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The catalogue of archaeological features (Kakucs-Turján)
The catalogue of archaeological features (Kakucs-Turján)
Nicole Taylor
Robert Staniuk
Gabriella Kulcsar
Mateusz Jaeger2018, in: Jaeger M., Kulcsár G., Taylor N., Staniuk R. (eds.) Kakucs-Turján a Middle Bronze Age multi-layered fortified settlement in Central Hungary (SAO/SPEŚ series, Bonn)
Related Papers
Jaeger, M., Staniuk, R., Müller, J., Kulcsár, G., Taylor, N., 2018. History of the Bronze Age Habitation, in: Jaeger, M., Kulcsár, G., Taylor, N., Staniuk, R. (Eds.), Kakucs-Turján - a Middle Bronze Age multi-layered fortifed settlement in Central Hungary, Habelt, Bonn, pp. 97-118. The Kakucs-Turján archaeological site was investigated by a Polish-Hungarian-German research team of archaeologists and various specialists. This volume contains the rst, preliminary results of their work, giving the reader an insight into the complex history of the Bronze Age settlement and its economic activities as reeected in the multi-layered stratigraphy of the site. The currently analysed materials from Kakucs-Turján may help to indicate the basic parameters of the development and functioning of the Middle Bronze Age Vatya culture; on the one hand strongly based on local tradition, on the other contextualized within a wider network covering the Carpathian Basin.
2007 •
John Moore Heritage Services were engaged by the Chopping Partnership to carry out an archaeological watching brief at The Walled Garden, Middle Way, Summertown, Oxford during the construction of a new house. During machining, a Roman ground surface cut by a Roman boundary ditch and evidencing settlement activity, which was in use from the late Iron Age/early Roman period until the third century AD, was observed, planned, recorded and target-excavated. This settlement comprised several post-structures, gullies and pits, as well as ditches dating from AD 120-250. The final phase evidenced later Roman pottery in the final backfill of the boundary ditch.
An evaluation excavation on the site of a scheduled ancient monument at Church Farm, Northmoor, Oxfordshire, revealed multi-phase, well preserved and potentially complex archaeological deposits. Pottery dating from the Bronze Age through to the third century A.D was also recovered.
Land Off Lime Avenue, Oulton, SUFFOLK (Phase 1).
Land Off Lime Avenue, Oulton, Suffolk (Phase 1) ~ An Archaeological Excavation2016 •
Between February and April 2015 Archaeological Solutions Ltd (AS) conducted an archaeological excavation on land off Lime Avenue, Oulton, Suffolk. The excavation was commissioned by Persimmons Homes Ltd and was undertaken in advance of the proposed residential development of the site. The excavation was preceded by a geophysical survey and trial trench evaluation, also conducted by AS. As was suggested by the forerunning evaluation, the excavation revealed abundant evidence of activity dating to the late Bronze Age/ early Iron Age and early to middle Anglo-Saxon period. Evidence of Romano-British, middle to late Anglo-Saxon and Saxo-Norman/ medieval occupation/activity was also encountered. Other periods were more sparsely represented. Of particular significance were a late Bronze Age/ early Iron Age enclosure system, a Romano-British enclosure, hearths and a post-built structure, five Anglo-Saxon sunken-featured buildings and five burn flint pits, also of Anglo-Saxon date. A middle to late Anglo-Saxon enclosure, a post and beam slot structure and a Saxo-Norman/ medieval metal working area were also recorded. Notable small finds comprise eight late Anglo-Saxon/ Viking Age scale weights with embedded silver coins. Walker, J., Mustchin, A.R.R. and Thompson, P., 2016 An Archaeological Excavation on land Off Lime Avenue, Oulton, SUFFOLK (Phase 1). Research Archive Report, Archaeological Solutions Ltd Report No. 5069 (Bury St Edmunds).
in: Jaeger M., Kulcsár G., Taylor N., Staniuk R. (eds.) Kakucs-Turján a Middle Bronze Age multi-layered fortified settlement in Central Hungary (SAO/SPEŚ series, Bonn)
Open communities – enclosed spaces. Kakucs-Turján settlement in the context of local tradition and interregional relations2018 •
Kakucs-Turján
Mateusz Jaeger, Gabriella Kulcsár, Nicole Taylor,
Robert Staniuk (eds.)
Kakucs-Turján
a Middle Bronze Age multi-layered
fortified settlement in Central Hungary
Mateusz Jaeger, Gabriella Kulcsár,
Nicole Taylor, Robert Staniuk (eds.)
The Kakucs-Turján archaeological site was investigated by a Polish-Hungarian-German
research team of archaeologists and various specialists. This volume contains the first,
preliminary results of their work, giving the reader an insight into the complex history of the
Bronze Age settlement and its economic activities as reflected in the multi-layered
stratigraphy of the site.
The currently analysed materials from Kakucs-Turján may help to indicate the basic
parameters of the development and functioning of the Middle Bronze Age Vatya culture; on
the one hand strongly based on local tradition, on the other contextualized within a wider
network covering the Carpathian Basin.
In Kommission bei Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH
SAO
SPEŚ
18
Studien zur Archäologie in Ostmitteleuropa
Studia nad Pradziejami Europy Środkowej
18
Studien zur Archäologie in Ostmitteleuropa
Band / Tom 18
·
Studia nad Pradziejami Europy Środkowej
Kakucs-Turján
a Middle Bronze Age multi-layered
fortified settlement in Central Hungary
Mateusz Jaeger, Gabriella Kulcsár, Nicole Taylor,
Robert Staniuk (eds.)
In Kommission bei
Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn
2018
Studien zur Archäologie in Ostmitteleuropa
Studia nad Pradziejami Europy Środkowej
Band / Tom 18
Herausgegeben von / Redaktorzy
Johannes Müller, Kiel
Janusz Czebreszuk, Poznań
Sławomir Kadrow, Kraków
The publication was financed by
Distribution
Translation
Editor
DTP & technical editor
Cover design
ISBN
Printed by
National Science Center of Poland – project no. 2012/05/B/HS3/03714
Dr Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn
Szymon Nowak and Authors
Mateusz Jaeger
Justyna Nowaczyk
Ralf Opitz
978-3-7749-4149-6 (Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn)
Totem.com.pl
© Authors 2018
No part of the book may be, without the written permission of the authors: reproduced in any
form (print, copy, CD, DVD, the Internet or other means) as well as working through, reproduced or distributed
CONTENTS
Janusz Czebreszuk, Johannes Müller,
Preface from series’ editors .............................................................
7
Preface ..........................................................................................
9
Sławomir Kadrow
Mateusz Jaeger, Gabriella Kulcsár,
Nicole Taylor, Robert Staniuk
KAKUCS ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPEDITION – THE PROJECT
AND SCIENTIFIC AIMS
Mateusz Jaeger, Wiebke Kirleis,
Chapter 1. Kakucs Archaeological Expedition ................................. 13
Viktória Kiss, Gabriella Kulcsár,
Johannes Müller, Robert Staniuk,
Nicole Taylor,
SITE TOPOGRAPHY AND STRATIGRAPHY
Ákos Pető, Gábor Serlegi, Jakub
Niebieszczański, Marianna Molnár,
Chapter 2. Report on the geoarchaeological survey
of Kakucs-Turján site ....................................................................... 25
Mateusz Jaeger, Gabriella Kulcsár,
Nicole Taylor
Jakub Niebieszczański, Ákos Pető,
ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH-PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Chapter 3. Geoarchaeological and non-invasive investigations of
Gábor Serlegi, Iwona Hildebrandt-
the site and its surroundings ............................................................ 43
Radke, Joanna Galas, György Sipos,
Dávid Gergely Páll, Alexandru Onaca,
Waldemar Spychalski, Mateusz Jaeger,
Gabriella Kulcsár, Nicole Taylor,
Gábor Márkus
Gabriella Kovács
Mateusz Jaeger
Chapter 4. Thin section soil micromorphological results ................. 73
Chapter 5. Excavations in Kakucs-Turján 2013-2016. Methodology,
documentation and excavation techniques ...................................... 93
Mateusz Jaeger, Robert Staniuk,
Johannes Müller, Gabriella Kulcsár,
Nicole Taylor
Chapter 6. History of Bronze Age Habitation ................................... 97
Chapter 7. Finds ...............................................................................119
Erika Gál
7.1. Preliminary results concerning the Middle Bronze Age (Vatya
culture) bone tools from Kakucs-Turján, Central Hungary ....................119
Robert Staniuk
7.2 Preliminary results of pottery analysis from Kakucs-Turján .........137
Anna Zsófia Biller
SPECIAL ANALYSIS
Chapter 8. Archaeozoological results of the pits from Kakucs-Turján ....159
Sofia Filatova, Chris Gissel,
Dragana Filipović, Wiebke Kirleis
Mateusz Jaeger
Chapter 9. The plant economy at the Bronze Age site
of Kakucs-Turján: first archaeobotanical results ...............................175
KAKUCS-TURJÁN – BETWEEN LOCAL TRADITION
AND INTERREGIONAL CONTACTS
Chapter 10. Open communities – enclosed spaces. Kakucs-Turján
settlement in the context of local tradition and interregional relations .....191
Mateusz Jaeger, Robert Staniuk,
The catalogue of archaeological features .......................................213
Gabriella Kulcsár, Nicole Taylor
Appendix 1 .................................................................................... CD
Appendix 2 ....................................................................................241
Preface from series’ editors
The following volume addresses the topic
which is intensively covered in the ‘Studien
zur Archäologie in Ostmitteleuropa/Studia
nad Pradziejami Europy Środkowej’ series – Bronze Age settlement archaeology,
especially the subject of fortified settlements.
The subject of fortified settlements and
the various aspects related to their formation and functioning during European
Bronze Age was covered in conference proceedings (volumes 5 and 9), a monograph
(volume 17), as well as extensive reports
on specific sites (the Únětice settlement
in Bruszczewo; volumes 2, 6 (1 and 2),
13 and 14).
The following volume summarizes the
first stage of Polish-Hungarian-German
interdisciplinary research of the KakucsTurján settlement located in Central Hun-
gary. Although the settlement was mostly
related to Middle Bronze Age Vatya culture, it provided evidence of older, i.e.
Early Bronze Age habitation. Excavations
provided evidence of a complex stratigraphy related to centuries of habitation.
Apart from stratigraphic information the
site provided rich amount of archaeological material representing different types of
material culture.
The presented volume summarizes the
preliminary results of the archaeological
and specialist analyses of the excavated archaeological material. It is the opinion of
series’ editors that it provides valuable input in studies of the dynamics of the communities inhabiting one of the key regions
of the European Bronze Age – the middle
Danube basin.
Janusz Czebreszuk • Johannes Müller • Sławomir Kadrow
Preface
Multi-layered and fortified settlements are
one of the most characteristic features of
the Middle Bronze Age in the Carpathian
Basin, especially the area of present-day
Hungary. The extensive size of such settlements is often a logistical and financial
challenges for modern archaeology. Despite the organizational challenges, studying such settlements provides invaluable
information regarding the development of
local Bronze Age communities.
One way of overcoming challenges related to studying multi-layered fortified
settlements is by forming extensive scientific co-operations. The presented volume
results from the collaboration of many
people. The Polish-Hungarian-Germany
scientific project aiming at studying the
settlement in Kakucs-Turján was a collaboration of researchers from the Adam
Mickiewicz University in Poznań, the
Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Budapest and the University of Kiel. The research undertaken between 2013 and 2017
involved both field work and data-processing, which extended beyond the work
of archaeologists and included specialists
from other fields, students, sometimes
simply friends from various institutions
in Poland, Hungary and Germany.
Participation of such a large group of
people coming from different personal
backgrounds and representing different
scientific practices and the exchange of
experiences and knowledge is one of the
main successes of the project. We would
like to express our gratitude for all the
work and help we received from everyone
involved personally or simply supporting us throughout this journey. Special
thanks go to the official representatives of
the region – István Szalay – the mayor of
Kakucs between 2013 and 2014; and Mária
Toma Kendéné – the mayor of Kakucs
since 2014. It is impossible not to mention
the relentless organizational and technical support from István Greman and
Pál Kulcsár, whom we would like to say
thank you.
The scientific potential of the KakucsTurján settlement exceeds our current
state of knowledge. We hope to continue
our scientific project and work on other
documented finds. The results of such
works will be published in the upcoming
volumes of Studien zur Archäologie in
Ostmitteleuropa/Studia nad Pradziejami
Europy Środkowej series.
Mateusz Jaeger • Gabriella Kulcsár • Nicole Taylor • Robert Staniuk
The catalogue of archaeological features
Mateusz Jaeger, Robert Staniuk, Gabriella Kulcsár, Nicole Taylor
The catalogue of features contains stratigraphic evidence of the excavated area of
the Kakucs-Turján settlement. The layout
follows the distinguished settlement phases
and emphasises the trenches where particular features were recorded. Prefixes in-
dicate where particular features were originally observed and are as follows:
KEX13-15
KEX13-16
KEX16
=
=
=
trench 1
trench 2
trench 3 (baulk)
Feature catalogue
Modern:
Feature KEX14-16: 20001
Phase: modern
Feature description: plough marks
Stratigraphy: above KEX14-16: 20002,
40001; conjoined with KEX13-15: 30004
material interpreted as shallow pit related
to the youngest Middle Bronze Age activity on the site.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 30004;
KEX14-16: 20002; above KEX13-15: 40009A
Feature KEX13-15: 30004
Phase: modern
Feature description: plough marks
Stratigraphy: above KEX14-16: 40005,
40006, 40010, 40011, 40019, 90059; conjoined with KEX14-16: 20001
Feature KEX13-15: 40006
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: first spit of the general fill outside of the house area
Grey-brownish layer of mixed sand and
clay, with small ceramic, bones and daub
pieces. It covered eastern part of T1 and
had no regular shape.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 30004;
KEX14-16: 20002; above KEX13-15:
40009A
Feature KEX14-16: 20002
Phase: modern
Feature description: humus
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 20001;
above KEX13-15: 40005, 40006, 40010,
40012, 40019, 50030, , 10078; KEX14-16:
30001, 30003, 30004A, 30005A, 30007
Kakucs 11:
Feature KEX13-15: 40005
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: shallow pit
Light brown sand clay content, with small
ceramic and daub pieces. Patch of darker
Feature KEX13-15: 40010
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: patch of mixed sand
and clay
Light brown-grey patch of mixed sand
and clay with clearly visible concentration
of tiny spots of yellow unburnt clay and
small pieces of ceramic and daub.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 30004;
KEX14-16: 20002; above KEX13-15: 40009A
The catalogue of archaeological features
213
Feature KEX13-15: 40012
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: clay patch
Relatively small patch of yellowish spots of
clay mixed with brown humus
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 20002;
above KEX13-15: 50031
Feature KEX13-15: 40019
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: debris/concentration
of burnt clay and daub pieces
The uppermost concentration of burnt
clay and daub pieces mixed with grey sand
and clay.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 30004;
KEX14-16: 20002; above KEX13-15:
40009A
Feature KEX13-15: 50030
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: hearth
Thick concentration of big, flat pieces of
grey burnt clay creating a kind of ovalshaped surface.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 20002;
above KEX13-15: 40011; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 50031
Feature KEX13-15: 50031
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: clay patch
Relatively small patch of beige and white
clayey soil located right next to feature
KEX13-15: 50030 (hearth)
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 40012;
above KEX13-15: 40011; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 50030
Feature KEX13-15: 90059
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: Koszider period pit
The feature registered just on the level of
Planum 8, however visible in upper levels
on the S profile of trench 1. According to
the profile a pit cutting the whole stratigraphy related to MBA building activities. On the Planum 8 visible as dark grey
mixed clay and sand with relatively big
amount of small pieces of ceramic, daub
and charcoals.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 30004;
above KEX13-15: 40009A; contemporary
with KEX14-16: 30004, 30005
214
Feature KEX13-15: 10078
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: pit filling
Compact layer of dark brown and black
very fine grained material (silt?) with a few
charcoals and small pieces of daub inside.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 20002;
above KEX13-15: 13160
Feature KEX13-15: 12127
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: plastering
Feature description: fine grained and very
compact clay layer (in form of „stripe”)
which probably could have served as
a kind of plastering of wall of pit KEX1315: 10078/KEX13-15: 13160
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 10078;
above KEX13-15: 13160
Feature KEX13-15: 13160
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: Koszider period pit
Fine-grained, greyish soil with big admixture of charcoals and some small sherds
inside; tiny pieces of daub and two very
small patches of light yellow clay.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-16: 10078;
above KEX13-15: 40009A; contemporary
with KEX3-15: 12127
Feature KEX14-16: 30001
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: hearth
Very compacted, orange to grey clay layer
in a small (ca. 50x30cm) amorphous patch.
Seems to be pure clay without inclusions.
Probably the same as the clay patch in Sq.
99. In squares 91 and 100 there were larger,
disordered clay pieces in feature KEX14-16:
20002, which could not be clearly recognized as a feature/structure. By finer cleaning, there appears to be a possible post-hole
or other disturbance in this clay layer. When
sectioned, it was only ca. 1cm thick daub lying directly upon KEX14-16: 30006A.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 20002;
above KEX14-16: 30006A
Feature KEX14-16: 30003
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: debris and shallow pits
Mid yellowish-brown sandy clay, with humus content. Inclusions are daub and ce-
Mateusz Jaeger, Robert Staniuk, Gabriella Kulcsár, Nicole Taylor
ramic fragments. The three patches seen
in PL. 3 appear to form a roughly semicircular structure, possibly related to the
house from T1. In squares. 57 and 66, Feature 30003 is cut by Feature 30002. Dries
very quickly compared to 30006A, and in
a dry state appears to be almost white in
colour.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 20002;
above KEX14-16: 30006A; contemporary
with KEX14-16: 40001
Feature KEX14-16: 30004
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: pit cut
Bee-hive pit cut out during final habitation
phase, which cuts through the entire stratigraphy of trench II. Base of pit ca. 48cm
wide (E-W) and ca. 49cm long (NW-SE).
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 110009;
above KEX14-16: 30006A; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90059; KEX14-16: 30005
Feature KEX14-16: 30004A
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: pit filling
Light brown clayey-sand layer containing
a few larger stones (up to 10cm long), and
daub inclusions. Gets larger by PL.4, where
it also appears to become 2 related features: KEX14-16: 30004A to NW, KEX1416: 30004B to SE. KEX14-16: 30004B
seems to be more clay-rich than A. Both
parts seem to contain fewer finds than
KEX14-16: 30006A. In Layer 5 it seems
that the difference between A and B has
disappeared – continues as KEX14-16:
30004, although with a concentration
of stones and ceramic along its SE side.
Very similar in consistency and colour to
KEX14-16: 30005A.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 20002;
above KEX14-16: 30006E1
Feature KEX14-16: 30006E1
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: pit filling
Dark brown clayey sand with small daub
inclusions.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30004A;
above KEX14-16: 70007
Feature KEX14-16: 70007
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: pit filling
In squares 77 and 78 small patches of
white, compact unburnt clay mixed with
material typical for general fill.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006E1;
above KEX14-16: 70006
Feature KEX14-16: 70006
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: pit filling
Few patches of different size in squares 77
and 85. Material typical for the surrounding layers and KEX13-15: 90060. Distinguished because of bigger admixture of
unburned white/yellow clay and tiny pieces of daub.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 70007;
above KEX14-16: 70003
Feature KEX14-16: 70003
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: pit filling
Irregular patch of material typical for the
general fill; without clearly visible borders,
distinguished because of bigger amount of
tiny charcoals and tiny pieces of daub.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 70006;
above KEX14-16: 30006F2
Feature KEX14-16: 30006F2
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: pit filling
Dark brown clayey sand with small daub
inclusions.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 70003;
above KEX14-16: 80006
Feature KEX14-16: 80006
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: pit filling
Mixed brownish and grey soil and bigger amount of charcoals and tiny pieces
of daub. On the edges of the feature more
compact and bigger pieces of unburnt yellowish clay are visible.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F2;
above KEX14-16: 90020A
Feature KEX14-16: 90020A
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: pit filling
Very light yellowish-grey silty fine sand,
forming an undulating, very compact
structure - perhaps part of a washed-out
The catalogue of archaeological features
215
wall debris? Similar to KEX14-16: 80005
(PL. 9), but with a less granulated structure.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 80006;
above KEX14-16: 90021
Feature KEX14-16: 90021
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: pit filling
Very light grey, almost yellowish-white
patch of very compact, clay-rich daub debris. Almost triangular in shape. Within
KEX14-16: 90019, on the border with
KEX14-16: 80001 to the south.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 90020A;
above KEX14-16: 90019A
Feature KEX14-16: 90019A
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: pit filling
Brownish humus mixed with fine grained
greyish material, lot of tiny white/light
grey spots with tiny pieces of daub and
charcoal. Rich in archaeological finds
(pottery) Bigger concentration of stones
up to 20cm diameter.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 90021;
above KEX14-16: 110008
Feature KEX14-16: 110008
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: pit filling
Irregular, mixed, comprising of both compact and loose material. Partially filled
with burnt clay.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 90019A;
above KEX14-16: 110009
Feature KEX14-16: 110009
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: pit filling
Filling irregular, mixed, comprising of
both compact and loose material. Partially
filled with burnt clay.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 110008;
above KEX14-16: 30004
Feature KEX14-16: 30005
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: pit cut
A deep pit cut out during final habitation
phase, which cuts through the entire stratigraphy of trench 2.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 100008;
above KEX14-16: 30006A; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90059; KEX14-16: 30004
216
Feature KEX14-16: 30005A
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: pit filling
Light brown clayey sand with daub inclusions. Very similar to KEX14-16: 30004A
in colour and consistency. Cut by Feature
KEX14-16: 20001 in square 82. Continues into PL. 4, where it appears to become
a little larger and better defined.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 20002;
above KEX14-16: 30006F1
Feature KEX14-16: 30006F1
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: pit filling
Dark brown clayey sand with small daub
inclusions.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30005A;
above KEX14-16: 90005
Feature KEX14-16: 90005
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: pit filling
Compact brownish material with big admixture of (tiny spots) clay (unburnt); clay
is yellowish/light orange.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F1;
above KEX14-16: 90006
Feature KEX14-16: 90006
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: pit filling
Very loose layer of mixed material comprising of tiny pieces of clay (burnt?) and
charcoal
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 90005;
above KEX14-16: 100008
Feature KEX14-16: 100008
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: pit filling
Extremely mixed filling: compact clayish
(burnt clay?) wall debris (S part), mixed soil
material and ashes in remaining parts. Colours are heterogeneous, with nearly every
part different. Texture/consistency ranges
from wet, thick filling (dark brown) to
loose ashy soil. Shape irregular. Some vessel sherds are visible on the surface. Clearly
defined borders of the feature make it distinguishable from the surroundings. Contained a concentration of large stones and
daub (including one piece with an impression). Depth ca. 30cm
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 90006; above
KEX14-16: 30005
Mateusz Jaeger, Robert Staniuk, Gabriella Kulcsár, Nicole Taylor
Feature KEX14-16: 40001
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: hearth
Very compacted orange to grey clay layer
– seems to be the same as Feature 30001.
Apparently pure clay without any inclusions. Likely to be a hearth. Sectioned during removal of Layer V; underneath a thin
layer (ca. 1cm) of flat daub pieces is an orange to brown clayey sand layer.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 20001;
above KEX14-16: 30006A; contemporary
with KEX14-16: 30003
Feature KEX14-16: 30007
Phase: Kakucs 11
Feature description: clay patches
Several smaller patches of whitish-yellow
clay intermixed with humus. Very small
daub flecks as inclusions, as well as ceramic sherds. Some small similar patches were
found inside Feature KEX14-16: 30006A.
Stretches into spit III.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 20002;
above KEX14-16: 30006B
Kakucs 10:
Feature KEX13-15: 40008
Phase: Kakucs 10
Feature description: concentration of unburnt clay
Small light grey patch of unburnt clay with
small ceramic and daub pieces.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 40009A;
above KEX14-16: 30006B
Feature KEX13-15: 40009A
Phase: Kakucs 10
Feature description: first spit of the general fill in trench 1
Layer of compact brownish sand with
dominating admixture of light grey clay,
with small pieces of ceramic, daub and
charcoals. Interpreted as the first level of
general fill of T1, covering its part inside
of the possible house remains.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 40005,
40006, 40010, 40019, 90059, 13160; above
KEX13-15: 40008; conjoined with KEX1416: 30006A
Feature KEX13-15: 40009B
Phase: Kakucs 10
Feature description: second spit of the
general fill in trench 1
Layer of compact brownish sand with
dominating admixture of light grey clay,
with small pieces of ceramic, daub and
charcoals. Interpreted as the first level of
general fill of T1, covering its part inside
of the possible house remains.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 50025;
above KEX14-16: 30006D
Feature KEX13-15: 70044
Phase: Kakucs 10
Feature description: posthole
Round posthole filled with greyish soil
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 50024; above
KEX13-15: 80054
Feature KEX14-16: 30006A
Phase: Kakucs 10
Feature description: first spit of the general fill
Dark brown clayey sand with small daub
inclusions. Covers most of the trench, filling in around and cut by the other features. Contains many finds, such as stones
(up to ca. 25cm long), ceramic sherds (decorated and plain), bones (up to ca. 20cm
long), and larger daub fragments.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30001,
30003, 30004, 30005, 40001; above KEX1416: 30006B; conjoined with KEX13-15:
40009A
Feature KEX14-16: 30006B
Phase: Kakucs 10
Feature description: second spit of the
general fill
Dark brown clayey sand with small daub
inclusions. Covers most of the trench, filling in around and cut by the other features. Contains many finds, such as stones
(up to ca. 25cm long), ceramic sherds (decorated and plain), bones (up to ca. 20cm
long), and larger daub fragments.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 40008;
KEX14-16: 30006A, 30007; above KEX1315: 50024, 10089; KEX14-16: 40003, 40004,
40006, 50001, 50013, 60007, 60011
Feature KEX14-16: 30006C
Phase: Kakucs 10
Feature description: third spit of the general fill
The catalogue of archaeological features
217
Dark brown clayey sand with small daub
inclusions. Covers most of the trench, filling in around and cut by the other features. Contains many finds, such as stones
(up to ca. 25cm long), ceramic sherds (decorated and plain), bones (up to ca. 20cm
long), and larger daub fragments.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 50001,
50013; above KEX14-16: 40002, 60003,
60006, 60010, 60016A; KEX16: 70001;
contemporary with KEX14-16: 50012
Feature KEX14-16: 30006D
Phase: Kakucs 10
Feature description: fourth spit of the general fill
Dark brown clayey sand with small daub
inclusions. Covers most of the trench, filling in around and cut by the other features. Contains many finds, such as stones
(up to ca. 25cm long), ceramic sherds (decorated and plain), bones (up to ca. 20cm
long), and larger daub fragments.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 40009B,
10080; KEX14-16: 40002, 60006, 60010,
60016A, 70001; above KEX14-16: 40005,
60002, 60013, 70004, 70013, 80001, 100013;
contemporary with KEX14-16: 50005,
60015
Feature KEX14-16: 40002
Phase: Kakucs 10
Feature description: accumulated, washed
down debris sediments
Compact to loose (friable) brownishorange daub patches, reaching from Sq.
64 southwards. Patches are separated by
Feature KEX14-16: 30006C. Most likely
debris from the house, possibly connected
with the Trench 1 features on the other
side of the central profile.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006C;
above KEX14-16: 30006D, 70002, 70012
Feature KEX14-16: 50005
Phase: Kakucs 10
Feature description: debris
Small patch of fine-grained sand with clearly visible admixture of clay; dark brown colour, almost black caused by burnt material
and big amount of charcoals. Similar to
general fill of the trench but distinguished
because of the charcoals. In PL 6 became
smaller and restricted to Squares 86, 87.
218
Stratigraphy: contemporary with: KEX1416: 30006D, 60015
Feature KEX14-16: 50012
Phase: Kakucs 10
Feature description: debris
Mid-brown clayey-sand with yellow and orange flecks of clay of medium compactness.
Stratigraphy: contemporary with KEX1416: 30006C
Feature KEX14-16: 60002
Phase: Kakucs 9
Feature description: debris
Mid to dark brown fine sand with many
daub inclusions (up to 10cm long) and fine
charcoal flecks. Divided into 3 patches. On
the SW side of the patch in SQ. 71 there is
a larger piece of charcoal (ca. 8cm long)
which looks like the possible remains of
a burnt plank, oriented NW-SE.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006D;
above KEX14-16: 60001
Feature KEX14-16: 60006
Phase: Kakucs 10
Feature description: debris
Dark orangey-brown brown loamy sand
with medium clay content. Very compact.
Also similar to KEX14-16: 40003 (in its PL.
4 form). A few more patches of this compact, dark yellowish-brownish clay layer
appeared in PL. 7 – square 78. In PL. 8 it
appeared in squares 94 and 101 as well, as
three smaller patches and one larger one.
These four patches have slightly clearer
clay patches up to 4cm in diameter.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006C;
above KEX14-16: 30006D
Feature KEX14-16: 60010
Phase: Kakucs 10
Feature description: debris belonging to
a floor-wall transition deposited on the
general fill (post-collapse disturbance?)
Mottled yellow-brown-orange mixed clay
daub patch with higher area in Square 79
is much looser and crumbly, possibly due
to differential drying.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006C;
above KEX14-16: 30006D
Feature KEX14-16: 60015
Phase: Kakucs 10
Mateusz Jaeger, Robert Staniuk, Gabriella Kulcsár, Nicole Taylor
Feature description: general fill
Small yellow-orange-light brown patches
of clay and daub, some contain more clay
and others contain more daub. Each patch
is slightly different, but the six of them are
probably related to the same events.
Stratigraphy: contemporary with KEX1416: 30006D, 50005
Feature KEX14-16: 60016A
Phase: Kakucs 10
Feature description: seed deposit
A small, quite compact layer of sandy
charcoal with many burnt seeds inside.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006C;
above KEX14-16: 30006D
Feature KEX16: 70001
Phase: Kakucs 10
Feature description: posthole
Two half round features visible on the
planum of the baulk – cut by S profile of
trench no.1, but not recognized before.
Material is granulated and loose in opposition to surrounding layer of general
fill. Both features are rather shallow (up to
15cm). Colour of both features the same as
in core of general fill – distinguished because of different consistency
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006C;
above KEX14-16: 30006D
Kakucs 9:
Feature KEX13-15: 50024
Phase: Kakucs 9
Feature description: wall debris
Two concentrations of grey-orange burnt
clay or badly preserved daub, not related
to uppermost concentration of daub concentration (KEX13-15: 40019), with small
bones and ceramic pieces.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006B;
above KEX13-15: 40009B, 70038, 70044,
70046, 80047, 80048, 80053A, 80057, 80058,
90061, 10080, 11119; KEX14-16: 80002;
contemporary with: KEX13-15: 10089
Feature KEX13-15: 80053A
Phase: Kakucs 9
Feature description: debris
Layer of light yellowish and grey loose soil;
the layer should be interpreted as a result
of deposition of mixed soil and washed
clay from debris of the younger house
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 50024;
above KEX13-15: 80053B
Feature KEX13-15: 80053B
Phase: Kakucs 9
Feature description: wall remains
Lowest level of wall remains of the younger MBA Vatya house, preserved in form of
washed and compact clay of light yellow
and whitish colour
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 80053A;
above KEX13-15: 10085, 12121
Feature KEX13-15: 10080
Phase: Kakucs 9
Feature description: wall debris
Small patch of almost oval shape; consisted of very fine grained reddish and
light brown clayey material with a few tiny
charcoals inside
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 50024;
above KEX14-16: 30006D
Feature KEX13-15: 10089
Phase: Kakucs 9
Feature description: wall fragment
Relatively small layer of smoothed, well
burnt clay, stuck between two layers of
debris (KEX13-15: 50024 and 80055); it
seems to be a part of the best preserved
wall fragment (it didn’t turn into a „real”
debris; uncovered just at the border between two squares (39 and 40); colour
greyish and orange
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006B;
above KEX13-15: 80055; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 50024
Feature KEX14-16: 40003
Phase: Kakucs 9
Feature description: debris
Very compact whitish-yellow clay/daub layer. Possibly daub debris or outwash layer (redeposited clay/minerals?). In PL.5, another
couple of small patches appeared near the
NW profile in squares 59 – 61 and a larger,
elongated area appeared, reaching from the
SE profile to the NW (squares 87, 95, 103).
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006B;
above KEX14-16: 50015
Feature KEX14-16: 40004
Phase: Kakucs 9
Feature description: debris
The catalogue of archaeological features
219
Compact dark orangey-brown loamy sand
with medium clay content and daub inclusions. The 2 small roundish patches appear
to line up with the house walls in trench 1
(on the NW side).
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006B;
above KEX14-16: 50015
Feature KEX14-16: 40006
Phase: Kakucs 9
Feature description: first spit of general fill
(outside of possible remains of the house)
Grey-brownish layer of mixed sand and
clay, with small ceramic, bones and daub
pieces. It covered eastern part of T1 and
had no regular shape.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006B;
above KEX14-16: 50015
Feature KEX14-16: 50001
Phase: Kakucs 9
Feature description: destroyed fragment
of a wall
Light yellowish-orange, compact but friable well-preserved daub pieces, ranging
from large flat plates to smaller flat fragments. The pieces of daub have a NW-SE
orientation. Found under the patch of
KEX14-16: 40003 closest to the profile.
Probably the remains of a wall. Most of the
daub pieces show grass/hay impressions.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006B;
above KEX14-16: 30006C; contemporary
with KEX14-16: 60011
Feature KEX14-16: 50013
Phase: Kakucs 9
Feature description: collapsed part of
a wall with a preserved shelf structure
Light yellowish-orange, compact but friable well-preserved daub pieces, ranging
from large flat plates to smaller flat fragments. The pieces of daub have a NW-SE
orientation. Found under the patch of
KEX14-16: 40003 closest to the profile.
Probably the remains of a wall. Most of the
daub pieces show grass/hay impressions.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006B;
above KEX14-16: 30006C
Feature KEX14-16: 60007
Phase: Kakucs 9
Feature description: collapsed wall
Compact light grey daub pieces forming
a surface. Remains of a wall.
220
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006B;
above KEX14-16: 50015
Feature KEX14-16: 60011
Phase: Kakucs 9
Feature description: general fill with collapsed pieces of washed down elements
Dark brown sandy clay with daub debris
and charcoal inclusions. Closely connected to KEX14-16: 40003.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006B;
above KEX14-16: 60014; contemporary
with KEX14-16: 50001
Kakucs 8:
Feature KEX13-15: 40011
Phase: Kakucs 8
Feature description: path
Layer interpreted as a path/space between
two buildings; quite big layer of dark
brown and fine grained material (humuslike) mixed with small admixture of clay;
inside small concentration of badly preserved daub is visible (40013); some sherds,
daub pieces and bones inside
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 30004,
50030; above KEX13-15: 90060; contemporary with KEX14-16: 40005, 50003,
50015, 60003, 60014, 80002
Feature KEX13-15: 70038
Phase: Kakucs 8
Feature description: hearth
Greyish and orange smoothed clay.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 50024;
above KEX13-15: 90060, 10090; contemporary with KEX13-15: 70046, 80048, 80054,
80057, 80058, 90061, 10093; KEX14-16:
60013, 70002, 70012, 70013; conjoined with
KEX13-15: 80047
Feature KEX13-15: 70046
Phase: Kakucs 8
Feature description: hearth
Almost round structure of very well preserved hearth (around 110 cm in diameter). Created of thick layer (around 1015 cm) of strongly burnt orange clay and
clayey sand with smoothed surface. In the
neighbouring square 22 a lot of pieces of
daub were registered. Those pieces are interpreted as wall debris. The hearth seems
to be located partly outside of the wall,
probably in N-E corner of the house.
Mateusz Jaeger, Robert Staniuk, Gabriella Kulcsár, Nicole Taylor
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 50024;
above KEX13-15: 90060, 10091, 10092;
contemporary with KEX13-15: 70038,
80048, 80054, 80057, 80058, 90061, 10093;
KEX14-16: 60013, 70002, 70012, 70013
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 50024;
above KEX13-15: 90060; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 70038, 70046, 80048,
80054, 80058, 90061, 10093; KEX14-16:
60013, 70002, 70012, 70013
Feature KEX13-15: 80047
Phase: Kakucs 8
Feature description: hearth
Two clay structures located in squares 38
and 45 of more or less oval shape; both
consisted of smoothed thick layers of very
well burnt clay (grey coloured); both features interpreted as a hearth
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 50024;
above KEX13-15: 90060, 10090; conjoined
with: KEX13-15: 70038
Feature KEX13-15: 80058
Phase: Kakucs 8
Feature description: wall remains (series
of burnt stakes)
Concentration of small patches of charcoals. Their arrangement roughly corresponded to reconstructed location of the
wall remains.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 50024;
above KEX13-15: 90060; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 70038, 70046, 80048,
80054, 80057, 90061, 10093; KEX14-16:
60013, 70002, 70012, 70013
Feature KEX13-15: 80048
Phase: Kakucs 8
Feature description: wall remains
Light yellowish fine grained sand and clay,
with some small charcoals. Feature registered in different parts of trench 1 and
interpreted as wall remains. Along shorter
(northern) wall of the house the feature
was visible in form of two parallel lines,
probably being a remain of specific type of
the wall made of some wooden structure
covered with clay on both sides.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 50024;
above KEX13-15: 80055, 90060; contemporary with KEX13-15: 70038, 70046,
80054, 80057, 80058, 90061, 10093;
KEX14-16: 60013, 70002, 70012, 70013
Feature KEX13-15: 90061
Phase: Kakucs 8
Feature description: round structure made
of daub pieces
Three thick and curvy pieces of daub, creating round structure without full bottom.
Without clear function - possible posthole
setting?
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 50024;
above KEX13-16: 90060; contemporary
with: KEX13-15: 70038, 70046, 80048,
80054, 80057, 80058, 10093; KEX14-16:
60013, 70002, 70012, 70013
Feature KEX13-15: 80054
Phase: Kakucs 8
Feature description: floor
Orange and light yellowish layer of burnt
clay preserved in form of a very small
lumps. The feature was registered in few
squares, but mostly in squares 51 and 52.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 70044;
above KEX13-15: 11120; contemporary
with: KEX13-15: 70038, 70046, 80048,
80057, 80058, 90061, 10093; KEX14-16:
60013, 70002, 70012, 70013 conjoined
with KEX14-16: 60014, 80003
Feature KEX13-15: 10093
Phase: Kakucs 8
Feature description: refuse
Irregular layer of fine grained grey and
brownish soil located on one side of an
oven (KEX13-15: 70046); some charcoals
and ashes were registered. The feature was
cut by posthole KEX13-15: 10096 (ca. 15
cm in diameter and ca. 10 deep) and the
posthole had specific clay framing
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 50024;
above KEX13-15: 90060; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 70038, 70046, 80048,
80054, 80057, 80058, 90061; KEX14-16:
60013, 70002, 70012, 70013
Feature KEX13-15: 80057
Phase: Kakucs 8
Feature description: hearth remains
Patches and small concentrations of daub
located close to the hearth.
Feature KEX14-16: 40005
Phase: Kakucs 8
Feature description: wall remains
Compact mid brownish-yellow loamy
sand with clay content and daub inclu-
The catalogue of archaeological features
221
sions. The 2 elongated patches seem to
be on the same alignment as KEX14-16:
40002 and 40003.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006D;
above KEX13-15: 90060; contemporary
with KEX14-16: 50003, 50015, 60003,
60014, 80002, 100013
Feature KEX14-16: 50015
Phase: Kakucs 8
Feature description: grain-rich layer
Mid-brown sandy clay layer (very finegrained) with yellow clay flecks and orange daub fragments, filled throughout
with small carbonised plant macrofossils
(ca. 2-3mm diameter; lentils, peas or weed
seeds?). Seemingly within this thin, grainrich layer lies a patch of compact, flat daub
– possibly wall or floor remains.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 40003,
40004, 40006, 60007; above KEX14-16:
30006F; contemporary with KEX14-16:
40005, 50003, 60003, 60014, 80002, 100013
Feature KEX14-16: 60001
Phase: Kakucs 8
Feature description: floor
Grey fine-grained clayey-sand, mot t le d
with yellow and orange flecks. Higher areas were crumbly and granular, like the
deposit with which it aligns in Trench
1. Inclusions are ceramic fragments and
pieces of daub.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 60002;
above KEX13-15: 90060
Feature KEX14-16: 60003
Phase: Kakucs 8
Feature description: debris
Dark orangey-brown daub concentration
with debris mixed with sandy clay. In NW
lots of ceramic fragments and to the NE
there are lots of larger animal bones. Probably the remains of a destroyed wall.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006C;
above KEX14-16: 90060; contemporary
with KEX14-16: 40005, 50003, 50015,
60014, 80002, 100013
Feature KEX14-16: 60013
Phase: Kakucs 8
Feature description: wall remains
Dark orangey-brown daub concentration
with debris mixed with sandy clay. In NW
222
lots of ceramic fragments and to the NE
there are lots of larger animal bones. Probably the remains of a destroyed wall.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006D;
above KEX14-16: 30006F; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 70038, 70046, 80048,
80054, 80057, 80058, 90061, 10093;
KEX14-16: 70002, 70012, 70013
Feature KEX14-16: 60014
Phase: Kakucs 8
Feature description: floor
Medium yellow clay layer with main concentration in squares 93 and 102. One
patch lies within feature KEX14-16: 60013
and four other patches lie in a line along
the NE-side of KEX14-16: 60013. One
more patch lies to the NW. Another patch
lies up to the NE-profile.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 60011,
70004; above KEX14-16: 90002; contemporary with KEX14-16: 40005, 50003,
50015, 60003, 80002, 100013; conjoined
with KEX13-16: 80054; KEX14-16: 80003
Feature KEX14-16: 70002
Phase: Kakucs 8
Feature description: wall fragments
Strongly burnt clay of white colour. Very
compact. The material looks different than
daub/debris without any visible traces of
grass and mixture., which is typical for
daub on the site.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 40002;
above KEX13-15: 90060; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 70038, 70046, 80048,
80054, 80057, 80058, 90061, 10093;
KEX14-16: 60013, 70012, 70013
Feature KEX14-16: 70004
Phase: Kakucs 8
Feature description: wall
Debris in frames of KEX14-16: 60014
filled with burnt clay (in form of ‘powder’),
probably coming from upper level (debris,
60013). Contains no finds at all. Remains of
the wall connected with KEX14-16: 60014
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006D;
above KEX14-16: 60014
Feature KEX14-16: 70012
Phase: Kakucs 8
Feature description: debris
Lump of very compact pure clay
Mateusz Jaeger, Robert Staniuk, Gabriella Kulcsár, Nicole Taylor
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 40002;
above KEX13-15: 90060; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 70038, 70046, 80048,
80054, 80057, 80058, 90061, 10093;
KEX14-16: 60013, 70002, 70013
Feature KEX14-16: 70013
Phase: Kakucs 8
Feature description: burnt sediment and
possibly iron ore
Curious dark loose sediment centred
around a very compact black to red-orange object. Possibly burnt natural iron
ore.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006D;
above KEX13-15: 90060; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 70038, 70046, 80048,
80054, 80057, 80058, 90061, 10093;
KEX14-16: 60013, 70002, 70012
Feature KEX14-16: 80002
Phase: Kakucs 8
Feature description: floor
Two patches located in neighbouring
squares; consist of greyish granulated material mixed with light yellowish (+ beige)
small patches of different material (probably clay washed from debris located in
upper level). Tiny charcoals inside.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 50024;
above KEX13-15: 90060; contemporary
with KEX14-16: 40005, 50003, 50015,
60003, 60014, 100013
Feature KEX14-16: 80003
Phase: Kakucs 8
Feature description: floor
Very fine-grained clay material just in
parts where it’s mixed with material from
general fill and some yellow material
which is more loose. In general, on the
whole surface very tiny patches of darker
humus are visible. Tiny charcoals inside.
Stratigraphy: conjoined with KEX13-15:
80054; KEX14-16: 60014
Feature KEX14-16: 100013
Phase: Kakucs 8
Feature description: pit
Round, regular pit visible in the profile.
Seems to have been cut into the layers
above it (clear in the SE trench profile) and
into the natural humus (100001). Excavated in Layer X. “Neck”-like elongation ap-
pears to have been very thin and not part
of the main, roughly semi-circular pit.
Depth ca. 32cm. Compact mottled clayey
sand fill. First noticed due to retention of
water during excavation of Layer 9. Shape
is almost round, but with a kind of “neck”like elongation to the NW
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006D;
above KEX13-15: 90060; contemporary
with KEX14-16: 40005, 50003, 50015,
60003, 60014, 80002
Feature KEX16: 80001
Phase: Kakucs 8
Feature description: posthole
Possible posthole of approx. 25cm diameter. Medium brown, loose material clearly
discernible from the surrounding.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006D;
above KEX14-16: 80002; contemporary
with KEX16: 80002
Feature KEX16: 80002
Phase: Kakucs 8
Feature description: posthole
Possible posthole, partly destroyed by animal hole. Loose medium brown material
similar to general fill.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006D;
above KEX14-16: 80002; contemporary
with KEX16: 80001
Kakucs 7:
Feature KEX13-15: 80055
Phase: Kakucs 7
Feature description: wall remains
Dark orange-brownish layer of concentrations of badly preserved daub. Another
stage of preservation of the wall remains.
Probably the lowest level of the wall remains.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 80048,
10089; above KEX13-15: 11107, 11115
Feature KEX13-15: 90060
Phase: Kakucs 7
Feature description: fifth spit of the general fill
Dark brown clayey sand with small daub
inclusions. Covers most of the trench, filling in around and cut by the other features. Contains many finds, such as stones
(up to ca. 25cm long), ceramic sherds (dec-
The catalogue of archaeological features
223
orated and plain), bones (up to ca. 20cm
long), and larger daub fragments.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 40011,
70038, 70046, 80047, 80048, 80057, 80058,
90061, 11107; 11120; KEX14-16: 40005,
60001, 60003, 70002, 700012, 70013, 80001,
80002, 100013; above KEX14-16: 70001,
80005, 80007, 90002, 90003, 100014, 100019,
100031; KEX16: 90001, 90002, 90003
Feature KEX13-15: 10085
Phase: Kakucs 7
Feature description: filling
Layer of mixed material of general
fill KEX13-15: 90060 and KEX13-15:
80053(B); dark brown medium grained
humus-like soil mixed with tiny pieces of
daub and dots of burnt and unburnt clay
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 80053B;
above: KEX14-16: 100001
Feature KEX13-15: 10090
Phase: Kakucs 7
Feature description: hearth base
Red and orange burnt clayey sand with
burnt grain visible on the surface and
some pottery sherds; the feature interpreted as a base of the KEX13-15: 80047.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 70038,
80047; above KEX14-16: 30006F; contemporary with KEX13-15: 10091, 10092,
11115, 11120
Feature KEX13-15: 10091
Phase: Kakucs 7
Feature description: hearth base
Yellow clay, very hard and compact, probably being a base of the hearth KEX13-15:
70046
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 70046;
above KEX14-16: 30006F; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 10090, 10092, 11115, 11120
Feature KEX13-15: 10092
Phase: Kakucs 7
Feature description: shallow pit
Brown and partly red burnt clay mixed
with brown soil; it contained ash, burnt
pieces of daub and a big amount of partly
burnt sherds. The feature, together with
KEX13-15: 10091, is interpreted as a base
of the hearth KEX13-15: 70046.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 70046;
above KEX14-16: 30006F; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 10090, 10091, 1115, 11120
224
Feature KEX13-15: 11107
Phase: Kakucs 7
Feature description: pottery concentration
Concentration of pottery under KEX1315: 80055
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 80055;
above KEX13-15: 90060
Feature KEX13-15: 11115
Phase: Kakucs 7
Feature description: the lowest level of
wall remains
Dark brown, very compact and partly burnt
clay under the feature KEX13-15: 80055.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 80055;
above KEX13-16: 12137; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 10090, 10091, 10092,
11120
Feature KEX13-15: 11120
Phase: Kakucs 7
Feature description: clay patch possibly
connected with the earliest part of debris
Compact and grey clay patch under the
debris of the house’s wall. It may be interpreter as lower part of the wall’s debris
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 80054;
above KEX13-15: 90060; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 10090, 10091, 10092, 11115
Feature KEX14-16: 30006F
Phase: Kakucs 7
Feature description: sixth spit of the general fill
Dark brown clayey sand with small daub
inclusions. Covers most of the trench, filling in around and cut by the other features. Contains many finds, such as stones
(up to ca. 25cm long), ceramic sherds (decorated and plain), bones (up to ca. 20cm
long), and larger daub fragments.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 10090,
10091, 10092; KEX14-16: 50015, 60013,
70001, 80005, 80007, 90002; KEX16:
90001, 90002, 90003; above KEX13-15:
90063, 11104, 11109, 11110, 11111, 11112,
11116, 12124, 12125, 12132, 12134, 12136,
12138, 12143, 12146, 12147; KEX14-16:
90001, 90004, 90011, 90012, 90013, 90017,
100009, 100010, 100011, 100012, 100018,
100020, 100023, 100024, 100027, 100028,
100031A, 100033, 100035, 100036, 110007;
KEX16: 100001, 110002; conjoined with
KEX14-16: 90003
Mateusz Jaeger, Robert Staniuk, Gabriella Kulcsár, Nicole Taylor
Feature KEX14-16: 70001
Phase: Kakucs 7
Feature description: debris remains accumulated on the existing general fill
Irregular feature – patch of compact material, fine grained material typical for the
general fill mixed with yellowish inclusions of unburnt clay. Probably the larger is
a remain of wall´s debris found in different
stage of preservation than KEX14-16: 60013
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 90060;
above KEX14-16: 30006F
Feature KEX14-16: 80005
Phase: Kakucs 7
Feature description: debris
Linear feature made up of slightly granulated, compact daub-related deposit, with
some areas containing very compact,
flat-sided daub plates. Possibly damaged
remains of wall or floor plaster. Oriented
perpendicular to the length of house.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 90060;
above KEX14-16: 30006F
Feature KEX14-16: 80007
Phase: Kakucs 7
Feature description: debris
Very light grey sand patches with tiny
white/yellow clay flecks and small charcoal inclusions, and tiny daub pieces. In
square 101, contained quite a lot of animal
bones for such a small part of the feature.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 90060;
above KEX14-16: 30006F
Feature KEX14-16: 90002
Phase: Kakucs 7
Feature description: posthole
Semi-circular posthole cut in half by
baulk, previously unrecognised
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 90060; above
KEX14-16: 60014; above KEX14-16: 30006F
Feature KEX14-16: 90003
Phase: Kakucs 7
Feature description: ash concentration
Small patch of clearly visible concentration of ash, light greyish clay and charcoal
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 90060;
above KEX14-16: 100002; conjoined with
KEX13-16: 30006F
Feature KEX16: 90001
Phase: Kakucs 7
Feature description: posthole
Consists of loose material of the same colour as surroundings
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 90060;
above KEX14-16: 30006F
Feature KEX16: 90002
Phase: Kakucs 7
Feature description: posthole
Semi-circular posthole cut in half by
baulk, previously unrecognised
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 90060;
above KEX14-16: 30006F
Feature KEX16: 90003
Phase: Kakucs 7
Feature description: ash concentration
Small patch of clearly visible concentration of ash, light greyish clay and charcoal
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 90060;
above KEX14-16: 30006F
Kakucs 6:
Feature KEX13-15: 12137
Phase: Kakucs 6
Feature description: pit
Pit cutting KEX13-15: 12121, previously
(on Planum 10) incorrectly identified as
11115; filled with dark brown mixed clay
and sand, containing pieces of daub, some
ashes and big amount of charcoals.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 11115; above
KEX13-15: 11106, 12121, 12122, 12123; contemporary with KEX14-16: 90004, 100023
Feature KEX14-16: 90004
Phase: Kakucs 6
Feature description: pit
Refuse pit, rounded, cutting through destroyed house structure, ca. 95cm diameter, ca. 97cm deep; filling consists of material not very different from the outside/
neighbouring KEX13-16: 30006F, however, it contains big amount of bones, sherds,
much more charcoals, burnt bones and
large pieces of debris belonging to a floor.
Few bigger (up to 3cm) charcoals inside.
No tiny spots of yellowish unburnt clay inside. Additional animal bones were found
just above the natural soil.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 90014; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 12137; KEX14-16: 100023
The catalogue of archaeological features
225
Feature KEX14-16: 90012
Phase: Kakucs 6
Feature description: pit
Part of a round pit at the NE corner of the
trench in square 104. Excavated in Layer
X and is ca. 60cm deep; filling comprising
of ashy grey sand and finds.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 90010
Feature KEX14-16: 90013
Phase: Kakucs 6
Feature description: pit
Round pit in squares 70 and 71 with plastered walls, ca. 80cm in diameters, ca.
37cm deep; completely loose filling, containing big admixture of gravel, tiny pieces
of clay (also burnt clay) and charcoal; two
big (up to 10cm) pieces of yellow unburnt
clay inside. On the surface tiny spots of
yellowish material are visible.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 90008
Feature KEX14-16: 100018
Phase: Kakucs 6
Feature description: pit
Round pit, ca. 34cm in diameter with
a very loose filling comprising of a big
amount of gravel and tiny pieces of daub,
beneath which an unfired clay construction was found. The construction comprises with a flat, rounded base upon which
a bowl-like container was modelled.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 90008; contemporary
with KEX14-16: 100020
Feature KEX14-16: 100020
Phase: Kakucs 6
Feature description: posthole
Possible posthole, however it has irregular shape. Distinguished because of its
lighter colour and loose consistency (very
fine grained). Ca. 46cm deep (excavated in
Layer XI)
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 90008; contemporary
with 100018
Feature KEX14-16: 100024
Phase: Kakucs 6
Feature description: pit
Late pit connected with the second house
destruction phase, filling comprises of
226
light greyish-brown mixed sand and humus fill, which has tiny charcoal, daub
and clay inclusions that create the granulated texture.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 90007, 90020
Feature KEX14-16: 100027
Phase: Kakucs 6
Feature description: pit
Rectangular shape with rounded corners,
partly covered by the SE profile. Width
approx. 126 cm; compact filling of loamy
sand, small pieces of charcoal and tiny
pieces of clay yellow and orange clay; homogeneous.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100001
Feature KEX14-16: 100023
Phase: Kakucs 6
Feature description: pit
An oval pit clearly visible on the background of neighbouring layers. It consists
of light brownish, very loose material with
some small pieces of burnt clay inside. It is
very loose in opposition to surrounding
layer. Excavated in Layer 10 - ca. 23cm deep.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100038; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 12137; KEX14-16: 90004
Feature KEX14-16: 100038
Phase: Kakucs 6
Feature description: pit filling
Oval pit, ca. 72cm deep, filled with light
brownish, very loose material with some
small pieces of burnt clay inside. It is very
loose in opposition to surrounding layer; ca.
23cm thick; dark brownish, very loose material with small pieces of burnt clay inside, ca.
9cm thick and Concentration of bones was
found inside the pit, in its last level, probably
cattle remains. Beneath the filling is a thick
layer of natural clay occurrence.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 100023;
above KEX 14-16: 90024
Kakucs 5:
Feature KEX13-15: 90063
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: shallow stakehole
Stakehole of a small diameter, probably
being remains of some light wooden con-
Mateusz Jaeger, Robert Staniuk, Gabriella Kulcsár, Nicole Taylor
struction (possibly a fence?) not related to
the house remains.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90064, 90065, 90066,
90067, 90068, 90069, 90070, 90071, 90072,
90073, 90074, 90075, 90076, 11104, 11106,
11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116, 11119,
12121, 12125, 12136, 12138; KEX14-16:
90001, 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010,
100011, 100012, 100014, 100019, 100028,
100031A, 100033, 100035, 100036, 110007;
KEX16: 100001, 110002
Feature KEX13-15: 90064
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: shallow stakehole
Stakehole of a small diameter, probably
being remains of some light wooden construction (possibly a fence?) not related to
the house remains.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90063, 90065, 90066,
90067, 90068, 90069, 90070, 90071, 90072,
90073, 90074, 90075, 90076, 11104, 11106,
11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116, 11119,
12121, 12125, 12136, 12138; KEX14-16:
90001, 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010,
100011, 100012, 100014, 100019, 100031A,
100033, 100035, 100036, 110007; KEX16:
100001, 110002
Feature KEX13-15: 90065
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: shallow stakehole
Stakehole of a small diameter, probably
being remains of some light wooden construction (possibly a fence?) not related to
the house remains.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90066,
90067, 90068, 90069, 90070, 90071, 90072,
90073, 90074, 90075, 90076, 11104, 11106,
11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116, 11119,
12121, 12125, 12136, 12138; KEX14-16:
90001, 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010,
100011, 100012, 100014, 100019, 100028,
100031A, 100033, 100035, 100036, 110007;
KEX16: 100001, 110002
Feature KEX13-15: 90066
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: shallow stakehole
Stakehole of a small diameter, probably
being remains of some light wooden construction (possibly a fence?) not related to
the house remains.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90065,
90067, 90068, 90069, 90070, 90071, 90072,
90073, 90074, 90075, 90076, 11104, 11106,
11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116, 11119,
12121, 12125, 12136, 12138; KEX14-16:
90001, 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010,
100011, 100012, 100014, 100019, 100028,
100031A, 100033, 100035, 100036, 110007;
KEX16: 100001, 110002
Feature KEX13-15: 90067
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: shallow stakehole
Stakehole of a small diameter, probably
being remains of some light wooden construction (possibly a fence?) not related to
the house remains.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90065,
90066, 90068, 90069, 90070, 90071,
90072, 90073, 90074, 90075, 90076, 11104,
11106, 11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116,
11119, 12121, 12125, 12136, 12138; KEX1416: 90001, 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010,
100011, 100012, 100014, 100019, 100028,
100031A, 100033, 100035, 100036, 110007;
KEX16: 100001, 110002
Feature KEX13-15: 90068
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: shallow stakehole
Stakehole of a small diameter, probably
being remains of some light wooden construction (possibly a fence?) not related to
the house remains.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90065,
90066, 90067, 90069, 90070, 90071, 90072,
90073, 90074, 90075, 90076, 11104, 11106,
11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116, 11119,
12121, 12125, 12136, 12138; KEX14-16:
90001, 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010,
100011, 100012, 100014, 100019, 100028,
100031A, 100033, 100035, 100036, 110007;
KEX16: 100001, 110002
The catalogue of archaeological features
227
Feature KEX13-15: 90069
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: shallow stakehole
Stakehole of a small diameter, probably
being remains of some light wooden construction (possibly a fence?) not related to
the house remains.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90066,
90066, 90067, 90068, 90070, 90071, 90072,
90073, 90074, 90075, 90076, 11104, 11106,
11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116, 11119,
12121, 12125, 12136, 12138; KEX14-16:
90001, 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010,
100011, 100012, 100014, 100019, 100028,
100031A, 100033, 100035, 100036, 110007;
KEX16: 100001, 110002
Feature KEX13-15: 90070
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: shallow stakehole
Stakehole of a small diameter, probably
being remains of some light wooden construction (possibly a fence?) not related to
the house remains.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90065,
90067, 90068, 90069, 90071, 90072, 90073,
90074, 90075, 90076, 11104, 11106, 11109,
11110, 11111, 11112, 11116, 11119, 12121,
12125, 12136, 12138; KEX14-16: 90001,
90008, 90011, 90017, 100010, 100011,
100012, 100014, 100019, 100028, 100031A,
100033, 100035, 100036, 110007; KEX16:
100001, 110002
Feature KEX13-15: 90071
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: shallow stakehole
Stakehole of a small diameter, probably
being remains of some light wooden construction (possibly a fence?) not related to
the house remains.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90065,
90066, 90067, 90068, 90069, 90070,
90072, 90073, 90074, 90075, 90076, 11104,
11106, 11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116,
11119, 12121, 12125, 12136, 12138; KEX1416: 90001, 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010,
100011, 100012, 100014, 100019, 100028,
228
100031A, 100033, 100035, 100036, 110007;
KEX16: 100001, 110002
Feature KEX13-15: 90072
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: shallow stakehole
Stakehole of a small diameter, probably
being remains of some light wooden construction (possibly a fence?) not related to
the house remains.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90065,
90066, 90067, 90068, 90069, 90070, 90071,
90073, 90074, 90075, 90076, 11104, 11106,
11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116, 11119,
12121, 12125, 12136, 12138; KEX14-16:
90001, 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010,
100011, 100012, 100014, 100019, 100028,
100031A, 100033, 100035, 100036, 110007;
KEX16: 100001, 110002
Feature KEX13-15: 90073
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: shallow stakehole
Stakehole of a small diameter, probably
being remains of some light wooden construction (possibly a fence?) not related to
the house remains.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90065,
90066, 90067, 90068, 90069, 90070, 90071,
90072, 90074, 90075, 90076, 11104, 11106,
11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116, 11119,
12121, 12125, 12136, 12138; KEX14-16:
90001, 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010,
100011, 100012, 100014, 100019, 100028,
100031A, 100033, 100035, 100036, 110007;
KEX16: 100001, 110002
Feature KEX13-15: 90074
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: shallow stakehole
Stakehole of a small diameter, probably
being remains of some light wooden construction (possibly a fence?) not related to
the house remains.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90065,
90066, 90067, 90068, 90069, 90070, 90071,
90072, 90073, 90075, 90076, 11104, 11106,
11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116, 11119,
Mateusz Jaeger, Robert Staniuk, Gabriella Kulcsár, Nicole Taylor
12121, 12125, 12136, 12138; KEX14-16:
90001, 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010,
100011, 100012, 100014, 100019, 100028,
100031A, 100033, 100035, 100036, 110007;
KEX16: 100001, 110002
Feature KEX13-15: 90075
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: shallow stokehole
Stakehole of a small diameter, probably
being remains of some light wooden construction (possibly a fence?) not related to
the house remains.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90065,
90066, 90067, 90068, 90069, 90070, 90071,
90072, 90073, 90074, 90076, 11104, 11106,
11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116, 11119,
12121, 12125, 12136, 12138; KEX14-16:
90001, 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010,
100011, 100012, 100014, 100019, 100028,
100031A, 100033, 100035, 100036, 110007;
KEX16: 100001, 110002
Feature KEX13-15: 90076
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: shallow stakehole
Stakehole of a small diameter, probably
being remains of some light wooden construction (possibly a fence?) not related to
the house remains.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90065,
90066, 90067, 90068, 90069, 90070, 90071,
90072, 90073, 90074, 90075, 11104, 11106,
11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116, 11119,
12121, 12125, 12136, 12138; KEX14-16:
90001, 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010,
100011, 100012, 100014, 100019, 100028,
100031A, 100033, 100035, 100036, 110007;
KEX16: 100001, 110002
Feature KEX13-15: 11104
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: the highest level of
floor remains
Very light yellow and white clay under
the wall remains KEX13-15: 80055. Some
postholes were cutting the feature.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with: contemporary with KEX13-15:
90063, 90064, 90065, 90066, 90067, 90068,
90069, 90070, 90071, 90072, 90073, 90074,
90075, 90076, 11106, 11109, 11110, 11111,
11112, 11116, 11119, 12121, 12125, 12136,
12138; KEX14-16: 90001, 90008, 90011,
90017, 100010, 100011, 100012, 100014,
100019, 100028, 100031A, 100033, 100035,
100036, 110007; KEX16: 100001, 110002
Feature KEX13-15: 11106
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: the highest level of
floor remains
Light yellow and compact clay layer interpreted as the first visible level of KEX1315: 12122 and KEX13-15: 12123.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with: contemporary with KEX13-15:
90063, 90064, 90065, 90066, 90067, 90068,
90069, 90070, 90071, 90072, 90073, 90074,
90075, 90076, 11104, 11109, 11110, 11111,
11112, 11116, 11119, 12121, 12125, 12136,
12138; KEX14-16: 90001, 90008, 90011,
90017, 100010, 100011, 100012, 100014,
100019, 100028, 100031A, 100033, 100035,
100036, 110007; KEX16: 100001, 110002
Feature KEX13-15: 11109
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: posthole
Posthole of a small size, ca. 10cm in diameter, filled with grey humus, regular circular shape
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with: contemporary with KEX13-15:
90063, 90064, 90065, 90066, 90067, 90068,
90069, 90070, 90071, 90072, 90073, 90074,
90075, 90076, 11104, 11106, 11110, 11111,
11112, 11116, 11119, 12121, 12125, 12136,
12138; KEX14-16: 90001, 90008, 90011,
90017, 100010, 100011, 100012, 100014,
100019, 100028, 100031A, 100033, 100035,
100036, 110007; KEX16: 100001, 110002
Feature KEX13-15: 11110
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: posthole
Posthole of an irregular oval shape and
measuring ca. 20cm in diameter, filled
with grey humus
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with: contemporary with KEX13-15:
The catalogue of archaeological features
229
90063, 90064, 90065, 90066, 90067, 90068,
90069, 90070, 90071, 90072, 90073, 90074,
90075, 90076, 11104, 11106, 11109, 11111,
11112, 11116, 11119, 12121, 12125, 12136,
12138; KEX14-16: 90001, 90008, 90011,
90017, 100010, 100011, 100012, 100014,
100019, 100028, 100031A, 100033, 100035,
100036, 110007; KEX16: 100001, 110002
Feature KEX13-15: 11111
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description posthole
Posthole of an irregular shape and measuring 15cm in diameter
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with: contemporary with KEX13-15:
90063, 90064, 90065, 90066, 90067, 90068,
90069, 90070, 90071, 90072, 90073, 90074,
90075, 90076, 11104, 11106, 11109, 11110,
11112, 11116, 11119, 12121, 12125, 12136,
12138; KEX14-16: 90001, 90008, 90011,
90017, 100010, 100011, 100012, 100014,
100019, 100028, 100031A, 100033, 100035,
100036, 110007; KEX16: 100001, 110002
Feature KEX13-15: 11112
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: posthole
Posthole of a regular, circular shape and
diameter measuring ca. 30cm, filled with
grey humus and yellowish clay from
KEX13-15: 11104.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with: contemporary with KEX13-15:
90063, 90064, 90065, 90066, 90067, 90068,
90069, 90070, 90071, 90072, 90073, 90074,
90075, 90076, 11104, 11106, 11109, 11110,
11111, 11116, 11119, 12121, 12125, 12136,
12138; KEX14-16: 90001, 90008, 90017,
90011, 100010, 100011, 100012, 100014,
100019, 100028, 100031A, 100033, 100035,
100036, 110007; KEX16: 100001, 110002
Feature KEX13-15: 11116
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: posthole
Posthole of a near circular shape, filled
with grey humus.
Stratigraphy: Stratigraphy: below KEX1416: 30006F; above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary with: KEX13-15: 90063, 90064,
90065, 90066, 90067, 90068, 90069, 90070,
230
90071, 90072, 90073, 90074, 90075, 90076,
11104, 11106, 11109, 11110, 11111, 11112,
11119, 12121, 12125, 12136, 12138; KEX1416: 90001, 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010,
100011, 100012, 100014, 100019, 100028,
100031A, 100033, 100035, 100036, 110007;
KEX16: 100001, 110002
Feature KEX13-15: 11119
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: clay layer covering
the pit
Ring-like feature around 11118; it’s a strip
of almost white small grained (silt-like)
material; the feature is very compact and
contains just a few tiny charcoals and tiny
pieces of daub.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 50024;
above KEX13-15: 13158; contemporary
with: 90063, 90064, 90065, 90066, 90067,
90068, 90069, 90070, 90071, 90072, 90073,
90074, 90075, 90076, 11104, 11106, 11109,
11110, 11111, 11112, 11116, 12121, 12125,
12136, 12138; KEX14-16: 90001, 90008,
90011, 90017, 100010, 100011, 100012,
100014, 100019, 100028, 100031A, 100033,
100035, 100036, 110007; KEX16: 100001,
110002
Feature KEX13-15: 12121
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: floor remains
Yellowish-white unburnt clay layer covering bigger part of trench 1 identified
as level of the floor of the house. In some
parts (in the central part of the trench 1,
inside of the house remains) the feature
was burnt and for that reason treated as
separate features (KEX13-15: 12122 and
12123 – see below).
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 80053B,
12132, 12137, 12143, 12146, 12147; above:
KEX13-15: 13153, 13156, 13159, 13161,
13164, 14164, 14166; contemporary with
KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90065, 90066,
90067, 90068, 90069, 90070, 90071, 90072,
90073, 90074, 90075, 90076, 11104, 11106,
11109, 11110, 1111, 11112, 11116, 11119,
12125, 12136 12138; KEX14-16: 90001,
90008, 90011, 90017, 100010, 100011,
100012, 100014, 100019, 100028, 100031A,
100033, 100035, 100036, 110007; KEX16:
100001, 110002; conjoined with KEX1315: 12122, 12123; KEX14-16: 90007
Mateusz Jaeger, Robert Staniuk, Gabriella Kulcsár, Nicole Taylor
Feature KEX13-15: 12122
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: hearth
Strongly burnt part of the floor (12121)
with smoothed surface; orange colour
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 12124,
12137, 12143, 12146, 12147; above KEX1315: 13153, 13156, 13159, 13161, 13164,
14166; conjoined with KEX13-15: 90007,
12121, 12123
Feature KEX13-15: 12123
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: burnt fragment of the
floor
Burnt orange clay (partly smoothed) preserved just in square 38 of trench 1.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 12124,
12132, 12137, 12143, 12146, 12147; above
KEX13-15: 13153, 13156, 13159, 13161,
13164, 14166; conjoined with KEX13-15:
90007, 12121, 12122
Feature KEX13-15: 12124
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: posthole
Round posthole of ca 25 cm in diameter,
cutting KEX13-15: 12121; filled with greybrown sandy soil.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX13-15: 11106, 12122, 12123
Feature KEX13-15: 12125
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: posthole
Almost rectangular (with rounded corners)
posthole of ca 25 cm in diameter, cutting
KEX13-15: 80053; filled with grey-brown
sandy soil.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90065,
90066, 90067, 90068, 90069, 90070, 90071,
90072, 90073, 90074, 90075, 90076, 11104,
11106, 11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116,
11119, 12121, 12136, 12138; KEX14-16:
90001, 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010,
100011, 100012, 100014, 100019, 100028,
100031A, 100033, 100035, 100036, 110007;
KEX16: 100001, 110002
Feature KEX13-15: 12132
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: posthole
Round posthole of ca 25 cm in diameter,
filled with grey-brown sandy soil
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX13-15: 11106, 12121, 12123
Feature KEX13-15: 12134
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: special object made
of daub-like material
Specific object which had form of a bowl
of ca 30 cm in diameter, with thick walls
made of well burnt, daub-like material,
filled with broken pieces of possibly a kind
of a thick plate (made of the same material)
with numerous perforations of ca 0.5 cm.
Probably some kind of installation used
for food processing as numerous burnt
grains were found inside and around the
object. The object was the most possibly
located outside of the house.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX13-15: 100001; contemporary
with KEX14-16: 90007, 90014
Feature KEX13-15: 12136
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: pit under the clay object KEX13-15: 12134
The pit of perfectly round shape, filled
with ashes, small burnt bones, grain and
charcoals, with some sherds inside. Fill
of the pit was very compact, much more
compact than the surrounding ancient
humus. The pit was connected and located
dug out partly in the place were older and
deeper pit KEX13-15: 14168 was found.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX13-15: 14168; contemporary
with: KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90065,
90066, 90067, 90068, 90069, 90070, 90071,
90072, 90073, 90074, 90075, 90076, 11104,
11106, 11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116,
11119, 12121, 12125, 12138; KEX14-16:
90001, 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010,
100011, 100012, 100014, 100019, 100028,
100031A, 100033, 100035, 100036, 110007;
KEX16: 100001, 110002
Feature KEX13-15: 12138
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: cultural layer
Few patches of very light yellowish-grey
compact, mixed clay and sand similar in
terms of the sediment’s content to KEX13-
The catalogue of archaeological features
231
15: 12121. It can be interpreted as a part of
material washed out of the floor remains
KEX13-15: 12121 and 11104.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 30006F
above KEX13-15: 14165, 14166; contemporary with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064,
90065, 90066, 90067, 90068, 90069, 90070,
90071, 90072, 90073, 90074, 90075, 90076,
11104, 11106, 11109, 11110, 11111, 11112,
11116, 11119, 12121, 12125, 12136; KEX1416: 90001, 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010,
100011, 100012, 100014, 100019, 100028,
100031A, 100033, 100035, 100036, 110007;
KEX16: 100001, 110002
Feature KEX13-15: 12143
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: posthole
Round posthole, ca. 15 cm in diameter,
cutting KEX13-15: 12121 and ancient humus, filled with grey-brown sandy soil.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX13-15: 11106, 12121, 12122,
12123
Feature KEX13-15: 12146
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: posthole
Round posthole, of ca 20 cm in diameter,
cutting KEX13-15: 12121, filled with greybrown sandy soil.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 30006F;
above KEX13-15: 11106, 12121, 12122,
12123
Feature KEX13-15: 12147
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: posthole
Round posthole, of ca 20 cm in diameter,
cutting KEX13-15: 12121, filled with greybrown sandy soil.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 30006F;
above KEX13-15: 11106, 12121, 12122,
12123, 12149
Feature KEX13-15: 12149
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: posthole
Round posthole, of ca. 20 cm in diameter,
cutting KEX13-15: 12121, filled with grey
brown sandy soil and plant seeds.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX13-15:12121; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 12147.
232
Feature KEX13-15: 13164
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: posthole
Round posthole of ca. 15 cm in diameter
cutting the pit KEX13-15: 13154, filled
with brownish soil.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 11106,
12121, 12122, 12123; above KEX13-15:
13154A
Feature KEX14-16: 70016
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: remains of a floor
layer
Patch of mid greyish orangey-yellow clayrich general fill. Very clear feature against
the general fill, clearly more yellow with
fewer inclusions. Ca.7cm thick.
Stratigraphy: conjoined with KEX14-16:
90001
Feature KEX14-16: 90001
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: floor
Patch of light greyish-yellow clay-rich general fill. Given a number first in Sq. 58, to
enable recording of finds that came out
of it by accident. It was only realised later
that it is the continuation of 70016 (visible
in the profile in Sq. 81). Since 70016 was
first described, the feature has become
more defined in structure - more clay and
also more homogenous.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 90024; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90065,
90066, 90067, 90068, 90069, 90070, 90071,
90072, 90073, 90074, 90075, 90076, 11104,
11106, 11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116,
11119, 12121, 12125, 12136, 12138; KEX1416: 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010, 100011,
100012, 100014, 100019, 100028, 100031A,
100033, 100035, 100036, 110007; KEX16:
100001, 110002; conjoined with KEX1416: 70016
Feature KEX14-16: 90007
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: collapsed wall
Irregular compact layer of mixed fine grained
greyish material and yellow clay (unburnt?).
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 100024;
above KEX14-16: 100016; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 12134; KEX14-16: 90014;
Mateusz Jaeger, Robert Staniuk, Gabriella Kulcsár, Nicole Taylor
conjoined with KEX13-15: 12121, 12122,
12123
Feature KEX14-16: 90008
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: working platform
Very compact, yellow layer, probably part
of the collapsed wall in squares 71, 79-80,
87, 72, 78, 86, 88, 95, 96. In square 96 it is
quite shallow (ca. 4cm thick), and lays over.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 90013,
100018, 100020; KEX14-16: 90024; contemporary with: 90063, 90064, 90065,
90066, 90067, 90068, 90069, 90070,
90071, 90072, 90073, 90074, 90075, 90076,
11104, 11106, 11109, 11110, 11111, 11112,
11116, 11119, 12121, 12125, 121336, 12138;
KEX14-16: 90001, 90011, 90017, 100010,
100011, 100012, 100014, 100019, 100028,
100031A, 100033, 100035, 100036, 110007;
KEX16: 100001, 110002
Feature KEX14-16: 90011
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: posthole
Rounded, regular, pointed profile, filling
comprising of brown sand and black charcoal dots.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 90010; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90065,
90066, 90067, 90068, 90069, 90070, 90071,
90072, 90073, 90074, 90075, 90076, 11104,
11106, 11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116,
11119, 12121, 12125, 12136, 12138; KEX1416: 90001, 90008, 90017, 100010, 100011,
100012, 100014, 100019, 100028, 100031A,
100033, 100035, 100036, 110007; KEX16:
100001, 110002
Feature KEX14-16: 90017
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: posthole
Brown oval patch filled with brown sand,
black charcoal dots (similar to the general
fill 30006F) in Sq. 69. Recorded thickness:
0,13m; ca. 45cm diameter.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 90010; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90065,
90066, 90067, 90068, 90069, 90070, 90071,
90072, 90073, 90074, 90075, 90076, 11104,
11106, 11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116,
11119, 12121, 12125, 12136, 12138; KEX14-
16: 90001, 90008, 90011, 100010, 100011,
100012, 100014, 100019, 100028, 100031A,
100033, 100035, 100036, 110007; KEX16:
100001, 110002
Feature KEX14-16: 90014
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: collapsed wall
Irregular layer of mixed fine grained material of light grey colour and unburnt(?)
yellow (light) clay. It is higher than surroundings (= undulation). It looks like
washed yellowish clay from collapsed
wall, however, it seems to be located higher than KEX14-16: 90007. It is not a very
thick layer (ca. 10cm) and in its profile you
can recognise darker material (general
fill?) underneath. In opposition to KEX1416: 90007 it contains finds.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 90004;
above KEX14-16: 90024; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 12134; KEX14-16: 90007
Feature KEX14-16: 90020
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: collapsed wall
Very light yellowish-grey silty fine sand,
forming an undulating, very compact
structure. Similar to KEX14-16: 80005 but
with a less granulated structure
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 100024;
above KEX14-16: 90024; contemporary
with KEX14-16: 100031
Feature KEX14-16: 100009
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: posthole
Dark brown, wet, circular patch below the
house remains. Posthole with the remains
of the post. Wet, dark brown infill comprising of humus mixed with sand. Looser
consistency than the surroundings. 23cm
in diameter. 0,18m deep.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 90024
Feature KEX14-16: 100010
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: posthole
Mottled patch of medium brown clayey
sand and dark brown and light grey clay
patches. Contains small clay inclusions
(lumps ca. 1cm diameter). Nestled between 90024 and 100007. Excavated in
The catalogue of archaeological features
233
Layer 10 – depth ca. 45cm.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100003; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90065,
90066, 90067, 90068, 90069, 90070, 90071,
90072, 90073, 90074, 90075, 90076, 11104,
11106, 11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116,
11119, 12121, 12125, 12136, 12138; KEX1416: 90001, 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010,
100011, 100012, 100014, 100019, 100028,
100031A, 100033, 100035, 100036, 110007;
KEX16: 100001, 110002
Feature KEX14-16: 100011
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: wall foundation with
a posthole
Fairly regular posthole, 32 cm diameter,
22cm deep.
Stratigraphy: Stratigraphy: below KEX1416: 30006F; above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064,
90065, 90066, 90067, 90068, 90069, 90070,
90071, 90072, 90073, 90074, 90075, 90076,
11104, 11106, 11109, 11110, 11111, 11112,
11116, 11119, 12121, 12125, 12136, 12138;
KEX14-16: 90001, 90008, 90011, 90017,
100010, 100012, 100014, 100019, 100028,
100031A, 100033, 100035, 100036, 110007;
KEX16: 100001, 110002
Feature KEX14-16: 100012
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: posthole
Hard and well-structured fired material
indicating the base of a wall structure. Cut
by a single posthole - 28cm in diameter.
The fill comprises of loose material.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90065,
90066, 90067, 90068, 90069, 90070, 90071,
90072, 90073, 90074, 90075, 90076, 11104,
11106, 11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116,
11119, 12121, 12125, 12136, 12138; KEX1416: 90001, 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010,
100011, 100014, 100019, 100028, 100031A,
100033, 100035, 100036, 110007; KEX16:
100001, 110002
Feature KEX14-16: 100014
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: posthole
Posthole cut, 21cm in diameter, loose filling of small gravel, tiny pieces of char-
234
coal, probably burnt orange clay and light
brown sand.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 90060;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90065,
90066, 90067, 90068, 90069, 90070, 90071,
90072, 90073, 90074, 90075, 90076, 11104,
11106, 11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116,
11119, 12121, 12125, 12136, 12138; KEX1416: 90001, 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010,
100011, 100012, 100019, 100028, 100031A,
100033, 100035, 100036, 110007; KEX16:
100001, 110002
Feature KEX14-16: 100019
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: posthole
Posthole partially preserved in T3; ca.
25cm diameter, ca. 6cm deep, filling comprising of completely loose humus indicating that the post was removed and the
posthole filled up with soil.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 90060;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90065,
90066, 90067, 90068, 90069, 90070, 90071,
90072, 90073, 90074, 90075, 90076, 11104,
11106, 11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116,
11119, 12121, 12125, 12136, 12138; KEX1416: 90001, 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010,
100011, 100012, 100014, 100028, 100031A,
100033, 100035, 100036, 110007; KEX16:
100001, 110002
Feature KEX14-16: 100028
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: floor
Very compact floor constructed on a pit.
Continue into the S-E profile. Comprises
of white-yellowish clay, patches of burnt
(orange) clay, charcoal and gravel. Touches feature 10001 to the SE and 100001 to
the North. Diameter 88cm.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100017; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90065,
90066, 90067, 90068, 90069, 90070, 90071,
90072, 90073, 90074, 90075, 90076, 11104,
11106, 11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116,
11119, 12121, 12125, 12136, 12138; KEX1416: 90001, 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010,
100011, 100012, 100014, 100019, 100031A,
100033, 100035, 100036, 110007; KEX16:
100001, 110002
Mateusz Jaeger, Robert Staniuk, Gabriella Kulcsár, Nicole Taylor
Feature KEX14-16: 100031
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: floor
Destroyed pieces of a floor erected on top
of a filled pit. Visible small clay patches of
structural parts of the house. Irregular in
shape, very compact. Clearly distinguishable due to the undulating form and colour (medium brown surrounding). Part
of the feature continues into the profile.
After removal of top level of 100031 in
Layer 10, it continued not only in SQs. 57
& 58, but also into SQ. 65.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 90060;
above KEX14-16: 90024; contemporary
with KEX14-16: 90020
Feature KEX14-16: 100031A
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: stakehole
Diameter 24cm, almost regular shape with
light-brown filling, clearly distinguishable
from the background (surrounds comprise
of mixed material with numerous, coloured
inclusions).
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90065,
90066, 90067, 90068, 90069, 90070, 90071,
90072, 90073, 90074, 90075, 90076, 11104,
11106, 11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116,
11119, 12121, 12125, 12136, 12138; KEX14-16:
90001, 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010, 100011,
100012, 100014, 100019, 100028, 100033,
100035, 100036, 110007; KEX16: 100001,
110002
Feature KEX14-16: 100033
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: posthole
A small posthole (ca. 25cm diameter) filled
with quite loose to quite compact medium
brown clayey sand which contains tiny
flecks of whitish-yellow clay
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 90024; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90065, 90066,
90067, 90068, 90069, 90070, 90071, 90072,
90073, 90074, 90075, 90076, 11104, 11106,
11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116, 11119, 12121,
12125, 12136, 12138; KEX14-16: 90001, 90008,
90011, 90017, 100010, 100011, 100012, 100014,
100019, 100028, 100031A, 100035, 100036,
110007; KEX16: 100001, 110002
Feature KEX14-16: 100035
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: posthole
Large posthole located close to the edge
of the trench, diameter 39cm, ca 34cm
deep, homogeneously dark with a whitishmixed layer observed in its western part.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 90024; contemporary
with: KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90065,
90066, 90067, 90068, 90069, 90070, 90071,
90072, 90073, 90074, 90075, 90076, 11104,
11106, 11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116,
11119, 12121, 12125, 12136, 12138; KEX1416: 90001, 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010,
100011, 100012, 100014, 100019, 100028,
100031A, 100033, 100036, 110007; KEX16:
100001, 110002
Feature KEX14-16: 100036
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: posthole
Nearly rectangular shape, 17 x 20cm, ca.
9cm, dark soil filling clearly contrasting
with greyish surroundings.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 90024; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90065,
90066, 90067, 90068, 90069, 90070, 90071,
90072, 90073, 90074, 90075, 90076, 11104,
11106, 11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116,
11119, 12121, 12125, 12136, 12138; KEX1416: 90001, 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010,
100011, 100012, 100014, 100019, 100028,
100031A, 100033, 100036, 110007; KEX16:
100001, 110002
Feature KEX14-16: 110007
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: posthole
Small rounded posthole, ca. 23cm diameter, ca. 25cm deep, filling medium greyishbrown compact and compact. Clay, daub
and charcoal inclusions create clearly visible yellow, orange and black flecks.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90065,
90066, 90067, 90068, 90069, 90070, 90071,
90072, 90073, 90074, 90075, 90076, 11104,
11106, 11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116,
11119, 12121, 12125, 12136, 12138; KEX1416: 90001, 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010,
100011, 100012, 100014, 100019, 100028,
The catalogue of archaeological features
235
100031A, 100033, 100035, 100036; KEX16:
100001, 110002
Feature KEX16: 100001
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: posthole
Round posthole of clearly more loose
consistency and much lighter (more yellowish) colour than surroundings. Light
brown material with tiny yellow spots.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90065,
90066, 90067, 90068, 90069, 90070, 90071,
90072, 90073, 90074, 90075, 90076, 11104,
11106, 11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116,
11119, 12121, 12125, 12136, 12138; KEX1416: 90001, 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010,
100011, 100012, 100014, 100019, 100028,
100031A, 100033, 100035, 100036, 110007;
KEX16: 110002
Feature KEX16: 110002
Phase: Kakucs 5
Feature description: postholes
During excavation of the baulk, these 2
postholes became clear in Layer 11. They
had been much unclear in T2 PL.11, which
is why they are on the plan but have no
numbers. Once T2 reached its final depth,
they were visible in T2 profile NW. Ca.
25cm diameter, u-shaped profile (almost
angular), ca. 33cm deep.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 30006F;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 90063, 90064, 90065,
90066, 90067, 90068, 90069, 90070, 90071,
90072, 90073, 90074, 90075, 90076, 11104,
11106, 11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116,
11119, 12121, 12125, 12136, 12138; KEX1416: 90001, 90008, 90011, 90017, 100010,
100011, 100012, 100014, 100019, 100028,
100031A, 100033, 100035, 100036, 110007;
KEX16: 100001
Kakucs 4:
Feature KEX14-16: 90010
Phase: Kakucs 4
Feature description: levelling of the ancient humus
Dark brown patch underneath and beside KEX14-16: 90008. It is wet and not so
loose as the general fill beside it (80001).
Present in squares 88, 95-96, 103-104. In
236
square 95, close to KEX14-16: 90010 it
became only ca. 2cm thick, with KEX1416: 80001 appearing again below it. In
the rounded part between both parts of
90009, a light brown lens of clean sandy
material appeared, but was very thin and
soon disappeared.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 90011, 90012,
90017; above KEX14-16: 90025, 100001; contemporary with KEX14-16: 90024
Feature KEX14-16: 90024
Phase: Kakucs 4
Feature description: levelling of the ancient humus
Irregular layer around undulating KEX1416: 80002 consisting of dark brown material mixed with specific (almost) black
spots of material which looks like a clay(?).
Similar to KEX14-16: 80002, but without
intrusions of very light/almost white material. While excavated Layer 9, 90024
also emerged in squares 68 and 76. It
will be documented either on PL.10 or as
a “Zwischenplanum”. In Layer IX, squares
65 and 66, there was a thin (ca. 1.5cm) layer of very compact yellowish-brown material with a strange surface structure. It was
photographed then removed.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 90001,
90008, 90014, 90020, 100011, 100031,
100033, 100035, 100036, 100038; above
KEX14-16: 90024A, 100007, 100016,
100029, 110005, 110006, 110010, 130002,
130003; contemporary with KEX14-16:
90010
Kakucs 3:
Feature KEX13-15: 13154A
Phase: Kakucs 3
Feature description: pit cover (?)
Ca. 10 cm thick regular round patch of yellow and white clay with posthole KEX1315: 13164 located in its central part.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 12121;
above KEX13-15: 13154B
Feature KEX13-15: 13154B
Phase: Kakucs 3
Feature description: pit filling
Regular oval/round shaped pit of ca. 120
cm in diameter and ca. 45 cm deep. Filling
consisted of dark brownish fine grained
soil, clearly visible on much lighter back-
Mateusz Jaeger, Robert Staniuk, Gabriella Kulcsár, Nicole Taylor
ground of ancient humus. Some small
pieces of yellow clay and very small charcoals were registered.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 13154A;
above KEX:14-16: 100001; contemporary with KEX13-15: 13158; KEX14-16:
90024A, 100002, 100003, 100007, 100016,
100017, 110004
Feature KEX13-15: 13158
Phase: Kakucs 3
Feature description: layer of burnt and
smoothed clay
Very compact and smoothed layer of
strongly burnt clay; horn located at the
border of the feature; the feature can be
interpreted as a hearth; possibly located
outside the house or between two houses
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 13158;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 13153, 13154B, 13156,
13159, 13161, 14164, 14165, 14166
Feature KEX14-16: 90024A
Phase: Kakucs 3
Feature description: fragments of a destroyed hearth
Thin (ca. 1.5cm) layer of very compact
yellowish-brown clay structure with a flat
surface.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 90024;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 13154B, 13158; KEX14-16:
100002, 100003, 100007, 100016, 110004
Feature KEX14-16: 90025
Phase: Kakucs 3
Feature description: posthole
Remains of a posthole, diameter ca. 25cm,
slightly destroyed outline. Recognized
depth: ca. 0,10m.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 90010;
above KEX13-16: 100001
Feature KEX14-16: 100002
Phase: Kakucs 3
Feature description: floor
A compact, undulating layer of mixed clay
and burnt clay located in the SW corner of
trench II. Irregular shape might indicate
it being a corner of a neighbouring house
structure. The profile of the feature shows
that it is ca. 2cm thick, with the ancient
humus layer located immediately beneath
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 90003;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 13154B, 13158; KEX14-16:
90024A, 100003, 100007, 100016, 110004
Feature KEX14-16: 100003
Phase: Kakucs 3
Feature description: destroyed oven
Small rounded clay feature placed on top
of a large, fired circular structure with
large perforations. Comprises of a compact layer of mixed material ranging from
1.0 to 2.0cm in thickness. Colour irregular: western part intensively white, while
eastern more brownish. A small hole located inside (northern part of the feature).
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 100010;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 13154B, 13158; KEX14-16:
90024A, 100002, 100007, 100016, 110004
Feature KEX14-16: 100007
Phase: Kakucs 3
Feature description: remains of the first
levelling event
Solid whitish layer with a posthole located
inside. Fairly thin as it is ca.1cm thick.
More regularly shaped in the eastern part
of the feature, which is fairly elongated towards west. Feature does not exceed further to the west, since in this direction it
ends on the posthole.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 90024;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 13154B, 13158; KEX14-16:
90024A, 100002, 100003, 100016, 110004
Feature KEX14-16: 100016
Phase: Kakucs 3
Feature description: hearth
Diameter approximately 100cm, 80cm.
Possible hearth; visible partly as very compact, burnt, smoothed layer of clay (grey);
underneath and around layer of burnt orange clay and layer of medium brown humus mixed with pieces of burnt clay. Diameter of smoothed surface is approximately
60cm, 50cm
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 90007,
90024; above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary with KEX13-15: 13154B, 13158;
KEX14-16: 90024A, 100002, 100003,
100007, 110004
The catalogue of archaeological features
237
Feature KEX14-16: 100017
Phase: Kakucs 3
Feature description: storage pit
Very large pit comprising of two major
parts: 100017A and 100017B.
100017A: slightly round to amorphous
shape, probably partly covered by the
south-eastern profile. Filling of light to
medium brown sand, pieces of charcoal,
daub, clay (orange and yellow) and small
gravel. Diameter 100cm, depth ca. 85cm
100017B: the filling contains charcoal,
daub and clay but is less dense than
100017A. The colour of the sand is light
brown. Width 32cm, depth ca. 85cm.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 100028;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 13154B, 13158; KEX14-16:
90024A, 100002, 100003, 100007, 100016,
110004
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 100029;
above KEX14-16: 130004; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 13154B, 13158; KEX14-16:
90024A, 100002, 100003, 100007, 100016,
100017
Feature KEX14-16: 130004
Phase: Kakucs 3
Feature description: filling
A shallow layer of greyish coloured soil
with a lot of tiny white/light yellowish
spots. The fill was also characterized by
a fairly large amount of charcoals and some
pieces of burnt bones. The feature was ca.
0,05m thick. The northern part was covered by ancient humus indicating that the
it was the only remains of the original fill.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 110004;
above KEX14-16: 100001
Kakucs 2:
Feature KEX14-16: 100029
Phase: Kakucs 3
Feature description: pit with a niche
Deep pit cut reaching all the way to the
natural stratum. Light greyish-brown silty
sand. Fill contains some small irregular
lighter grey clay-rich flecks (ca. 5cm diameter), as well as small (less than 1cm diameter) daub and ceramic inclusions, plus
charcoal specks. Ca. 23cm deep. Second,
different filling beneath.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 90024;
above KEX14-16: 110004
Feature KEX14-16: 110004
Phase: Kakucs 3
Feature description: filling
Highly undulating, completely irregular
feature (previously 100031) which stretches along two squares. In square 57 above
100001, in square 65 goes inside feature
100029 (ca. 50cm deep, still uneven and
complicated). New number was assigned
since the original feature was rather small.
It covers almost the entire surface of
squares 57 and 65. Collapse debris, which
became deposited in a pit adjacent to the
house. Charcoal remains and orange colour indicate burning? Ca. 83cm deep (excavated layer 11). Regular lower outline
may imply that the feature was reopened
to remove debris. NW part of the feature
is higher (51cm deep)
238
Feature KEX13-15: 13153
Phase: Kakucs 2
Feature description: pit
Almost round pit of ca 110 cm in diameter;
filled with fine grained light greyish clayey
soil. At the bottom of the pit very compact
brown clayey layer has been found. Some
charcoals and sherds were visible also on
the surface of the uncovered pit.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 11106,
12121, 12122, 12123; above KEX14-16:
100001; contemporary with KEX13-15:
13156, 13157, 13159, 13161, 14164, 14165,
14166
Feature KEX13-15: 13156
Phase: Kakucs 2
Feature description: pit with a grindstone
inside
The feature identified on PL. 13 as a very
intensive concentration of charcoals, burnt
clay and small daub pieces mixed with
brown clay and sand. Some small sherds
and a grindstone found inside the pit. The
feature was filled with light brown and
yellow mixed sand and clay. At the bottom
of the pit very dry and compact light greybrown layer has been uncovered.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 11106, 12121,
12122, 12123; above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary with KEX13-15: 13153, 13157,
13159, 13161, 14164, 14165, 14166
Mateusz Jaeger, Robert Staniuk, Gabriella Kulcsár, Nicole Taylor
Feature KEX13-15: 13157
Phase: Kakucs 2
Feature description: pit with a kind of clay
cover
The pit covered with clay layer KEX13-15:
11119, filled with fine grained grey soil,
mixed with big amount of charcoals and
light grey (almost white) ash.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 13158;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary with KEX13-15: 13153, 13156, 13159,
13161, 14164, 14165, 14166
Feature KEX13-15: 13159
Phase: Kakucs 2
Feature description: pit
The feature similar to 13157 when it comes
to the type of material and content, but the
colour is lighter and small admixture of
ash is clearly visible on level XIV.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 11106,
12121, 12122, 12123, 13158; above KEX1416: 100001; contemporary with KEX13-15:
13153, 13156, 13157, 13161, 14164, 14165,
14166
Feature KEX13-15: 13161
Phase: Kakucs 2
Feature description: pit
Light grey and loose soil, with some admixture of dark yellowish sand-like material, clearly visible in frames of the
surrounding layers. The pit was partly uncovered as it was located right next to the
W profile of the trench. At the bottom of
the pit more yellow and clayey material of
the natural soil has been uncovered.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 11106, 12121,
12122, 12123; above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary with KEX13-15: 13153, 13156,
13157, 13159, 14164, 14165, 14166
Feature KEX13-15: 14164
Phase: Kakucs 2
Feature description: pit
In the upper level the pit was filled with
light brownish fine grained sand-like soil
mixed with small pieces of daub and charcoals. The soil seems to be typical for the
general fill KEX13-15: 90060. Underneath,
the lower level can be described as the first
filling of the open pit with small layers of
brownish soil mixed with yellow clay and
charcoals.
Stratigraphy: before KEX13-15: 12121;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary with KEX13-15: 13153, 13156, 13157,
13159, 13161, 14165, 14166
Feature KEX13-15: 14165
Phase: Kakucs 2
Feature description: pit
Pit partially uncovered by the N profile
of T1. No complex filling was registered.
The pit was filled with very homogenous
material – dark brown and fine grained,
compact soil.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 12138;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary with KEX13-15: 13153, 13156, 13157,
13159, 13161, 14164, 14166
Feature KEX13-15: 14166
Phase: Kakucs 2
Feature description: shallow pit?
Grey fine grained soil mixed with some
intrusions of small pieces of yellow clay
and charcoals. It was not possible to find
clear borders of the feature while excavations; however, another feature has been
registered underneath.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 11106,
12121, 12122, 12123, 12138; above KEX1315: 14167; contemporary with: 13153,
13156, 13157, 13159, 13161, 14164, 14165
Kakucs 1:
Feature KEX13-15: 14167
Phase: Kakucs 1
Feature description: pit
Pit uncovered under KEX13-15: 14166. It
had specific rectangular shape and depth
of ca 90 cm. The pit was filled with grey
sandy soil mixed with bigger relatively numerous charcoals. Upper part of the filling of the pit was covered by thick layer
of light grey-white ash (burnt grass?) and
charcoals.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 14166;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 14168; KEX14-16: 110005,
110006, 110010, 120001, 130002, 130003
Feature KEX13-15: 14168
Phase: Kakucs 1
Feature description: pit
Partially excavated feature located in N-E
The catalogue of archaeological features
239
corner of T1; discovered while excavating
the pit KEX13-15: 12136. It was filled with
dark brown clayey soil, mixed with bigger
sherds and animal bones.
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 12136;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 14167; KEX14-16: 110005,
110006, 120001, 130002, 130003
Feature KEX14-16: 110005
Phase: Kakucs 1
Feature description: posthole
A small posthole which continues into the
NW-profile of T2.; ca. 20cm diameter, ca.
36cm deep.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 90024;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 14167, 14168; KEX14-16:
110006, 110010, 120001, 130002, 130003
Feature KEX14-16: 110006
Phase: Kakucs 1
Feature description: posthole
Slightly oval, generally round posthole, ca.
22cm diameter, ca. 47cm deep.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 90024;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 14167, 14168; KEX14-16:
110005, 110010, 120001, 130002, 130003
Feature KEX14-15: 120001
Phase: Kakucs 1
Feature description: posthole
Dark brown, wet, circular patch below the
house remains. Probably a posthole. Its infill is wet, dark brown humus with sand.
Much more loose than the surrounding
area. Its diameter is 23cm.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 90024;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 14167, 14168; KEX14-16:
110005, 110010, 110006, 120001, 130002,
130003
Feature KEX14-16: 130002
Phase: Kakucs 1
Feature description: posthole
Small posthole, ca. 25cm in diameter, ca.
32 cm deep
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 90024;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 14167, 14168; KEX14-16:
110005, 110006, 110010, 1200001, 130003
Feature KEX14-16: 130003
Phase: Kakucs 1
Feature description: posthole
Ca. 30m in diameter, ca. 43cm deep.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 90024;
above KEX14-16: 100001; contemporary
with KEX13-15: 14167, 14168; KEX14-16:
110005, 110010, 110006, 110010, 110010,
120001, 130002
Kakucs natural strata
Feature KEX14-16: 100001
Feature description: ancient humus
Dark brown layer covering almost the
whole trench. It appeared after removal of
all layers from PL. 9. It is original/ancient
humus in which EBA/Nagyrév pits can be
observed. Material, consistency and colour are homogeneous (dark brown and
fine grained).
Stratigraphy: below KEX13-15: 90063,
11104, 11109, 11110, 11111, 11112, 11116,
12125, 12134, 13153, 13154, 13156, 13157,
13159, 13161, 14164, 14165, 14167, 14168;
KEX14-16: 90010, 90024A, 90025, 100002,
100003, 100007, 100012, 100013, 100014,
100016, 100019, 100027, 100031A, 10085,
110004, 110005, 110006, 110007, 110010,
130002, 130003; KEX16: 100001, 110002;
above KEX14-16: 130006
Feature KEX14-16: 130006
Feature description: natural stratum
Natural yellowish fine-grained sand below
the ancient humus.
Stratigraphy: below KEX14-16: 100001
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