only amounted to 72.95% . A total of 27.05% in Indonesian territory has not reached by electricity with diverse obstacles, either because the remote location so that access is difficult. One attempt to do to resolve the electricity problem is to exploit the potential of existing energy sources around the residence society. One of the potential that may be used is the energy source of water. From a survey conducted in rural . showed that much of the energy sources of water around settlements with head and low discharge. Utilization of water sources with discharge as described above, ideally performed by using a system that uses a generator turbine type propeller. The turbine in addition to expensive and difficult to make than in the other turbines that can be used for low head like a cross flow. The difficulty of making a turbine propeller especially at home and turbine blade manufacture. In this research in the search effort for simplification of the turbine casing and turbine blades so easily made. Simplification of the turbine casing is done by making the turbine casing of iron pipes and simplification of turbine blades is done by making a turbine blade by removing an aerodynamic cross-section of the blade, so the blade can be made of steel plate without casting as treated on an aerodynamic cross-section.

Keywords : low head, blade, simplification,aerodinamic, non aerodinamic,

The United Nations estimates that 1 billion people worldwide access to electricity, has a poor power quality. China has an installed capacity of hydroelectric power plants ranked first in the world. The United Nations estimates that 1 billion people poor quality of electricity. . From the above five countries are aggressively developing micro hydro as in the graph below show, from five countries such as Russia, USA, Canada, Brazil, China had an installed capacity of hydroelectric power plants ranked first in the world. In 2011, the national electrification ratio only amounted to 72.95% . A total of 27.05% in Indonesian territory has not reached by electricity with diverse obstacles, either because the remote location so that access is difficult. One attempt to do to resolve the electricity problem is to exploit the potential of existing energy sources around the residence society. One of the potential that may be used is the energy source of water. From a survey conducted in rural . showed that much of the energy sources of water around settlements with head and low discharge. Utilization of water sources with discharge as described above, ideally performed by using a system that uses a generator turbine type propeller. The turbine in addition to expensive and difficult to make than in the other turbines that can be used for low head like a cross flow. The difficulty of making a turbine propeller especially at home and turbine blade manufacture. In this research in the search effort for simplification of the turbine casing and turbine blades so easily made. Simplification of the turbine casing is done by making the turbine casing of iron pipes and simplification of turbine blades is done by making a turbine blade by removing an aerodynamic cross-section of the blade, so the blade can be made of steel plate without casting as treated on an aerodynamic cross-section. Keywords : low head, blade, simplification,aerodinamic, non aerodinamic,

—Pyrolysis is one method to solve problem of plastic waste management to convert plastic waste into liquid fuel to reduce plastic waste. The purpose of this study is to produce liquid fuel from polypropylene plastic waste and also improving of the quality of the liquid fuel through the adsorption process and also the characterization of bentonite and activated carbon as the adsorbent. The pyrolysis have done at 200-270 C for 4-9 hours. The mixture of bentonite and activated carbon are used and activated with KOH and H 3 PO 4. The ratio of the mixture bentonite and activated carbon were 40%:60%, 55%:45% and 85%:15% for KOH as activator and 25%:75% and 75%:25% for H3PO4. The pyrolysis results of 5 kg clear PP produced 310 mL of liquid fuel, while 6 kg. The GC-MS analysis results that the carbon chain in the liquid fuel is in the range of C8-C12. The caloric value is 45,032 J/kg. The adsorption results showed that an increase in liquid fuel calorific value. The highest increase was 4.45% i.e. liquid fuel from clear PP with variation of bentonite and activated carbon was 85%:15% activated with KOH. While the value of sulfur content is reduced, the highest reduction was 32.5% which is liquid fuel from clear PP with variation of bentonite and activated carbon was 70%:30% activated with H 3PO4. The characterization of bentonite using XRD and SEM show that the compound is calcite (CaCO 3) and some element such as carbon, calcium, rubidium, Iridium, thallium, and arsenic and the structure of activated carbon from palm shell is amorphous compounds as a SiO 2 .