IJOT 01/2021

ABSTRACT In July-September 2022, during an abnormal drop in the water level of the Danube, near Izmail fortress at the bottom of the river, on a plot of 150-170×10-15 m at a depth of 1 to 1.5 m, local historians accidentally discovered three clusters of artifacts: fragments of marble tombstones, fragments of Ottoman ceramics, forged iron elements of rigging, as well as the remains of the hull of a small wooden sailboat and other finds (intact and fragmented cast iron cannonballs, bombs, and a flintlock pistol), which were more or less evenly scattered over the entire designated area. The purpose of the research paper is to publish and analyze the most interesting and unique complex of artifacts found at the bottom of the river, namely intact and fragmented marble tombstones, both with and without epitaphs. Scientific novelty. In the course of the research, conducted by the expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, it has become possible to expand significantly historical and archaeological knowledge about the history of the Izmail fortress during the late Ottoman period of its existence, mainly in the 18th – early 19th century. Conclusions. Thanks to a rare natural phenomenon and the attentiveness of local historians, the collection of Ottoman tombstones from Izmail is augmented with 10 marble objects all at the same time, on which there are four epitaphs. Although only one of them is dated 1749, which, unfortunately, does not extend the chronology of the known epitaphs of 1719-1756, however, the objects contain other, previously unknown historical information. On two slabs, former military men of the Ottoman Porte are mentioned – the shahid and officer Ismail Aga and the nameless janissary of the 12th Orta. From the inscription on the first of them, we learned about Ismail Aga’s father – Emrullah Çelebi, who could have been a resident of Izmail and a teacher at a local educational institution. We should also mention the slab with the names of God, which could have been the amulet of the only preserved mosque in Izmail. Keywords: Izmail, marble tombstones, Ottoman epitaphs, epigraphy, new artifacts

As part of a project to compile all published and unpublished Greek and Latin inscriptions in the Karadeniz Ereğli Museum into a corpus, inscriptions were copied and worked on with the permission of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism’s General Directorate of Culture Heritage and Museums. These inscriptions are all from Zonguldak Region (Ereğli, Çaycuma/Filyos, Devrek, Gökçebey, Kilimli, Alaplı). In this article, ten previously unpublished Greek funerary inscriptions are presented: eight of them are from ancient Heraclea Pontica and its territorium (Ereğli, Alaplı), and two are from the ancient city of Tios (Tieion, Filyos). All are dated to the Roman Imperial period. SEG 59-1440-1441. Tios/Tieion. Epitaphs, Imperial period. 1. SEG 59 1440 — Epitaph of Senianos. 2. SEG 59 1441 — Epitaph of an unknown person. Edd.pr. B.Öztürk, I.F.Sönmez, Arkeoloji ve Sanat 132 (2009) 135 no. 7 (ph.) and 136 no. 10 (ph.), publish the following texts now in the Museum in Ereğli. Date 1st century AD - Imperial period SEG 59 1440 — Epitaph of Senianos. 135 no. 7. Epitaph of Senianos. Large 1 white marble statue base moulded above and below; on top a recess for a statue/bust. Greek text also in An.Ép. (2009) [2012] no. 1357. Inscription Σενιανὸς | Μηνιανοῦ | ζήσας κοσ|μείως ‖ ἔτη κα΄· | χαῖρε Apparatus criticus 1. First attestation of the Latin name Senianus (Celtic origin), edd.pr. 2. Μηνιανοῦ: equivalent of the Latin cognomen Menianus, edd.pr. [J.-Y.Strasser in An.Ép.prefers Minianus, possibly related to Μηνίας with Latin suffix, Pleket]. SEG 59-1447-1454. Herakleia Pontike. Epitaphs. (1,578 words) Article Table Of Contents 1. SEG 59 1447 — Epitaph of Dionysios, Imperial period. 2. SEG 59 1448 — Epitaph of Herakleitos, Imperial period. 3. SEG 59 1449 — Epitaph of Iulia, Imperial period. 4. SEG 59 1450 — Epitaph of Chrysa/e, Imperial period. 5. SEG 59 1451 — Epitaph of Chrysea, Imperial period. 6. SEG 59 1452 — Epitaph of Olympichos, Imperial period. 7. SEG 59 1453 — Epitaph of Tryphosa, Imperial period. 8. SEG 59 1454 — Epitaph of Xenios, 123 A.D. Edd.pr. B.Öztürk, I.F.Sönmez, Arkeoloji ve Sanat 132 (2009) 129-135 nos. 1-6 and 135/136 nos. 8/9, publish the following epitaphs, now in the Museum in Ereğli (ph.; English translation). SEG 59 1447 — Epitaph of Dionysios, Imperial period. 130 no. 1. Epitaph of Dionysios, Imperial period. White marble stele; in a recessed arched field a standing male figure clad in a himation and holding his right arm on his chest. Inscription Διον̣ύσιος Ἡρα|κλέωνος ἐτῶ̣ν | ξ΄ vv· χαῖρε Apparatus criticus 2nd cent./first half of the 3rd cent. A.D., edd.pr. [without arguments; the letter forms do not allow a more specific dating than ‘Imperial period’, Pleket]. Inscription metadata SEG 59 1448 — Epitaph of Herakleitos, Imperial period. 130/131 no. 2. Epitaph of Herakleitos, Imperial period. White marble stele with pediment and akroteria; in the pediment a rosette; in a recessed field a representation of a standing boy clad in a chlamys, holding a pigeon in his left and grapes in his right hand; in a corner a dog eating from the grapes. Inscription Ἡράκλειτος Ἡρακλείτο̣υ νήπιος Apparatus criticus 2nd cent. A.D. (on the basis of the letter forms), edd.pr., who adduce various other reliefs and propose that the child figure is to be defined as Dionysos or Eros. Inscription metadata Date 1st century AD - Imperial period SEG 59 1449 — Epitaph of Iulia, Imperial period. 133 no. 3. Epitaph of Iulia, Imperial period. White marble stele; below the inscription in a slightly recessed field a seated woman clad in chiton and himation; Greek text also in An.Ép.(2009) [2012] no. 1368. Inscription [Ἰ]ο̣υλία, Ἡ[ρακ]λ̣είδου̣ θυ̣|γά̣?τηρ, ἐτῶ̣ν ιγ΄· χαῖρε Date 1st century AD - Imperial period SEG 59 1450 — Epitaph of Chrysa/e, Imperial period. 133 no. 4. Epitaph of Chrysa/e, Imperial period. White marble stele with pediment and akroteria; in the pediment a rosette; in a recessed field a representation of a seated woman clad in chiton and himation, and of a basket; in front of the woman and the basket a small standing female servant; in the lower left corner a small male servant; L. 1 above, LL. 2/3 below the relief; from Alaplı (territory of Herakleia). Inscription Χρύσε Μίκκου θυγάτηρ, | γυνὰ δὲ Φιλίππ[ου], | ἐτῶν v ξ΄ v · χαῖρε Apparatus criticus 1. Χρύσε = Χρύση or Χρύσα, edd.pr. Inscription metadata Date 1st century AD - Imperial period SEG 59 1451 — Epitaph of Chrysea, Imperial period. 133 no. 5. Epitaph of Chrysea, Imperial period. White marble stele with pediment and akroteria; in a recessed field a representation of a woman clad in chiton and himation and lying on a couch; in her left hand a phiale; in front of the couch a table; inscription above the relief: Inscription Χρυσέα, Τωλα θυγάτηρ, ἐτῶν π΄· | χαῖρε Apparatus criticus 1. Τωλα, gen. of Τωλας, previously unattested, edd.pr. Date 1st century AD - Imperial period SEG 59 1452 — Epitaph of Olympichos, Imperial period. 135 no. 6. Epitaph of Olympichos, Imperial period. White marble stele; in a recessed field a representation of a man clad in chiton and himation and lying on a couch; in front of the couch a table, an ox and, outside the recessed field, a male servant; inscription on the band above the relief: Inscription Ὀλύμ̣πιχο[ς] Ὀλυ[μ]|πίχο⟨υ⟩ ἐτῶ̣ν κε΄· | χαῖρε Date 1st century AD - Imperial period SEG 59 1453 — Epitaph of Tryphosa, Imperial period. 135/136 no. 8. Epitaph of Tryphosa, Imperial period. White marble stele with pediment and akroteria; in a recessed field a representation of a standing woman clad in a chiton with a himation over her head; in the lower right corner a small servant; inscription above the relief; from Alaplı (territory of Herakleia). Inscription [Τρ]υφῶσα ῾Ηρακλείτου | ἐτῶν πε΄· | χαῖρε Date 1st century AD - Imperial period SEG 59 1454 — Epitaph of Xenios, 123 A.D. 136 no. 9. Epitaph of Xenios, 123 A.D. White marble stele with pediment and akroteria; in the pediment a rosette; in a recessed field a representation of a man clad in a chiton, lying on a couch and holding an aryballos in his left hand; on the left a seated woman clad in a chiton with a himation over her head; in front of the couch a table and in the right and left lower corners two smaller standing figures: a male and a female servant, clad in a himation and in a chiton and himation, respectively; inscription below the relief. Inscription Ξένιος, Μενάδρου | υἱός, ἐτῶν κγ΄· | χαῖρε· | ἔτους δνρ΄, Γωρπιαίου̣ βι΄ Apparatus criticus [1. Μενάδρου for Μενάνδρου, Pleket] 4. year 154 = 123 A.D. (Aktian era), edd.pr.

SUMMARY: The focus of this article is on the post-medieval archaeological heritage of zmir, especially during the 19th century. The material selected consists of Armenian inscriptions from zmir and its close environs, since there is a paucity of archaeological scholarship for the Armenian community of the Ottoman Empire. The paper is based on the survey of sixteen Armenian inscriptions across nine locations in and around zmir, with discussion of the Armenian material culture of the Late Ottoman Period, as well as transcription and translation of these inscriptions, although a history of Armenia in general is outside the scope of the article. As Armenian grave markers can be taken as active interventions in social relations, this paper offers a potential for reconstructing the social complexities of late Ottoman zmir.

IJOT, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OFTURKOLOGY RESEARCH and STUDIES OF ISLAMIC INSCRIPTIONS, 2021

This paper is studying the bilingual and trilingual inscriptions of Ottoman buildings in Greece, and their production contexts. In terms of multi-language, these inscriptions are divided in seven groups: 1) Arabic–Ottoman, 2) Arabic–Persian, 3) Ottoman–Persian, 4) Ottoman–Greek, 5) Arabic–Greek, 6) Ottoman–Italian, and 7) Ottoman–French–Greek. This group of multi-language inscriptions reflects the complexity of cultures and identities in Greece under the Ottomans with special refrence to their impact during the last decades of the Ottoman rule. This paper deals with 19 inscriptions representing this pattern; including foundation, informal ‘personal’ and religious inscriptions written in two or three languages. These inscriptions belong to 16 Ottoman buildings of varying functions: five mosques, one tekke, one türbe, three fountains ‘çeşme’, four residential buildings –one mansion and three houses–, one commercial building, and one clock tower ‘saat kulesi’. Most of these inscriptions date to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. They are concentrated in Crete, Agean islands and Northern Greece. These multi-language inscriptions date and are all located outside the boarders of the first Greek ‘Hellenic’ State which was founded in 1832. This group of multi-language inscriptions outlines the history of the last stage of the Ottoman dominance of Greece. It reflects upon the uprising of the Greek power and the presenence of other powers except of the Ottomans and the Greeks. These powers were rather of cultural influence such as the Italian and French.

This is an updated version of an article, that was presented in 20015 in Vi. Turkich Cultre Congress and published in 2009. This publication was done with many very defectives due to the fact that the Arabic font used was distorted and making it unreadable. Therefore, after 6 years of publication I have decided to update this article, and add the newly discovered Inscriptions. The article was based on my earlier published books .