Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 001-Prelims-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 3 NATURAL SPECTACULARS ASPECTS OF PLUTARCH’S PHILOSOPHY OF NATURE Edited by MICHIEL MEEUSEN and LUC VAN DER STOCKT Leuven University Press Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 001-Prelims-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 4 © 2015 by Leuven University Press / Presses Universitaires de Louvain / Universitaire Pers Leuven Minderbroedersstraat 4, B-3000 Leuven (Belgium) All rights reserved. Except in those cases expressly determined by law, no part of this publication may be multiplied, saved in an automated datafile or made public in any way whatsoever without the express prior written consent of the publishers. ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 D / 2015 / 1869 / 43 NUR 735-732 Cover design: Joke Klaassen Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 001-Prelims-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 5 Contents Acknowledgements 7 Contributors 9 Introducing Plutarch’s Natural Philosophy MICHIEL MEEUSEN – LUC VAN DER STOCKT 11 I. Physics and Metaphysics Plutarch on the Geometry of the Elements JAN OPSOMER ‘Say Goodbye to Opinions!’ Plutarch’s Philosophy of Natural Phenomena and the Journey to Metaphysical Knowledge SUZAN SIERKSMA-AGTERES 29 57 II. Physical Aetiology and Exegesis Are Women Colder or Hotter than Men? (Quaest. conv. 3,4) ANGELO CASANOVA 75 Plutarch and the Commentary on the Phaenomena of Aratus PAOLA VOLPE CACCIATORE 87 The Moon as Agent of Decay (Plut., Quaest. conv. 3,10; Macr., Sat. 7,16,15–34) ALDO SETAIOLI Some Notes on Plutarch’s Quaestiones naturales FABIO TANGA Plutarch Solving Natural Problems: For What Cause? (The Case of Quaest. nat. 29,919AB) MICHIEL MEEUSEN 99 113 129 Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 001-Prelims-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 6 6 CONTENTS III. Man’s Place in the Cosmos The Light of the Moon: An Active Participant on the Battlefield in Plutarch’s Parallel Lives LUISA LESAGE GÁRRIGA 145 The Power of Nature and Its Influence on Statesmen in the Work of Plutarch ANA FERREIRA 155 Chasing Butterflies: The Conception of the Soul in Plutarch’s Works ISRAEL MUÑOZ GALLARTE 167 Plutarch’s Anthropology and Its Influence on His Cosmological Framework LAUTARO ROIG LANZILLOTTA 179 IV. Compositional Technique and Style From Chaos to Cosmos (and Back Again): Plato’s Timaeus and the Composition of De animae procreatione and De facie in orbe lunae BRAM DEMULDER 199 Plutarch and Transgressions of Nature: Stylistic Analysis of De facie in orbe lunae 926CD AURELIO PÉREZ-JIMÉNEZ 215 Plutarch on Solon’s Simplicity Concerning Natural Philosophy: Sol. 3,6–7 and Frs. 9 and 12 West DELFIM FERREIRA LEÃO 227 Index Nominum et Rerum 241 Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 007-Setaioli-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 99 The Moon as Agent of Decay (Plut., Quaest. conv. 3,10; Macr., Sat. 7,16,15–34) ALDO SETAIOLI 1. The tenth and last debate of the third book of Plutarch’s Table Talks proposes a problem clearly stated in the title: “Why meat spoils more easily in moonlight than under the sun”1. In the text of the debate the problem is posed by the host, Euthydemus of Sunium, and another point is added by a guest, Satyrus, who takes no further part in the discussion: why copper nails stuck in the flesh of felled animals stop the decay. Euthydemus’ question is first answered by the physician Moschion, according to whom the reason must be sought in the moon’s soft and subdued heat, which humidifies the meat, whereas the sun’s hotter rays dry it up. A second answer is then offered by Plutarch himself, in a detailed speech that takes up the rest of the debate. According to him, the rotting of meat in the moonlight is due not to a different intensity in the heat from the sun and the moon, but to the humidifying power of moonbeams, which is capable to release and set in motion the moisture present in every object and in dead bodies in particular. This flux causes the putrefaction of meat as well as a number of phenomena, all connected with its humidifying and laxative power, such as the softening and rotting of wood, but also the growth of plants and animals, easier child-delivery, and so forth. The effect of copper nails is then explained in two different ways: copper either has a curative power or concentrates all humidity around itself, thus saving the rest of the meat from going bad. As he frequently does, Plutarch supports his argument with literary quotations; there are three (from Archilochus2, Homer,3 and Ion4) in Moschion’s explanation, and Quaest. conv. 3,10,657E: διὰ τί τὰ κρέα σήπεται μᾶλλον ὑπὸ τὴν σελήνην ἢ τὸν ἥλιον. Most recently, see Casanova (2005). 2 Quaest. conv. 3,10,658B ~ Archilochus, fr. 107 West. 3 Quaest. conv. 3,10,658B ~ Homer, Il. 23,190–191. 4 Quaest. conv. 3,10,658B ~ Ion, fr. 57 Nauck = Kannicht. Cf. also De facie 16,929A (below, note 12). 1 Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 007-Setaioli-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 100 100 ALDO SETAIOLI three more (from Timotheus5, Alcman6, and Aristotle7) in Plutarch’s speech, in which two Homeric epithets of copper – or rather bronze: εὐήνωρ and νῶροψ8 – are also referred to. Most of the ideas expounded in this debate were current in antiquity, and parallels are too numerous to be listed and discussed here. Almost all can be found in Teodorsson’s commentary on the Table Talks9. Here it is more interesting to point out the parallels that can be found in Plutarch himself. As was to be expected, an important one appears in the dialogue On the Face Appearing in the Circle of the Moon, which, from now on, we will refer to as De facie. There, the moon’s humidifying and fertilizing powers, as well as its tainting action, are succinctly touched upon10. In this passage11 we find the same quotation from Alcman that appears in our Table Talk. In the same dialogue the same quotation of Ion may be found too12. The moon’s humidifying and fertilizing influence is also mentioned in the De Iside et Osiride13, but with no common quotation with our text. Alcman’s fragment occurs for the third time in the Quaestiones naturales14, 5 Quaest. conv. 3,10,659A ~ Timotheus, fr. 12 Diehl. Cf. also Quaest. Rom. 77,282CD (below, note 15). 6 Quaest. conv. 3,10,659B ~ Alcman, fr. 43 Diehl. Cf. also De facie 25,940A (below, note 11); Quaest. nat. 24,918A (below, note 14). 7 Quaest. conv. 3,10,659CD; the closest parallel is Ps.-Aristotle, Pr. 1,35,863a25–31. We shall come back to this quotation. 8 Quaest. conv. 3,10,659C. Εὐήνωρ is the epithet of bronze at Homer, Od. 13,19 (at Od. 4,622 of wine); νῶροψ at Homer, Il. 2,578; 11,16; 13,406; 14,383; 16,130; Od. 24,467; 24,500. 9 Teodorsson (1989) 380–393; see also Fuhrmann (1972) 140–145; 203–205. Two of the closest parallels to our Plutarchan text may be found in Ps.-Alexander of Aphrodisias, Pr. 1,66; Pliny, NH 2,223. The ancient beliefs concerning the moon and its influence on earthly life are treated by Préaux (1973); cf. also, for example, Boll – Bezold – Gundel (1977) 69. 10 De facie 25,939F–940B. 11 De facie 25,940A. 12 De facie 16,929A (the quotation is slightly shortened). Here the reference to the moon’s soft and subdued heat is in place, as it is in our Table Talk, where the quotation appears in Moschion’s speech attributing the meat’s decay to the soft heat coming from the moon. The fragment, in fact, says (of moonbeams): μέλας γὰρ αὐταῖς οὐ πεπαίνεται βότρυς (μέλας οὐ πεπαίνεται βότρυς at De facie 16,929A). 13 De Is. et Os. 41,357DE. 14 Quaest. nat. 24,918A. Here, however, the naturalistic interpretation serves a different purpose than in the Table Talks, in that it is brought in connection with the moon’s subdued heat, which plays a role in Moschion’s explanation, but not in Plutarch’s, in which the quote appears in our Table Talk to support the theory of the moon’s humidifying power. Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 007-Setaioli-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 101 THE MOON AS AGENT OF DECAY 101 while Timotheus’ lines are also quoted in the Quaestiones Romanae15. The most interesting problems, however, are posed by the relationship of our Plutarchan text with its close imitation found at the very end of the preserved part of Macrobius’ Saturnalia. 2. It is well known that a large part of the seventh book of Macrobius’ work – the last that has come down to us – is made up of debates on various problems which are directly borrowed from Plutarch’s Table Talks16. As this work’s manuscript tradition is essentially based on a single witness, the Vindobonensis Gr. 148 (T), the comparison of the latter’s text with Macrobius17 acquires a special significance – particularly as far as our very Table Talk is concerned, which Macrobius has followed more closely than any other in his Latin rendering. He never explicitly acknowledges his debt to Plutarch, though the careful reader can discover a covert avowal when Macrobius, in the midst of his borrowings, mentions him as the author of quaestiones convivales – not alone, but between Aristotle and Apuleius18. Before we tackle the problems posed by Macrobius’ rendering of our text, a short hint at the general relationship between the Greek and the Latin writer is in order. The authors of two old Breslau dissertations, Linke19 and Wissowa20, believed that Macrobius had at his disposal a fuller text of the Table Talks than has come down to us, inasmuch as, now and then, remarks are found in Macrobius that are missing in Plutarch. Hubert, however, has convincingly argued21 that most of Macrobius’ Quaest. Rom. 77,282CD. The epithets εὐήνωρ and νῶροψ are also referred to at Quaest. conv. 6,7,692F. 16 In detail these correspondences may be established: Macrobius, Sat. 7,1,2–24 ~ Plutarch, Quaest. conv. 1,1,612F–614E; 7,2,1–5 ~ 2,1,629F–631C; 7,3,2–7 and 11–23 ~ 2,1,631C–634F; 7,4,3–12 ~ 4,1,661A–662A; 7,5,7–32 ~ 4,1,662D–663F; 7,6,2–13 ~ 3,5,652A–653B; 7,6,15–21 ~ 3,3,650AF; 7,7,1–12 ~ 3,4,650F–651F; 7,7,14–20 ~ 3,7,655E– 656B; 7,12,13–16 ~ 7,3,701D–702C; 7,12,14–20 ~ 3,7,655E–656B; 7,12,18–19 ~ 6,3,689A– 690B; 7,13,1–5 ~ 6,1,686E–687B; 7,13,18–27 ~ 1,9,626F–627F; 7,15,2–13 and 16–24 ~ 7,1,697F–700B; 7,16,1–14 ~ 2,3,635E–638A; 7,16,15–34 ~ 3,10,657F–659D. 17 Macrobius is the most important witness of the indirect tradition. For others see Hubert (1938). 18 Macrobius, Sat. 7,3,23–24: quaestiones convivales (…) quod genus veteres ita ludicrum non putarunt, ut et Aristoteles de ipsis aliqua conscripserit et Plutarchus et vester Apuleius. 19 Linke (1880). 20 Wissowa (1880). Shortly before, Volkmann (1872) had already suggested the same. 21 Hubert (1938). Hubert has been generally followed by subsequent scholars. Cf. e.g. Fuhrmann (1972) xxx–xxxi. 15 Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 007-Setaioli-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 102 102 ALDO SETAIOLI additions are either rhetorical expansions or are due to misunderstandings, though at times he has inserted elements stemming from different sources, and that in no case a Plutarchan text fuller than the one we can read is to be supposed. Hubert’s conclusion is that Macrobius was reading a text that already contained some of the corruptions found in our manuscript (T), but was in several cases sounder than that. Let’s now check Hubert’s results on the basis of a comparison between the last Table Talk of book III and the last paragraphs of the Saturnalia that came down to us. In Macrobius both problems (why meat easily rots in the moonlight, and why copper nails stop decay) are posed by Euangelus in direct speech22, and both are related to his personal experience, whereas in Plutarch the first is the only one referred to personal experience, but it is posed by Euthydemus in reported speech, while the second is raised by Satyrus in direct speech. The first explanation, given by Moschion, which is in reported speech in Plutarch, is placed by Macrobius in the mouth of Disarius in direct speech23. The second explanation is introduced with a plain caption in Plutarch (“after these remarks [by Moschion], I said” etc.)24, but in Macrobius it is solicited by Euangelus through a direct appeal to Eustathius25, who then proceeds to unfold the argumentation developed by Plutarch as a speaker in the Table Talks26. It is quite clear, then, that Macrobius has aimed to enliven the subject from a literary point of view, by enhancing the dialogic element. We are not surprised to find additions here and there27, but no less conspicuous are several omissions of details found in our Plutarchan text28. As we shall see, several of Macrobius’ additions either aim to make Macrobius, Sat. 7,16,15–16. Macrobius, Sat. 7,16,17–18. 24 Quaest. conv. 3,10,658C: λεχθέντων δὲ τούτων, ἐγώ (…) ἔφην κτλ. 25 Macrobius, Sat. 7,16,19. 26 Macrobius, Sat. 7,16,20–34. 27 Macrobius, Sat. 7,16,17: nullius enim rei fit aliquando putredo, nisi calor umorque convenerint [cf. Hubert (1938) 311]; 7,16,21: quae umectet corpora et velut occulto rore madefaciat cui admixtus calor ipse lunaris putrefacit carnem cui diutule fuerit infusus; 7,16,23: quia ceteri ad producendam hanc materiam inhabiles habentur; 7,16,25: ne (…) amplius lunare lumen umectet; 7,16,25: accepto calore; 7,16,27: Ἄρτεμις dicitur quasi ἀερότεμις, hoc est aerem secans; 7,16,31: et tunc enim parte qua susrsum suspicit plena est; 7,16.32: quam magis usus quam ratio deprehendit. 28 Macrobius, Sat. 7,16,18 (the three quotations in Moschion’s speech, 658BC, are omitted); 7,16,20 (the words τοὐναντίον (…) σάρκας are omitted); 7,16,24 (658E: οἱ χαρίεντες (…) ἐμποιοῦσιν); 7,16,30 (659AB: οἱ δ’ ἀκμῇ (…) καὶ ῥέουσι: Macrobius replaces this passage on leavening through the words quae umecta desideras luna crescente conficies; thus the Stoicizing allusion to the συνεκτικὸν πνεῦμα is also omitted); 7,16,34 (the final words of 22 23 Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 007-Setaioli-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 103 THE MOON AS AGENT OF DECAY 103 a problematic passage in Plutarch understandable or can be traced back to his own culture – in two cases with unmistakably Neoplatonic overtones. Obviously, this seriously impairs the coherence of Plutarch’s argument. A significant tool to assess Macrobius’ way of adapting Plutarch may be provided by observing how he behaves as far as the latter’s Greek quotations – and Greek technical terms – are concerned. When Plutarch speaks of the peculiarity (ἰδιότης) of the humidifying flux from the moon29, Macrobius30 does give a Latin equivalent, and then, following a well-established tradition, adds the Greek word, but with an unexpected slight change: proprietas, quam Graeci ἰδίωμα vocant31. As Hubert remarked32, the slight change is part of Macrobius’ effort not to follow his source too slavishly. Another Greek word, στυπτικός (‘astringent’) had gained the status of medical technical term, as a loan-word, in Latin too33 – and accordingly Macrobius translates Plutarch’s στυπτικόν34 with the words vis (…) quam medici (notice: the physicians, not the Greeks) stypticam vocant35. As for the quotations, the first three, in Moschion’s speech, are skipped by Macrobius36. Plutarch’s next quotation, the one from Timotheus, is reproduced by him in Greek37, but with a change in the first line: Plutarch has διὰ κυάνεον πόλον ἄστρων (“through the stars’ gloomy vault”)38; but in Macrobius we read διὰ λαμπρὸν πόλον ἄστρων (“through the stars’ shining vault”) – possibly a change he may be responsible for39. The next poetic quotation in Plutarch (the one from Alcman, which also appears in his Quaestiones naturales and, slightly shortened, in the the Talk, containing the second explanation of the antiseptic power of copper nails, are omitted; as this is the end of the surviving part of the Saturnalia, we have no way to know whether Macrobius skipped them, or their rendering has been lost). 29 Quaest. conv. 3,10,658C: ἰδιότητα (…) τοῦ φερομένου ῥεύματος ἀπ’ αὐτῆς. 30 Macrobius, Sat. 7,16,21. 31 He further elaborates, adding a second Latin term: proprietas, quam Graeci ἰδίωμα vocant, et quaedam natura. 32 Hubert (1938) 311. He remarks that Macrobius could hardly have found ἰδίωμα in lieu of ἰδιότης in the text he was using, since ἰδίωμα never seems to appear in Plutarch’s writings. 33 Cf., for example, Pliny, NH 21,166; 24,120; 32,111. 34 Quaest. conv. 3,10,659C. 35 Macrobius, Sat. 7,16,33. We may also point out that Macrobius substitutes the Roman Lucina (7,16,27) for the Greek Λοχεία and Εἰλείθυια (Quaest. conv. 3,10,659A). 36 Macrobius, Sat. 7,16,28 ~ Quaest. conv. 3,10,658BC. 37 Macrobius, Sat. 7,16,28 ~ Quaest. conv. 3,10,659A. Cf. above, note 5. 38 The same reading also appears in Plutarch’s other quotation of these lines, at Quaest. Rom. 77,282CD: cf. above, note 15. 39 The second line (διά τ’ ὠκυτόκοιο σελάνας) is given with no change by Macrobius. Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 007-Setaioli-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 104 104 ALDO SETAIOLI De facie)40 is flatly summarized in Latin by Macrobius, who directly attributes to the poet the naturalistic interpretation that appears in Plutarch’s speech here41 and in the De facie is presented as proposed by Theon, one of the speakers in that dialogue42. Whereas Alcman speaks of Ἔρση, the mythological personification of the dew, as the daughter of Zeus and Selene43, Macrobius directly attributes to him Plutarch’s naturalistic interpretation: “the lyric poet Alcman called the dew the offspring of the air and the moon” (Alcman lyricus dixit rorem aeris et lunae filium)44. The interpretation of Zeus as the air had already been proposed by Cleanthes45, though Plutarch elsewhere makes fun of it46. But a discussion of the allegorical interpretation of the myth and the poets would take us too far. Shortly after, Macrobius adduces the same Homeric epithets of copper (or rather of bronze: the Greek words εὐήνωρ and νῶροψ) and seems to accept the same fanciful association with the verb ὁράω (‘to see’) Plutarch apparently assumes when he says that they confirm copper’s healthful influence on the eyes and eyesight47. Plutarch’s last quotation concerns an alleged statement by Aristotle to the effect that wounds made with a copper (or bronze) weapon are less harmful and heal more easily than those caused by iron, due to the curative power inherent in copper48. The idea is indeed matched in a passage of the Problems attributed to Aristotle49, but there the curative power of bronze is only mentioned after two different explanations of the phenomenon, though some significant terms50 appear both in the Problems and in Plutarch. Sandbach actually thinks that, here and elsewhere, Plutarch may refer to a different work of Aristotle’s, now lost, Cf. above, notes 11 and 14. As we have seen (above, note 14), in the Quaestiones naturales the naturalistic interpretation serves a different purpose. 42 De facie 25,940A. 43 Alcman, fr. 43 Diehl: Διὸς θυγάτηρ Ἔρσα (…) καὶ Σελάνας δίας (δίας Σελάνας Plut.). 44 Macrobius, Sat. 7,16,31. 45 Cleanthes, SVF I,535. Cf. Buffière (1956) 63. 46 De aud. poet. 11,31D. 47 Macrobius, Sat. 7,16,34 ~ Quaest. conv. 3,10,659C. 48 Quaest. conv. 3,10,659CD: Ἀριστοτέλης δὲ καὶ τὰ τραύματά φησιν τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν χαλκῶν ἐπιδορατίδων καὶ μαχαιρῶν ἧττον εἶναι δυσαλγῆ καὶ ῥᾴον’ ἰᾶσθαι τῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ σιδήρου διὰ τὸ φαρμακῶδες ἔχειν τι τὸν χαλκὸν ἐν ἑαυτῷ καὶ τοῦτο ταῖς πληγαῖς εὐθὺς ἐναπολείπειν. 49 Ps.-Aristotle, Pr. 1,35,863a25–31: Διὰ τί, ἐὰν χαλκῷ τις τμηθῇ, ῥᾷον ὑγιάζεται ἢ τῷ σιδήρῳ; πότερον ὅτι λειότερον, ὥσθ’ ἧττον σπαράττει καὶ ποιεῖ πληγήν; ἢ εἴπερ ἀκμὴν μᾶλλον ὁ σίδηρος λαμβάνει, ῥᾴων καὶ ἀπαθέστερα ἡ διαίρεσις; ἀλλὰ μὴν φαρμακῶδες ὁ χαλκός, ἡ δὲ ἀρχὴ ἰσχυρόν. τὸ οὖν εὐθὺς ἅμα τῇ τομῇ θᾶττον τὸ φάρμακον ποιεῖ τὴν σύμφυσιν. 50 Such as φαρμακῶδες and εὐθύς. 40 41 Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 007-Setaioli-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 105 THE MOON AS AGENT OF DECAY 105 and that the Problems we have are a compilation later put together in the Peripatetic school51. Be that as it may, it is highly improbable that Macrobius cared to check Plutarch’s quotation on the Greek original. He is obviously elaborating on Plutarch’s version of the quote, but he has adapted it in an interesting way. Whereas Plutarch simply reports Aristotle’s opinion with no claim to reproduce his exact words, Macrobius first reports the allegedly less harmful effect of copper (or rather, bronze), but then goes on to present his Latin rendering of the cause of the phenomenon as Aristotle’s own words: ‘quia inest’, inquit, etc.52. Obviously, this is part of Macrobius’ effort to enliven Plutarch’s text we have already pointed out. As we can see, Macrobius’ approach to the quotations he found in Plutarch is extremely varied and displays a whole gamut of solutions, ranging from sheer suppression, through various types of change, to rhetorical elaboration. This holds true for the whole of Plutarch’s text, as a detailed analysis would no doubt make clear. As we have already pointed out, there are also some additions53, some of which are mere rhetorical fillers54, whereas others stem from Macrobius’ own culture and reading of other authors. So, for example, he makes Disarius open his speech, which closely follows Moschion’s in Plutarch, with a statement missing there: “nothing rots except when heat and moisture combine” (nullius enim rei fit putredo nisi calor umorque convenerint)55. This was common knowledge56, and the idea is expressed elsewhere by Macrobius himself57, by referring to a different author – the Stoic Antipater58 – but with a formulation very close to our passage: putredinis, quae non nisi ex calore et umore generatur, as pointed out by Hubert59. Unlikely as it is, one might theoretically suppose that Macrobius found this statement in a Plutarchan text fuller than ours; but this may be with certainty ruled out as far as two further additions are concerned. Sandbach (1982) 223–225. Macrobius, Sat. 7,16,34: Aristoteles vero testis est vulnera quae ex aereo mucrone fiunt minus esse noxia quam ex ferro faciliusque curari; ‘quia inest’ inquit ‘aeri vis quaedam remedialis et siccifica, quam demittit in vulnere’. 53 Cf. above, note 27. 54 Such as Macrobius, Sat. 7,16,23: quia ceteri ad producendam hanc materiam inhabiles habentur; 7,16,34: quam magis usus quam ratio deprehendit. 55 Macrobius, Sat. 7,16,17. 56 Cf. the texts quoted by Teodorsson (1989) 381, on Quaest. conv. 3,10,658A: ῥύσιν σαρκὸς εἰς ὑγρὸν κτλ. 57 Macrobius, Sat. 1,17,57. 58 Cf. Antipater, SVF III,46. 59 Hubert (1938) 311. 51 52 Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 007-Setaioli-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 106 106 ALDO SETAIOLI One is the etymology of the name of the Greek goddess identified with the moon, Artemis, as ἀερότεμις, or ‘cleaving the air’60, since the moon, as the lowest celestial body, was supposed to be conterminous with the air enveloping the earth. Macrobius presents the same etymology elsewhere in the Saturnalia61, and in all probability it goes back to Porphyry, the Neoplatonic philosopher to whom Macrobius is heavily indebted, as Mastandrea has convincingly pointed out62. Another addition Macrobius could not possibly have drawn from a fuller text of the Table Talks is his statement that the moon is full even at the beginning of the month, when it appears dark to us63. Here Macrobius mixes the idea of the moon receiving its light from the sun (the light we see when the moon appears full to us) with that of the upper part of the moon turned away from us and towards the light coming from the aether above. This idea is akin to the conception sketched in the final myth of Plutarch’s De facie, but also to later, Neoplatonic notions. Any way, it is totally out of place in this context and disturbs the consistency of Plutarch’s argument here. 3. Finally, Macrobius’ rendering may be used as a tool to establish a better text in passages that are corrupt or questionable in Plutarch. As we shall now see, some valuable clues may be obtained, though in our case no real certainty can be reached. Let’s start with the last relevant passage. Speaking of the astringent power of copper, Macrobius says64: “there is a sharp power in copper that physicians call astringent” (est enim in aere vis acrior quam medici stypticam vocant). Our manuscript (T) only has φαίνεται μὲν ἔχων καὶ στυπτικὸν ἐν ἑαυτῷ65. One could of course translate “copper seems to have also some astringent power in itself”, but after μέν this καί may no doubt be perceived as somewhat hanging in the air, so that Hubert inserted the words τι πικρόν before it (φαίνεται <τι πικρὸν> ἔχων καὶ στυπτικὸν ἐν ἑαυτῷ). Macrobius’ vis acrior seems indeed to suggest that some other adjective may have stood before the technical term στυπτικόν; Macrobius’ expression (vis acrior) might perhaps suggest ὀξύ τι. 60 Macrobius, Sat. 7,16,27: Diana, quae luna est, Ἄρτεμις dicitur quasi ἀερότεμις, hoc est aerem secans. This etymology is missing in Quaest. conv. 3,10,658F–659A. 61 Macrobius, Sat. 1,15,20: Graeci lunam Ἄρτεμιν nuncuparunt, id est ἀερότομιν, quod aera secat. The form ἀερότομις seem to appear nowhere else. 62 Mastandrea (1979) 66; 71. 63 Macrobius, Sat. 7,16,31: cum luna plena est vel cum nascitur – et tunc enim a parte qua sursum suspicit plena est. The latter words are missing at Quaest. conv. 3,10,659B. 64 Macrobius, Sat. 7,16,33. 65 Quaest. conv. 3,10,659C. Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 007-Setaioli-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 107 THE MOON AS AGENT OF DECAY 107 At paragraph 20 Macrobius confirms Wyttenbach’s corrections of the text given by the Vindobonensis66: τῷ μᾶλλον καὶ ἧττον (κατὰ τό T) τῆς θερμασίας κρίνειν (καιρόν T) τὸ σύμπαν οὐ δεῖ (“the whole phenomenon should not be assessed on the basis of a greater or lesser amount of heat”), when he writes67: illud pressius intuendum est, utrum mensura caloris sit causa putredinis, ut ex maiore calore non fieri et ex minore et temperato provenire dicatur (“we should consider more closely whether the amount of heat is indeed the cause of decay, so that it could be said that it is not produced by greater heat, but by a lesser and moderate one”). Here pressius intuendum est corresponds to κρίνειν and ex maiore (…) ex minore to τῷ μᾶλλον καὶ ἧττον. This very expression returns immediately after in Plutarch68, and appears also elsewhere in the Table Talks69. Rather, it may be argued that Macrobius’ illud (…) intuendum est can perhaps be regarded as a support to Madvig’s correction of τὸ σύμπαν to τὸ συμβάν, accepted by several editors, including Hubert. In spite of Teodorsson’s opposite opinion70, here, at the beginning of his speech, Plutarch probably refers to the rotting of the boar mentioned before by Euthydemus, and in any case to the specific phenomenon of putrefaction, as indicated by Macrobius’ proleptic illud and by his subsequent specification (ut ex maiore calore non fieri et ex minore et temperato provenire dicatur). In one case Macrobius has been mistakenly used by Teodorsson71 to propose a correction to Plutarch’s text. In his speech Moschion maintains that the moon’s moderate heat has an influence on the liquid element in all objects and in dead bodies in particular: κινεῖν τὰ ὑγρὰ καὶ † κωλύειν, where κωλύειν is corrupt and has been corrected to λύειν in the manuscript. Pohlenz proposed ἐκκαλεῖν72, accepted by Fuhrmann73. Teodorsson suggests διαχεῖν74 on the basis of Macrobius, who writes75: ergo de corporibus enectis sol ut maioris caloris haurit umorem, lunare lumen, in quo non est manifestus calor sed occultus tepor, magis diffundit umecta (“so the sun, endowed with a greater heat, extracts the moisture from dead bodies, whereas the moon, which has no clearly perceived heat, but rather an imperceptible warmth, is more apt to spread the moist element”). According to Teodorsson, Macrobius’ last words (diffundit umecta) support his 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Quaest. conv. 3,10,658C. Macrobius, Sat. 7,16,20. Quaest. conv. 3,19,658D. Quaest. conv. 3,5,652C; 8,9,732C. Teodorsson (1989) 384. Teodorsson (1989) 381–382. With a reference to Pliny, NH 2,223: solvere umorem et trahere. For further conjectures see Teodorsson (1989) 382. With a reference to De facie 25,940A (διαχεόμενον) and 940B (διαχεῖν). Macrobius, Sat. 7,16,18. Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 007-Setaioli-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 108 108 ALDO SETAIOLI correction διαχεῖν in Plutarch’s text. In reality, however, these words are part of the rendering of a different sentence that follows shortly after in Plutarch76: diffundit umecta corresponds to the ἀνυγραίνειν which appears there. Now, it cannot be categorically excluded that in Macrobius these words may have been influenced by a preceding διαχεῖν, if this verb really appeared shortly before in the text, but this is no more than a hypothesis based on another hypothesis. The words in which the corrupt κωλύειν appears (κινεῖν τὰ ὑγρὰ καὶ † κωλύειν) have been translated in the previous sentence by Macrobius with nutrit umores77. This clearly translates κινεῖν τὰ ὑγρά; there is no second verb in Macrobius – which suggests that it was probably already corrupt in the manuscript he used. In my opinion the right reading may have been hit upon by the corrector of T, who struck the two first letters of the verb, changing κωλύειν to λύειν: in a closely related passage Pliny does indeed write solvere umorem78. The last passage is a very controversial one. Plutarch is speaking of nurses who carefully avoid exposing the babies entrusted to them to the moon79. What follows, however, raises some doubt: “the reason is that, being filled with moisture, like freshly cut wood, they (would) become crippled and deformed”80. Now, further down Plutarch will come to speak of the moon’s effect on wood, which, however, does not become contracted or distorted, but soft and quick to decay81. And, as Fuhrmann pointed out82, the effect here depicted resembles very closely that of the heat of fire on wood, as described with the same verbs in another Table Talk from the same book III83. Accordingly, he writes <πρὸς> τὸν ἥλιον (“to the sun”, instead of “to the moon”) in Plutarch’s text. This correction was rejected by Flacelière84 and Teodorsson85. 76 Quaest. conv. 3,10,658B: τὴν γὰρ σελήνην ἠρέμα χλιαίνουσαν ἀνυγραίνειν τὰ σώματα, τὸν δ’ ἥλιον ἀναρπάζειν μᾶλλον ἐκ τῶν σωμάτων τὸ νοτερὸν διὰ τὴν πύρωσιν. 77 Macrobius, Sat. 7,16,18. 78 Pliny, NH 2,223. Cf. above, note 72. 79 Quaest. conv. 3,10,658E: διὸ τὰ μὲν νήπια παντάπασιν αἱ τίτθαι δεικνύναι <πρὸς> τὴν σελήνην φυλάττονται. The πρός was added in the Basel edition. Turnebus proposed τῇ σελήνῃ, accepted by Teodorsson (1989) 386. 80 Quaest. conv. 3,10,658E: πλήρη γὰρ ὑγρότητος ὄντα, καθάπερ τὰ χλωρὰ τῶν ξύλων, σπᾶται καὶ διαστρέφεται. 81 Quaest. conv. 3,10,659A: ἁπαλὰ καὶ μυδῶντα ταχέως δι’ ὑγρότητα. Cf. also de facie 25,939F: μαλακότητες ξύλων. 82 Fuhrmann (1972) 143; 204 n. 2. 83 Quaest. conv. 3,2,648BC: τὸ δὲ κλῆμα λέγουσιν αὐτοῦ σπώμενον ὥσπερ τἀν πυρὶ ξύλα συνδιαστρέφεσθαι; 649B: ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ ξύλα διαστρέφεται τοῦ πυρὸς τὸ ὑγρὸν ἕλκοντος ἐξ αὐτῶν βίᾳ κυρτότητας ἴσχοντα καὶ παραβάσεις. 84 Flacelière (1973) 255. 85 Teodorsson (1989) 387. Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 007-Setaioli-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 109 THE MOON AS AGENT OF DECAY 109 Macrobius surely read a text akin to our manuscript (T), with a reference to the moon, not to the sun: “Therefore also nurses cover their suckling babies when they walk under the moon, lest moonlight should increase the moisture they are naturally filled with because of their tender age, and, just like wood still green and humid is curved by heat, so their limbs should not be distorted by an increase in moisture”86. It should be noticed right away that Macrobius makes two additions to Plutarch’s text: the first is ne (…) amplius lunare lumen umectet (“lest moonlight should increase their natural moisture”), which aims to reinforce the previous statement that the effect described is indeed caused by the moon, as later once more confirmed by the words umoris adiectio, also missing in Plutarch; the second is the mention of heat (accepto calore), which is an effort to explain the distortion of wood. This, as even Teodorsson is forced to admit87, would fit the rapid desiccation caused by fire or by the sun, rather than the moistening and softening influence of the moon. Therefore, the resulting parallel in Macrobius is intrinsically contradictory: the effect of heat on wood can hardly be equated with the moistening influence of the moon on babies. Macrobius must have sensed that something did not square in Plutarch’s text. He tried to obviate the difficulty by resorting to the notion of heat to explain the distortion of wood mentioned by Plutarch. In Macrobius’ context, however, if the two phenomena can be equated at all, the reference must perforce be to the soft, moderate heat of the moon, which can hardly account for the effect on wood. As a matter of fact, immediately before Macrobius opposes the heat from the sun, that dries up, to that from the moon, which moistens88, where Plutarch only speaks of ‘flows’ (ῥεύματα) proceeding from the two celestial bodies89. Incidentally, we shall remind that these are not the only additions in Eustathius’ speech referring to the heat from the moon90. Obviously, these references do not fit Plutarch’s speech in the Table Talks, after which the speech of Eustathius in Macrobius is modeled. They would rather belong in the previous speech, uttered by 86 Macrobius, Sat. 7,16,25: hinc et nutrices pueros fellantes operimentis obtegunt cum sub luna praetereunt, ne plenos per aetatem naturalis umoris amplius lunare lumen umectet, et sicut ligna adhuc virore umida accepto calore curvantur, ita et illorum membra contorqueat umoris adiectio. 87 Teodorsson (1989) 387. 88 Macrobius, Sat. 7,16,24: calor solis arefacit, lunaris umectat. 89 Quaest. conv. 3,10,658E: τοῦ μὲν ξηραντικά, τῆς δὲ χαλαστικὰ (…) ἀφιείσης ῥεύματα. Incidentally, this opposition nullifies Teodorsson’s objection that here Plutarch is only speaking of the moon. The example of the babies (marked by μέν) could very well refer to the sun, the first celestial body previously mentioned; that of the sleepers under the moon (marked by δέ) obviously to the moon. 90 Cf. also Macrobius, Sat. 7,16,21: calor ipse lunaris. Cf. above, note 27. Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 007-Setaioli-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 110 110 ALDO SETAIOLI Moschion in Plutarch and by Disarius in Macrobius, which attributed the cause of decay to the softer heat from the moon, as compared to the sun’s. The speech of Plutarch, by contrast, regards decay as resulting from the laxative and liquefying influence of the moon – with no overt reference to lunar heat, however soft or subdued. This, then, is a further element by which the inner coherence of Eustathius’ speech is seriously impaired. As already hinted, Macrobius must have perceived that something did not square in this passage. To obviate the difficulty he went as far as repeatedly laying stress on the heat supposedly coming from the moon – a theory which ran counter to his own convictions, as expressed in his commentary on the Dream of Scipio, where he maintains that no heat comes from the moon91; but he could not avoid being caught in a web of contradictions. Obviously, in Plutarch’s passage a reference to the sun would make more sense than one to the moon. However, that the moon could have evil influences is well documented in the Greek Magical Papyri92. So, it may well be that Plutarch did refer to the moon, and that Macrobius’ effort to justify this reference, that he may have felt not perfectly in keeping with the context, far from attaining the goal, produced further inconsistencies. For this reason, I will leave it for others to decide whether Fuhrmann’s correction should be inserted in the text or left in the apparatus. 4. A few concluding remarks are in order. The particular problem discussed in this talk was related to a much more general one: the influence of celestial bodies – and the moon’s in particular – on earthly phenomena. It had obviously caught Plutarch’s interest, as shown by several related passages in a number of other works. Though it is a scientific problem, Plutarch also appeals to the testimony of literature, including poetry, as he usually does in all his works. Macrobius has followed Plutarch’s text fairly closely from the scientific point of view, but has aimed to enliven its literary presentation by enhancing the dialogic element – a procedure which reverses the attitude apparent in other adaptations he has made of Plutarch’s Table Talks: for example the one found in the immediately previous paragraphs (Sat. 7,16,1–14, discussing the priority of the egg or the chicken: cf. Quaest. conv. 2,3). He has suppressed some of Plutarch’s quotations (though not all of them as in Sat. 7,16,1–14) and has made a few additions stemming from his own culture. Macrobius, Somn. Scip. 1,19,12: nullum (…) sensum caloris; 13: solam refundit claritudinem, non calorem. 92 Cf., for example, PGM IV,2241–2358; 2622–2707; 2785–2890; VII,862–918. 91 Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 007-Setaioli-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 111 THE MOON AS AGENT OF DECAY 111 Macrobius’ rendering is a helpful tool for the establishment of a better Greek text in several passages, though at times he seems to adjust Plutarch’s arguments to fit his own interpretations. Nevertheless, his adaptations constitute an extremely interesting document allowing us to catch a glimpse of the reception and influence of Plutarch’s Table Talks in late antiquity. Aldo Setaioli Università degli Studi di Perugia Bibliography Boll, F. – Bezold, C. – Gundel, W. (1977), Storia dell’astrologia, Roma – Bari. Buffière, F. (1956), Les mythes d’Homère et la pensée grecque, Paris. Casanova, A. (2005), “Plutarco, Quaest. conv. III, 659A: gli influssi della luna”, in Pérez Jiménez, A. – Titchener, F. (eds.), Valori letterari delle opere di Plutarco. Studi offerti al Professore Italo Gallo dall’International Plutarch Society, Malaga – Utah, 67–74. Flacelière, R. (1973), Review of Fuhrmann (1972), AC 42, 253–266. Fuhrmann, F. (1972), Plutarque. Œuvres morales, tome IX, 1 (Propos de table), Paris (CUF). Hubert, K. (1938), “Zur indirekten Überlieferung der Tischgespräche Plutarchs”, Hermes 73, 307–328. Linke, H. (1880), Quaestiones de Macrobii Saturnalium fontibus, Diss. Breslau. Mastandrea, P. (1979) Un neoplatonico latino. Cornelio Labeone (Testimonianze e frammenti), Leiden. Préaux, C. (1973), La lune dans la pensée grecque, Bruxelles. Sandbach, F.H. (1982), “Plutarch and Aristotle”, ICS 7, 207–232. Teodorsson, S.-T. (1989) A Commentary on Plutarch’s Table Talks, vol. 1, Göteborg. Volkmann, R. (1872), Observationes miscellae, Progr. Jauer, 2–5. Wissowa, G. (1880), De Macrobii Saturnalium fontibus capita III, Diss. Breslau. Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 017-Index-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 241 Index Nominum et Rerum abortion 121–123 abortives 129 Academy, see New Academy Academic ἐποχή and εὐλάβεια 63, 138 accident 62, 67 Aegospotami 137 Aelianus 76 Aemilius Paulus 146–147, 157, 160 aeromancy 135 aether 36, 91, 106 aetiology 130, 133 physical aetiology 17–19, 21, 73, 131–132, 138–139 Aetius 50, 90, 96, 180 Alcaeus 77 Alcibiades 156 Alcinous 32, 36, 43, 46, 185, 194 Alcman 100, 103–104 Alexander the Great 147, 149, 174 Ps.-Alexander of Aphrodisias 100 Alexandria 76 Alexandrian erudition 115 allegory 60 allegorical interpretation 67, 104, 224 alliteration 151–152, 216–217, 219–221, 223–224 Alps 158 amateur 15 ambition 187 Ammonius 43, 76–77 amulet 121–122 anacoluthon 134 analogy 34, 92, 114, 119, 121, 171, 182, 185, 188, 191–193 Anaxagoras 39, 91, 95, 136–137, 159, 161, 163, 180, 210 Anaximander 90, 193, 232–233 Anaximenes 93, 232 ancestral beliefs 171 anecdote 120, 123, 146, 236 anemia 123 animals 69, 80, 90–91, 99, 118–119, 121, 155, 163, 168 animal behaviour 12 animal instincts 119 animal sensation 37 animal world 118, 121 theriomorphic figures 167 theriomorphic representation 22 zoogonic similes 171, 174 anthropology 22, 179–181, 186, 188, 191–193 Antipater 105 antipathy 137 Antiquity 11–14, 20, 76, 81, 100, 111, 132, 146 ants 119 aphorism 124 Aphrodite 169, 225 Apollonides Tacticus 77–78 appetite 119–123 Apuleius 21, 101, 169 Aratus 5, 19–20, 87–89, 91–97, 149–150, 152, 159 Arcesilaus 63 Archilochus 99 architecture 12 Aristides Quintilianus 222 Aristophanes 77 Aristotle 12, 20–21, 30–33, 35–36, 39, 41, 50–53, 61, 68, 75, 78, 80–82, 91, 94–95, 100–101, 104–105, 114, 122, 124, 130, 133, 135, 169, 174–176, 180, 182, 189, 205, 216, 236 Aristotelian approach 37 Aristotelian causality 53, 68 Aristotelian echoes 175 Aristotelian language 36, 114 Aristotelian milieu 80 Aristotelian parallels 81 Aristotelian Platonism 124 Aristotelian Problemata physica 18, 21, 113, 130, 132 Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 017-Index-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 242 242 INDEX NOMINUM ET RERUM Aristotelian theory that cold is a στέρησις of heat 133 Aristotelian qualities (hot, cold, dry, wet) 32, 35, 45, 51 Aristotelian scholasticism 12 Aristotelian science 130 Aristotelian terminology 174, 176 Aristotelian tradition 49, 81, 84 Aristotelian vocabulary 68 Aristotelianism 97 Arius 185 Artemis 106, 188 arteries 171 arts 176 artists 89, 167, 171 astrology 146 astronomy 11–12, 14, 145 astronomers 95 astronomical events 163 astronomical phenomena 22, 155, 159 atheism 139 Athenaeus 76, 80 Athens 76, 84, 168, 227 Athenian army 158 Athenian legislator 227, 229 Athenian statesmen 227 Athenian poet (Solon) 236 Athenians 158, 162, 229–231, 234 Athryitus 77, 79–84 atmosphere 88 atmospheric sign 90 atomism 18, 29, 31–32, 37–42, 46, 48–51, 53–54 atomic entities 49 atomic particles 52 atomistic theory 171, 175 atomists 50 atoms 18, 30, 32, 41, 47, 49, 50–53, 175 Atropos 189–190 authenticity 113–114, 116 authority 163, 227, 234 philosophical authority 20 scientific authority 17, 20 traditional authority 81, 131 autogenesis (see also spontaneous generation) 171 babies 108–109, 120, 123 baccheus 225 balneology 132 bark-beetles 171, 175 bears 119, 167 beauty 31, 41, 43, 60, 88, 134, 184, 186 bees 118–119, 167 bestiality 122 bird 123, 173 birth 123, 145, 174–175, 189–190, 224 child-delivery 99 childbirth 121–123 monstrous births 17 bladder 91, 202 blood 80, 82, 91, 119 boar 107 boats 117 Boethus of Sidon 97 bowels 91, 202 brain 14, 92 breath 22, 91, 171, 174 breathing 78 brightness 88, 146, 150–151 bronze 100, 104–105 butterfly 22, 167, 169, 171–176 cabbage 169, 174 Caesar 145, 162–163 calculation 13, 44 calculability 30 calendar 88 Callimachus 115 Calypso 96 Camillus 157 cardiocentrism 92 Carthage 77 Carthaginians 132 caterpillar 169, 171–174 Catilinarian conspiracy 157 catoptrics 12 Catullus 158 causality 14, 16, 41, 53, 69, 131, 135, 137, 139, 233 Chaeronea 115, 120–121, 127, 194 chaos 199, 201, 204, 225 chiasm, chiasmus 216–218, 221–222 Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 017-Index-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 243 INDEX NOMINUM ET RERUM chicken 110 children 135–136 child-delivery, childbirth see birth choriamb 222, 225 chronology 33, 181, 206 chrysalis 169 Chrysippus 93 Cicero 133, 156 Cimbri 156, 158 classification 12, 14, 124, 200 Cleanthes 104, 180 Clemens of Alexandria 76 climate 91, 116 Clotho 189–190 cloud 90, 95, 135, 149–152, 158–159, 230–231, 233 cloud-formation 89 cloudiness 94 cloudless night 149, 159 clusters 19, 209 coal 122–123 cocoon 173 cognition 18, 58–59 cold 19–21, 29, 32, 34–38, 40, 45, 50–51, 53, 64, 66, 77–82, 94, 132–133, 139, 146, 152, 156, 158, 221 coldness 35–38, 50, 64 cooling 77, 221 coloration 135 colour 29, 37, 41, 46–48, 89, 91, 93–94, 160, 224–225 Colotes 18, 32, 45, 47–48, 53–54, 61, 63–64, 67, 70 combustion 80 combustibles 95 comet 135, 162–163 complexion 119 compositional technique 17, 23, 197 concoction 91 condensation 44, 93, 223 configurations 41, 46, 224 copper 99–100, 102–106 copper nails 99, 102–103 copulation 171 Corinth 159 corporeity 221–222 corporeal environment of the soul 172–173 243 corporeal part of the pre-cosmic world 186 corporeals 66 corpuscles 18, 30–33, 37, 41–42, 44, 46, 49–50, 52, 54 cosmos 12, 14, 16–18, 21–23, 63, 66, 91–92, 137, 143, 145, 185, 188, 190–193, 199, 201–202, 204–210, 216, 219, 224–225 cosmic body 203, 205, 208–209 cosmic spectacles 134 cosmogony 186, 193 cosmological framework 179–180, 185, 190 cosmology 22, 180, 189, 191–193 cow 121–122 cowardice 149 Crassus 157 crayfish 119 creation 11, 167, 172, 174–175, 186, 191–192, 204, 224 creatio ex nihilo 185 creator 31 creature 169, 171, 175, 191 Critias 136 Croesus 227 crown of the sun 94 cube 42–43 curiosity 12 Cyrenaics 64–65 Cyzicus 156 daemon, daimon, demon 11, 163, 182 Daimachus 137 Danjon scale 160 Dardanos 169 Darius 149 darkness 34, 95, 148–149, 151–152, 155–156, 159, 162–163 dawn 90, 92 daylight 149, 158 death 22, 145, 162–163, 167–168, 171, 173–174, 176, 184, 188, 191, 227 decay 20, 99, 100, 102, 107–108, 110, 189–190 deformity 192 deity 224 Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 017-Index-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 244 244 INDEX NOMINUM ET RERUM Delphic oracle 67 Delphic E 44 Demiurge 16, 32–33, 41, 43, 46, 204–206, 211 Democritus 18, 30, 32, 39, 40–41, 45, 47–51, 91, 114 Demosthenes 148 desiccation 109 destiny 164, 192 destruction 33, 50, 52, 234 devotion towards the divine (εὐσέβεια) 16, 21, 131, 138–139 dew 104 dialogue 15, 20, 43–44, 92, 100, 104, 199–203, 215–217 Delphic dialogues 37 Diana 106 Dicaearchus 232 dicretic 215, 225 digression 21, 43, 130, 155, 163, 207 Diodorus (in Aetius) 50 Diodorus Siculus 231–232, 234 Diogenes Laertius 62, 228–229, 232, 234 Dion 146–148, 156, 159–160 Dionysian mysteries 175 Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse 147, 162 Dionysius of Halicarnassus 114 Dionysus 172 Disarius 102, 105, 110 diseases 119, 122, 124 disorder 21, 186, 202 obsessive-compulsive disorder 123 mental disorder 123–124 Pica (eating disorder) 21, 123 dissections 12 divination 147 divinity 88, 221, 224–225 divine creation 11 divine entity 16, 224 divine intervention 136 divine manifestations 162 divine miracles 17 divine portent 137 divine signs 161 divine vengeance 158 dodecahedron 29, 42, 43 dogs 118–119 dragonflies 167 dreams 93 drinking-parties 131 drunkenness 19, 78 dualism 49, 69, 211 dualistic causality 137, 139 duality 187, 190 dung-beetles 167 dust 123, 158 dyad 45, 211 Dyrrhachium 157 earth 13, 29, 36–40, 42, 66, 90–92, 95, 106, 119, 121–123, 132, 134, 145, 183, 188–191, 202, 204–205, 214, 216–219, 223–225 earthiness 91 earthquake 157 echoes 151 eclipse 17, 22, 94–95, 146–149, 159–163 effect 11, 22, 35–39, 53, 64, 68, 77–78, 89, 94–95, 99, 105, 108–109, 116–117, 121, 123, 137, 157, 159, 201, 233 egg 110, 171–172, 174–175 Orphic egg 172 Egypt 11 Egyptian gods 63 elegy 229, 231, 233–234 elegiac verse 231 element 31, 34–36, 42, 44, 50–52, 64, 91, 107, 216, 218–220 elemental particles 45, 52 elemental properties 31, 41, 55 elemental transformation 43, 50, 52 elementary corpuscles 46, 54 ellipse 134 elliptic construction 96 emotion 148, 160, 187 Empedocles 20, 40, 50, 80, 91, 96, 205–210 empirical data 12, 97 encomium 44 entrails 121 ephebe 78 Epicurus 18, 32, 41, 45–48, 50–52, 61, 80, 93, 174 Epicureans 45, 53, 64 Epicurean account of the elements 41, 50 Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 017-Index-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 245 INDEX NOMINUM ET RERUM Epicurean atomism 48–49, 51, 53 Epicurean confidence in the senses 63, 67 Epicurean criticism of Democritus 41 Epicurean physics 45 Epicurean theories about the soul 173–174 Epicurean tradition 12 epidemics 84 epistemology 18, 57–61, 63, 70, 130, 138 epistemological distinction 58, 60 epistemological error 94 epistemological framework of Plato’s Timaeus 16, 69 epistemological framework of Plutarch’s De facie 199 epistemological gap 70 epistemological matrix of the problems 18 epistemological models 18, 58 epistemological progression 58 epistemological vocabulary 61 ontological-epistemological preconceptions/beliefs 17 epithet 100–101, 104 Eraton 76 Eros 169, 225 ethics 186, 230, 232–233 ethical metaphor 171 ethical conception of the human being 193 ethical part of philosophy 230 Etna 205, 219, 220, 222 Etruscans 132 etymology 83, 106, 174 Euripides 134, 211 Euripidean Zeus 210 Eustathius 102, 109–110 Euthydemus 99, 102, 107 evaporation 44, 117 excrement 121, 169 excretions 79 exegesis 17–19, 42–43, 46, 73 exegetical approach 97 exegetical format 19 exegetical method 87, 96 exegetical questions 201 exegetical writings 18 245 exhalation 90–91, 117, 129 experience 37, 39, 89, 94, 102, 119, 219, 221 experimentation 13 eyes 94, 104, 146, 157, 202 evil eye 123 eye-trouble 89 eyelid 89, 94 eyesight 104 fable 137 faculty 60–62, 65–66, 97, 186 fantasy 93 farmer 39, 66, 87–88, 135 fat 82 Fate 189–190 Favorinus 34, 40 female (see also woman) 78, 80, 83, 120 feminine 146 fetus 122–123 fever 39 fire 19, 29, 34, 36–37, 39, 42, 44, 50, 66, 68–69, 90–91, 93, 95–96, 108–109, 135, 155, 163, 169, 188, 204–205, 210, 216–217, 219–220, 222, 224–225 fiery bodies 220 fiery bubbles 135 fiery form of the sun 91 fiery nature of the Stoic Zeus 205 fiery nature of the soul 221 Firmus 171–172, 174–176 fishing 118 flame 96 flavour 41 flesh 83, 94, 99, 181, 223 flintstones 123 Florus, L. Mestrius 77, 80–82, 84, 130 flowers 157 flower wreaths 77 fluidity 29 fluids 14 flute 66 flute-players 39 food 119–120, 123 force 11, 91–93, 96, 157, 190, 236 forms 12, 32–34, 43–44, 46–47, 49, 57, 59–61, 63, 69, 90–91, 93, 167, 171–172, 186, 207, 225 Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 017-Index-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 246 246 INDEX NOMINUM ET RERUM fortune 147, 173 fruit 88, 162 Greeks 103, 132, 148, 159 grub 169 Galen 34–35 Gallus, C. Sulpicius 161 Gauls 132 Gellius 76 gems 169 generation 33, 43–44, 47–48, 51, 132, 171, 188–189, 191–192, 204, 206–207 generation of the cosmos 204, 207 spontaneous generation (see also autogenesis) 174 genre 14, 17–21, 67, 75, 130, 138, 147 genre of natural problems 18, 21 geography 12, 81 geographical boundaries 12 geographical locale 22 geographical phenomenon 22 geographical lore 83 geological phenomena 155 geometry 29 geometric account 18, 32, 37, 45, 53 geometric atomism 18, 29, 31–32, 37–38, 41–42, 46, 50, 53–55 geometric forms 33, 46 geometric properties 30, 46 geometric shapes 31, 40 god 11, 16, 31, 63, 65, 67, 136, 139, 157, 161, 164, 183, 185–187, 189, 191, 206–210, 231 goddess 106 goodness 31, 41 grass 119 Greco-Roman civilization 14 Greece 75, 167 Greek art 167, 170 Greek literature 15, 141, 176–177, 228–229 Greek Magical Papyri 110, 177 Greek philosophy 54, 71, 152, 213 Greek poetry 229, 237 Greek rationalism 11 Greek religion 177 Greek science 24–25, 141 Greek statesmen 21 Greek thinkers 11 haemorrhoids 122 hail 230–231, 233 haloes 135 haplography 84 harmony 91, 187, 207–208, 210 head 78, 123, 168, 182, 236, 238 headache 119, 122 health 13, 120–121, 124 healthful influence 104 healthy effects 123 healthy properties 119 heart 14, 62, 91–92, 121, 202 heat 34–37, 39, 49, 80, 82, 84, 91, 94, 99–100, 105, 107–110, 116–117, 132–133, 139, 157–158 heaven 88, 129, 134, 149, 162, 169, 190, 218, 223 celestial body 13, 106, 109–110, 145, 150 celestial phenomena 87–88, 161 celestial region 189 heaviness 39, 117 Hecuba 211 Heraclitus 93, 210, 232 hero 21–22, 156–159, 161–163 Herodotus 79, 114, 228, 236 Hesiod 77, 87, 210–211 hexahedron 29, 38 hierarchy 181–182, 188, 190, 192 hinds 121–122 Hippocrates 122–123 historicity 228, 232 history 11–15, 84, 114, 180, 227–229 hollows in the sun 89 Homer 90, 95–96, 99–100, 167, 233 Homeric epithets 100, 104 Homeric language 229 homonymy 217 honeycombs 119 horizon 90, 92 horse 67–68, 157 humanity 145–146, 161 human being 21–22, 48, 80, 145–146, 163–164, 174, 180–182, 185, 190, 192–193 Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 017-Index-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 247 INDEX NOMINUM ET RERUM human body 37–38, 48, 171, 173, 176, 183–184, 191 humankind 145 humidity 99, 175 humidifying power of the moon 99–100 hunger 120, 122–123 hunting 118 hypochondrium 122 hypomnema 203, 209–211 Iamblichus 31, 45 icosahedron 29, 42 ignorance 136, 158, 161–163, 231, 234, 237 Ilithyia 188 illness 94, 119 illusion 89, 93 image 60, 66, 68–69, 91, 95, 157, 192, 227, 233, 236 imagery 68, 135, 233 imagination 61, 227 imaginary influence of the moon on human lives 145 imitation 60, 69–70, 101, 175, 201 immoderation 236 impression 64, 89, 93–94, 149, 151, 204 incineration 83–84 India 83 infinity of the universe 217 ingestion 121–123 insect 168, 171–172, 174 instinct 119 instrument 61, 70, 138, 158 intellect 60–62, 66, 180–184, 186, 190, 192–193, 219, 221, 223 intellection 57, 60, 62, 65–66, 70 intelligibility 186, 193 intelligibles 46, 58–60, 62, 66–70 Ion 99–100 Ionian philosophy 232–233 iron 69, 91, 104, 123 irrationality 181, 187, 192 ivy 77 justice 232, 236 Kepler 15, 223 247 laboratories 13 Lachesis 189–190 lactation 78 lakes 155 Lamprias 44, 200, 205–207, 215–219, 221–225 Lamprias Catalogue 19, 33, 76, 114–115 lapis lazuli 123 laurel 77 law 13, 227–228, 230, 235–237 lawgiver 231, 237 legislator 227–229, 232, 234 universal laws 13 laxative 99, 110 Leitmotif 216, 218, 224 lekythoi 167, 168 Libya 157 lightning 156–157, 230–231, 233 linguistics 14 liquids 78, 119, 121 liquefaction 223 litotes 218 liver 91 lore 83, 87, 179 folklore 176 love 65, 122, 136, 169, 225 Lucian 176 Lucretius 133 Lucullus 156, 159 Macrobius 20–21, 76–77, 101–110 macrocosmos 180, 185, 193 magic 11 magical love spells 169 man 14, 17, 21–22, 47, 68, 82, 88, 162–164, 180–181, 185, 187, 191–193, 227, 231 male animals 80 male body 82 males 80 Marius 157–158 marvel 21, 132–134, 136, 138 marvelling 133 marvellous phenomena 14, 90, 133, 135, 150–151 materiality 183–184 mathematics 11, 14, 43 Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 017-Index-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 248 248 INDEX NOMINUM ET RERUM mechanics 12 medicine 11, 14 memory 39, 75, 77 menstruation 78, 82 Mesopotamia 11 metaphor 22, 30, 66, 68–69, 171, 175–176, 229, 233–234, 236 metaphysics 17, 27, 39, 68, 189 meteorite 137 meteors 129, 135 meteorology 20, 233 meteorological marvels 136 meteorological phenomena 12, 22, 135–137, 147, 155–156, 163 meteorological speculations 233 methodology 12, 129, 206, 228 methods 200, 209, 217 Metrodorus 91 mice 167 microcosmos 180, 191, 193 microcosmism 180, 185, 191–193 micturition 79 Minoan age 169 Minoan arts 176 miracles 17 mirabilia 83, 97, 137–138 miraculous phenomena 137 mirror 69, 95, 182, 202, 203 Mithridates 156, 159 mixture 50–52, 62, 188, 211 modernity 16 moisture 78, 96, 99, 105, 107–109 monad 44 monas 190 moon 15, 17, 19, 23, 69, 88, 91–92, 95, 99–101, 103–110, 135, 145–151, 157–160, 183, 188–193, 205, 215– 220 moonlight 20, 22, 69, 99, 102, 109, 146, 148–150, 152, 158–159 Moschion 99–100, 102–103, 105, 107, 110 mountains 157 muses 229, 233 music 12, 14 musician 76 Mycenaean arts 176 myth 104, 106, 162, 169, 172, 179, 181, 189, 191–192, 201, 203, 216, 223 mythography 17 mythology 11, 136, 139 mythological accounts 139 mythological expositions 191 mythological personification 104 mythological symbolism 176 nails 99, 102–103, 122 nausea 119–121 navigation 116–117 necessity 53, 64, 183, 190, 201, 211, 221, 225, 232 New Academy 17 Nicander 87 Nicias 147–149, 160–161, 163–164 Nicomachus 45 nourishment 80–81 nutrition 118 nurse 108–109, 202 objectivity 13 observation 12, 82–83, 93–94, 97 observational knowledge 12 octahedron 29, 42, 44 Odysseus 96 ointment 82, 84 omen 17, 156, 161–163 ontology 18, 49, 58, 60, 130 opinable 59, 62, 68, 189 opinion 12, 18, 40, 57–66, 68, 70, 189 optics 12 optical illusion 89, 93 originality 203 Osiris 65 paeon 220–221, 225 pain 122, 181 paradox 132 paradoxography 138 paradoxographers 138 paradoxographical phenomena paralysis 147, 149 parhelions 95 Parmenides 61–62, 80, 84, 210 parody 175–176 138 Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 017-Index-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 249 INDEX NOMINUM ET RERUM particle 43–46, 50, 52, 93–94, 96 passion 173, 181–182, 184, 192–193, 201 pastiche 175 pathology 122 patient 119 pebble 91, 121–122 Peisistratus, Pisistratus 231, 234–235 Peisistratid tyranny 234 Pelopidas 146–147, 156, 161 pentagon 42 perception 12–13, 29, 39–40, 46, 64, 93–95, 97, 227–228 perceptibility 188 perceptible elements 66 perceptible objects 65 perceptible properties 29 sublunary region of the perceptible 189 Periander 236 Pericles 136, 146–147, 159, 161, 163 Peripatetics 133, 216 Peripatetic circles 80 Peripatetic diaspora of science 124 Peripatetic imprint of Quaestiones naturales 122 Peripatetic knowledge 141 Peripatetic school 105 Peripatetic science 130, 142 Peripatetic tradition 114, 129 persuasion 16, 62, 236 pessimism 229 pharmacological procedures 87 Pharnaces 215–217, 222 Philo 205 Philochorus 149 Philolaus 45, 91 philosophy 47, 57–58, 65–66, 68, 129, 133, 135, 137–139, 203, 205, 221, 230, 232–233 natural philosophy 11–15, 17–18, 23, 45, 58, 66, 69, 135–136, 199, 201, 209, 227 philosopher 12, 14, 21, 39, 51, 58–59, 61, 66–68, 90, 93, 96, 106, 115, 120–121, 129, 169, 199, 202, 221, 232 natural philosopher 39, 58, 66–67, 69–70 249 philosophia prima 131, 139 philosophic maxims 230 philosophical concepts 17 philosophical dialogues 200 philosophical discourse 126–127, 141 philosophical knowledge 57 philosophical school 131 philosophical thinking 17, 230, 236 philosophical tradition 20, 29, 79 philosophical writings 13, 15–16, 18, 23, 131 phlegm 119 Phocus 235 physician 39, 66, 77, 79, 84, 99, 103, 106 physics 17, 27, 45–46, 53, 203, 230 physiology 12, 19, 82 pigs 119 Pindar 95 plague 84, 162 plant 47, 91, 99, 155, 236 Plato 12, 16, 18, 23, 29, 30–43, 45–46, 49–54, 58–63, 65, 67–68, 70, 75, 90–93, 114, 120, 133, 137, 172–173, 175, 180, 182, 184–185, 188–189, 191, 199–206, 211–212, 218, 224–225 Platonic circles 36 Platonic dialectic 217 Platonic dialogues 199, 201–203 Platonic dogma 17 Platonic epistemology 138 Platonic forms 34 Platonic idea 46, 218, 222 Platonic interpretation 207 Platonic myths 212–213 Platonic ontology 18, 49, 130 Platonic schools 36 Platonic tradition 12, 31 Platonism 12, 97, 124, 130, 222, 224 Platonist 22, 32, 92, 97, 221, 225 Platonists 12, 31, 38, 46, 204, 207, 219 Platonist doctrine 46 Platonist dualism 49 plausibility 16, 48 plausible answer 64 plausible explanation 12, 92, 123, 129 plausible statements 40–41 pleonasm 220 Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 017-Index-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 250 250 INDEX NOMINUM ET RERUM Pliny the Elder 90, 96, 100, 103, 107, 108, 121, 122 Plotinus 36, 49 poetry 17, 83, 110, 227–231, 235 poem 19–20, 87–88, 96, 228–231, 233–236 poet 15, 19, 67, 87–88, 96, 104, 120, 124, 134, 228–230, 232–233, 236 polis 229, 233–234, 236 politics 120, 230, 232–233 politician 22, 120, 155 polyhedra 29–33, 40, 42–44, 51, 53 polyhedric elements 33 polyhedric shapes 18, 33 polyhedron 29, 42–43 polyptoton 217, 224 Pompey 148–149, 163 pores 96 porousness 84 porous body of women 78 Porphyry 106 portent 137, 147, 156–157, 161 portentous events 155, 157 pottery 168 power 22, 34–35, 37, 40, 51, 60–61, 68–70, 99–100, 103–104, 106, 119, 145–146, 155, 161, 169, 172, 183, 185, 188–189, 211, 227, 234–237 Pre-Socratics 11 presocratic philosophers 232 pregnancy 121–123 pregnant women 81, 119–124 prisms 33 privation 34–35, 133 prolepsis 218 prophetic art 135 psyche 169, 171, 174, 176 psychological disease 122 psychology 22, 147, 184 Ptolemaeus 90 purposefulness 41 pyramid 29, 42, 44 Pythagoras 180 Pythagorean discussion 171 Pythagorean tones 222 Pythagorean view 32 Pythagoreans 32, 45, 91 question-and-answer format 18 rain 90, 95, 156 rainbow 135–136 ram 69 raphanus 169, 174 rarity 133 rationality 181, 184, 186, 192 rational approach 11 rational attitude 135 rational devotion 21, 138–139 rational explanations 138, 145 rationalism 11, 16 ravens 167 ray of light 20, 88–89, 92, 94–95, 99 reductio ad absurdum 175 regularity 33, 41, 88 reincarnation 173 religion 11 religious contexts 159 religious discourse 13 religious dread 147 religious lore 179 religious outlook on the world 139 Renaissance 12 rhetoric rhetorical devices 23, 217 rhetorical embellishment 134 rhetorical idiom 16, 130 rhetorical questions 134–135, 221, 224 rhetorical strategies 16–17 rhetorical training 132 rhythm 215, 225 rhythmic elements 225 rhythmic ending 223 rhythmic link 219 rituals 120 river 79, 116–117, 124, 155, 157 Rome 75, 162 Roman army 157–158 Roman citizenship 77 Roman empire 12, 24, 129, 141 Roman philosophy 71 Roman statesmen 21 Romans 132, 148, 156–159 Romulus 162 rue 81 Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 017-Index-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 251 INDEX NOMINUM ET RERUM sacrifice 69, 147, 159, 161 sage 23, 171, 232 sailor 88, 120 Salamis 229 salt 116 saline content in the sea 116 salinity 117 saltiness 117 sanctuaries 123 Satyrus 99, 102 scepticism 17 school 12, 20, 36, 38, 61, 97, 105, 131, 222 science 11–15, 19, 90, 124, 129–130, 141, 159, 161, 203, 232 scientific authority 17, 20 scientific concepts 13 scientific digression 21, 130, 155, 163 scientific disciplines 14 scientific discourse 17, 23 scientific exercises 131 scientific innovation 126, 141, 213 scientific inquiry 12, 13, 17, 19, 132 scientific insight 135, 137 scientific knowledge 13, 14, 16, 17 scientific literature 138 scientific lore 179 scientific method 12, 129 scientific research 19, 57 scientific tradition 24, 97 scientific value 15, 23, 130 scientific writing 15, 16, 18, 130, 131 scientificity 15 scientist 87, 124, 137 sea 155, 157, 236–237 seasons 88, 117 seed 39, 42, 44, 66, 81, 96, 171, 174–175 seer 69, 157, 161 seisachtheia 229 Selene 104 Seneca 95, 115, 133, 135–136 Senecio, Q. Sosius 75–76 sensation 14, 37, 63, 89, 94, 201 sense-impressions 64 sense-perception 12, 39, 57, 62–64, 66–67, 93–94, 97 sense of smell 119 senses 39–40, 47–48, 63–67, 220 251 sensible objects 46, 60 sensible realm 61 sensible world 58, 67, 69 sensibles 58–60, 62–63, 66–70 sensory faculties 97 sensory world 58 shadow 89, 93–95, 148–151, 158, 160, 167 sharpness 30 shivers 82 Sicilians 148–149 Simplicius 31–33, 50 skin 80, 82, 91, 122, 205, 220 sky 90, 92, 95–96, 129, 148, 150, 217–218 sleep 84 snake 169 Socrates 34, 62, 182, 195 soldiers 146, 148–149, 151–152, 156–157, 159, 161, 163 solids 18, 43, 65 Solon 23, 227–237 sonority 151–152 Sophocles 146 soul 17, 21–22, 47–48, 63, 65–66, 93, 167–169, 171–174, 176, 180–193, 201, 203–209, 211, 217, 219, 221–224 appetitive part of the soul 187 cosmic soul 185–186, 203–208 human soul 17, 167–169, 171–172, 176, 181, 185–187 transmigration of the soul 173–174, 176 trichotomy of the soul 180–181, 189 world soul 174, 185–187, 191–193, 201, 206, 211 spectacle 16, 134 spectacular phenomena 135 spectator 134 speed 217 spells 169 sphere 192, 208, 233 spondee 219–222 spontaneous generation (see also autogenesis) 174 springs (hot and cold) 21, 132–133, 136, 139 Stagirite 12, 174 star 88, 90, 93–95, 103, 157, 163, 188, 202, 215, 217–218, 220 Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 017-Index-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 252 252 INDEX NOMINUM ET RERUM statesman 21–22, 120, 155, 157, 159, 161–163, 227–228, 230–231, 235 Stesichorus 95 Stobaeus 50, 184 Stoicism 92, 97, 224 Stoics 40, 90, 93, 96, 205–207, 211, 216–219, 221–222 Stoic terminology 211 Stoicizing allusion 102 anti-Stoic attitude 137 anti-Stoic dualism 211 stone 92, 119–123 storm 95–96, 156–157, 162, 205, 230 stormy wind 233 Strato 40 strife 205 stupidity 234 stylistics 134 stylistic analysis 23, 215 stylistic devices 216 stylistic feature 114 stylistic procedures 215 stylistic resources 225 substance 19, 34–35, 37, 39–40, 47, 94, 123, 167, 172, 183, 186, 205, 223 Sulla, L. Cornelius 158 Sulla, Sextius 77–78, 84, 180–181, 201, 216, 223 summer 91, 96, 156, 159 sun 20, 69, 88–95, 99, 106–110, 135, 146, 157–158, 160, 162, 183, 188–192, 202, 220 sunlight 92 sunrise 156 sunset 90, 92, 94 superstition 21–22, 131–132, 135–139, 155–156, 161–162, 164 superstitious belief 132, 146–148 superstitious people 156 suspension of judgment 35, 40–41, 58, 63 sweat 78 sweating 158 sympathy 137, 145 symposium 19, 76–78 sympotic discussions 14, 16, 129 sympotic framework 130 sympotic questions 20, 77 sympotic scene 20 sympotic tradition 129 symposiasts 16, 20, 137 symptoms 121 syndrome 122–123, 124 Magpie Syndrome 123 Syracuse 147, 156 Syracusans 156 Syrianus 30 taste 29, 41 tears 78 technê 39 technician 39 technology 13 teleological explanation 41 teleological design of De facie 215 temperament 13, 20, 78 temperature 41 tetractys 222 tetrahedron 29, 43 tetrameters 235 text-genetic process 17 Thales 231 Thebes 156 theodicy 192 Theodorus of Soloi 42–44, 46 theology 131 theological views 192 Theon 104 Theophrastus 62, 87, 91, 96 therapies 122 Thessalian women 146 Thrace 79, 83 Thrasybulus 236 Thucydides 84 thunder 138, 156–157, 230–231, 233 Timaeus (character in Plato’s Timaeus) 29, 32–33, 37–38, 199, 207–208 Timaeus 16, 29, 31–32, 36–37, 42–43, 45–47, 49, 52, 63, 69, 92, 172, 182, 185, 191, 199–207, 209–211 Timaeus Locrus 32–33, 37 Timarchus 181, 189 Timon 174 Timotheus 100–101, 103 Timoxena 173 Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015 2015115 [Meeusen] 017-Index-print [date 1509230758 : version 1507011030] page 253 INDEX NOMINUM ET RERUM tradition 12, 20–21, 29–31, 46, 49, 75, 77, 79, 81, 83–84, 87, 97, 101, 103, 114–115, 118, 123, 129, 158–159, 162, 201, 229, 232, 234 traditional belief 138 traditional superstitions 155 Trajan 75–76 transcendence 30 transcendent region 189–190 triad 184, 192 triangle 29–33, 37–38, 40, 42–44, 52, 64 scalene triangles 29, 37–38, 42 tripartition 181, 184, 188–189 truffles 138 truth 62, 64, 66, 136, 159, 228, 231– 232 truth-claim 64 Tryphon 76–77 tsunami 157 turtles 119 twilight 94 tyranny 231, 234–236 tyrant 147, 234–237 unconsciousness 123 underworld 168 universe 16, 21–22, 91, 145, 180, 185, 187, 191–193, 202, 204–205, 207–208, 217, 222, 225 universal order 232 urine 78 uterus 121 vapor 92, 117 Varro 233 veins 171 Venus 220 Vergilius 90 viper 119 virtue 92, 161, 163, 171, 175, 183, 188–189, 192 virtuous human conduct 22 visibility 37, 224 vomit 119–120 vomiting 120–121 253 vultures 119 vulva 121 warmth 34, 91, 107 warm property 20 wasps 167 water 19, 29, 36, 40, 42, 44, 92, 116–117, 132, 155, 188, 204, 216, 225, 233 weather 156 weather patterns 234, 236 wind 90, 129, 156–157, 205, 230, 232–233 wine 19–20, 77–80, 84, 100 winter 81, 91, 95–96, 158 wintery storm 95 wisdom 68, 228, 231 wolves 118 woman (see also female) 19, 75, 77–85, 119–124, 146 womb 119 wonder 13, 94, 133–137, 161 wonder-inducing phenomena 138 wonderful phenomena 133, 135 wonders of nature 134 wondrous nature 138 wood 92, 96, 99, 108–109 woodworms 171, 175 world 11–17, 21–22, 31, 33, 36, 41, 43–44, 57–61, 64, 66–70, 87, 93, 118, 121, 130, 139, 145, 174, 185–187, 191–193, 201, 203–206, 211, 216, 224, 229, 232 two-worlds theory 58–63 world view 14, 16, 22, 130 wounds 104 Xenocrates 50–51, 180, 188–189 Xenophanes 90 Xenophon 75 Zeitgeist 16 zenith 160 Zeno 224 Zeugma 157 zeugmatic meaning 134 Zeus 19, 67, 104, 134, 156, 205, 209–211, 221, 224 Zoroaster 210 Reprint from Natural Spectaculars - ISBN 978 94 6270 043 7 - © Leuven University Press, 2015