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Die konstitutiven Widerspruche der Gabe

2019, Paideuma 64

Debates on the taxonomy of transaction types have been a fertile source of analysis and comparison of societies. The present contribution aims at describing types of relationships in a terminology the renders visible both their differentiating features and their shared foundations, so as to make possible a more flexible use of categories. The focus is on the question how the concept of sharing relates to the axis of gift and commodity. Starting from the theory of the gift, the term obligation – to give, receive and return – is replaced by the term expectation. This draws attention to three constitutive contradictions of the gift that are found in modified ways in commodity transfers and in sharing: Each transfer makes expectable a future that, however, cannot be determined; each transfer relates to the values of a specific community whose boundaries and coherence always remain ambiguous; transfers constitute persons in a social, even public manner, but they remain opaque. These contradictions define a dynamic field of types of transfer that are variably characterized by weak or strong expectations, differing ranges of value systems and various degrees of opacity and transparence of persons.

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