Fakulta soci6lnlrch vied Univerzita sv. Cyrila a Xzletoda v Trnave SOCIALNE VEDY ZPERSPIIKTIVY MLADVCH VEDECT'.rCII PRACOVNIKOV V. Zb o rn i k pr i sp ev kov z m edz i n dr o dn' ej d o kt o r an dov a v e de c m I a dy c h v e d ec lql c h 5. nctvember 2020 Andrea dajkovri Damiel Klimovslrf Natilia Brovina Mulinovi (eds.) Trnava 2021 kej ko nfer en c i e pr a c ovn i kov $* socrALNE vEDy z psnsperlivv tr,tt-aovcH vpoecrycn pRecowirov v. Ivana PONDEtit<OVArt Abstract The aim of this paper is to disseminate the p,artial results of the project Europe for Citizens / Share EU Shaping of the European citizenship in the roostiotalitarian societies: Reflections afier 15 years of EtJ enlargement. The proiectfocuses on linking t'he educational process, historical memory and social change 15 years after EU enlargement. Based on I0 in-depth interviews we have examined the transformation of Slovak society since the Velvet Revolution (1959) and joining the EU (2004). Respondents were expected to express their views and thoughts of living in Slovak society since two significant milestones. The aim was tofind out their subjective evaluations and opinions, without requiring expertise in this topic, but not, however, excluding it. The focus is on the historical background that led to the change of regime. The transformation to a democratic society resul,ted in the formation of a new slovak identity. The historical memory of a nation is a basic part of its identity. Every comprehensive insight into the past must include an explanation of the key factors that influen,:e the formation of human expectations and, in the broqdest sense, the processes offormation of civit society. In Slovakia, the transition to personal responsibility is challenging. The era in Slovakia is good for capable and ambitious individuals, but for those who do not hqve ambitions or talent, it is a dfficuh time, as these are individuals who used to rely on the social security that the state provided them v,ith in the past. ,To become an advanced democratic country, Slovakia needs to be led by people who are able to bring dennocratic values, ethics, justice, expertise and cooperation to the country's administration. The result of qunlitative research is the creation of a holistic picture of the phenomena studied. The research presenteat is a comprehensive view of the subject areas studied in Slovakia. Key words: transformation of the society, identity, sloval<s, democracy, EU integration INTRODUCTION The international research project Europe for Citizens / Share EU - Shaping of the European citizenship in the post-totalitarian societies: Reflections after t5 years of Eu focuses on "ilorg"*"r/ linking the educational process, historical memory and social change 15 years after EU enlargement. The aim of the project is to find out which elements of historical memory are in the centre of society's attention and which are absent; what values are promoted and whether they help to build a shared responsibility for the future ofEurope. Integrated educational activities and civic education are perceived in the project as necessary preconditions for the development of European society. When, in the late 1980s, mass protests of civil society ended the era of socialism and the building of communism in all European countries then power, politically and ideologically controlled by the Soviei Union, the space for a new beginning was created, which brought a new political ordero as well as a " Mgt Ivana Pondelikovd, PhD,, Katedra eur6pskych kultrirnych Sttdii, Filozofickil fakulta, lJnjverzitaMateja Bela, Tajovsk6ho 51, Banskii Bystrica, 974 0l Slovensk6 republika, E-mail: ivana.stykova@umb.sk 218 'il-,i . socrALNE vEDy Z peRspsrTivv utaoycH vetpcrycH pRacowirov v. fundamental breakthrough in the understanding of civil society. Slovakia has come through a difficult transformation process. From a communist icountry to a democratic country, it has become part of major international organizations and brought freerdom to its citizens. At schools, they learn about den,ocracy and human rights' which also guarantee citizens the right to participate. Participating in decision-makin! processes means participating in power. Pecnikovil (2017:58) emphasizes that participation is considered tobe "personal participation based on one';t own initiative". How do the citizens of the Slovak Republic perceive these possibilities, how do they evaluate the changes in society, which they consider to be positive or negative, we surveyed through in-depth interviews with 10 respondents. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The presented research was carrir:d out using an in-depth interview, which is considered to be an effective method of quantitative research. The interview is a scientific method that allows researchers to capture not only the facts, but also a deeper insight into the motives and attitudes of the respondents. Due to the factthatthe research was iurri.a out in several countries (Slovakia, Poland, Italy), the research team opted for a structured interview, in which the research areas and related issues are created in advance. All respondents answered the same questions in the same order. The advantage of this method is to obtain the necessary information in a short time, which can be compared and categorized with each other. The disadvantage is that the researcher cannot react flexibly and ask additional questions during this type of interview. The areas of research we focused on mapped the development of local democracy, the differences between the authoritarian and totalitarian past and European integration. Respondents were expected to express their views. The aim was to lind out subjective evaluations and opinions, without requiring expertise in this topic, but not excluding it. Th; result of qualitative research is the creation of a holistic picture of the studied phenomena. The presented research is a comprehensive view of the subject areas in Slovakia. Research sample In qualitative research, the selectiorr of a research sample is always intentional. In order to achieve the highest possible degree of validity of the submitted research, we carried out the selection of respondents so that they fully;met the criteria arising from the research objectives. We included in the research only those respondents who had personal experience witlithe studied phenomena and we created 5 target groups: common people - family memberr;, friends, acquaintance, or strangers; teachers; students; decision makers - people in leadership positions who directly affect the running of the city, school, business; leaders or members of NGos - pe,cple active in civil society. Every country (Slovakia, Poland, Italy) interviewed 10 people, it means Z in eachgroup. In Slovakia, we have questioned respondents as portrayed in Table 1. 219 SOCIALNE VEDY Z PERSPEK'IVY MLADVCH VEDECKVCH PRACOVNiKOV V. Target group Age Sex Education Respondent I 67 nnale apprenticeship certifi cate Respondent 2 46 male university NtrsPonqent J 30 rnale university r\sJPurruglll + 52 female university ) 24 female university Respondent 6 l5 male attends a secondary school Kesponoent / 42 rnale university Respondent 8 42 rnLale university 48 female university 25 fbmale university \-uutIIt(,[ people r €acflers Students I\ssponqent Decision makers Leaders of members of NGOs Respondent 9 Respondent l0 Source: own processin g AO2O) RESEARCH RESULTS AND THEIR I]\TERPRE:TATION The way to democracy Slovakia has been an independent state for less than three decades. In the past (with the exception of the Slovak state during Workl War II) was either under the domination of another country or group of countries, respectively in ajoint union with the CzechRepublic. After 1993, when Slovakia embarked on the path of economic, political and social transformation, it was clear that it would not do without foreign aid and woulJ not be able to function independently within Europe for a long time. It was not long before negotiations on Slovakia,s membership in the European Union began. on I May 2}}4,Slovakia became a member of the EU and since I January 2009 it has also been a member of the EuLropean Monetary union, the Eurozone. The official culrency has become the Euro, which is considered one of the most tangible symbols of European identity. Slovakia has been a democrati. .o.Ttt.yjjnce 1989, providing citizens with various rights and freedoms. Equality and freedom, which Slovaks have been riaiting for a long time, are considered to be the most important benefits in a dem.ocracy. Gaining freedom was a difficult process, preceded by a long period of unfre,edom (1939 - 1989). Duririg the Second World War, Slovakia turned into an authoritarian state fascist elements with great powers of president 'with 220 t+ti, S'CIALNE VED' zppRspprrivv urao.fcg vpoBcrvcn pnacowirov v, Jozef Tiso' Hlinka's Slovak People's Party took over all the power. The slovak historian Anton Hrubori (2020:347) defines its regime from 19381o 1945 as "originally a nqtionqlistauthoritarian regime, which under the influence of domestic andforeignfactors transformed into a regime ofnational-socialist (fascist).type and_su:bseqrrirty mutated into a hybrid regime without a clear political identity". rne ioeas of Nazism and rascism penetrated into Slovakia. Fundamental civil rights ceased to be respected, press censorship was introduced and freedom of speech did not exist' slovakia-changed iirto a totatitarian regime. In the research, we have found that frequently used terms such as Nazisrn, fascism, totalitarian regime, authoritarian regime are confusing for many' we asked about the dif,fleren"" u.t*""r, the authoritarian and totalitarian regime and also ?9o"1whatJhe regime rvas in slovakia in the period from 1960 to 19g9. Two respondents consider them identical, four ."rpondent, ao ,rot kn-ow the difference between them and three respondents are aware orine diffeience. o". three also ieals with this topic professionally and explained the concepts "rthese as follow s: "The all institutions in the state, formally mrzintain democraticauthoritarian regime wants to control features such as parliament. The totalitarian regime is a compiex reco-nstntction of society, institutions, the spiritual revolution of the nation' The totalitariai regime wqnts to control thi.e people and ideologically indoctrinate them' " Eight of the respondents described Slovakia in the period from 1 960s to the end of l 9g0s as a country with atotalitarian regime, tw'o respondents consider slovakia in that period to be a country in which a hybrid form of both regimes operated. In 1948, the communists took abr;olute power and began to consolidate the totalitarian regime along the lines with the Soviet union. The popular slogans of the communists were ,.with the soviet union for etemity and never otherwise"L. "th" Soviet union - our model,,. Forty years under the red star meant for many a period of restriction of persona riu"rrv, p"rsecution, fear and cruel punishment' General dissatisfaction led in ranuary 1968 to a change called the prague Spring' Alexander Dubdek led the communist Party. censorship *"r lift.J,;;ople were allowed to travel, religious life was revived, which met with opposition from the Soviet Union. After a series of fruitless negotiations on the night ofAu gustz}-il,l96g, the warsaw pact troops invaded what was that time czechoslovakia. The p,eriod-of normaiization brought a lot of suffering, but nevertheless, many refer to it as the "gold.n good times:'. V/e asked respondents what they consider to be the main positives of this period.-Surprisingly, the youngest respondent said that "people were disciplined" and, together urith two other respondents, agreed on ,,job security,,. The other seven do not consider anything positive. from the iegatives, as one of the respondents stated that " socialism is baseal on the phitoiophy of collectivism and it presupposes a positive effect of solidarity". The respondent adOeA that:'people were closer to each other than today' wltere work and property come first". However, iir.-i., a totalitarian society restricts personal freedom in particular, which was confirmed by iralf of the ,"spondents. Totalitarianism is characterizedby drastic means of total control. Regardless of specific national traditions or the specific spiritual source of their ideology,.t,ctalitariarigovernment has always changed classes to masses, replaced the parfy system with a dictatorship, Jift.d the center orpo*.i from the military to the police, and pursued foreign policy to rule the world (Arendtov6 ,201g:570). ;p# opponents of the regime and their families were bullied. However, they were not silenced. The activities of dissidents initially focusecl on the dissemination of forbidden professional and philosophical texts. on January 1977, the civic initiative charter 77 emerged from the environment of czech intellectuals, critici:zin g the czechoslovak regime for violating human rights' The Communists held the power fast and relied on the SovieiUnion. In 19g5, Mikhail Gorbachev was elected the Geneial Secretary of the communist parfy of the Soviet union, launching a series of reforms known as per<zstroika (reconstruction). Together with the policy of glasnost (openness), they meant the reconstruction of the ossified r.gi..luut also ttre opportunity to freely express one's opinions. From the opportunity to opr.r, oneself freely was only a step l, 221 SOCIALNE VEDY Z PERSPIIKTiVY MLADVCHVEDECKVCH PRACOVNiKOV V. towards the fall of communism. Gorbachev's policy led to the collapse of the soviet Union. He did not intervene militarily in changes;in socialiit countries. In 1989, utt t6. countries ofthe Soviet bloc underwent changes. Free elections were being prepared opened its borders with Austria, dictator Nicolae Ceauqescu wa-s executed in Rom ania, theBerlin Wall fell in Germany, which led to the unification of the two German states (the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratio Republic). The situation in Czechoslovakia of that time could be described as "the atmospheret of anticipation in the wake of events,, inits ,,neighboring socialist countries" (Carter, 1990:253). Following the mentionei events, the Czechoslovak alliance with the Soviet union, which'was suppos*d to b. ..forever,,, also enjed. in'p;lanl;t*r* The Revolution_that was going on at the time was labelled "Velvet" for its peaceful course. The ethos of the revolution manifested itself in three ways: in unity, in the social desire for freedom, and in nonviolence. Both the: Czech Civic Forum and Slovak pubtic Against Wolence were, "all loosely-l*tit organizations wlthout any clear goals or strategies and without even clear membership. Neither of these organiz'ations had worEed out a poliiical or economic program dyring the initial period of mass demonstrations. Rather than stirving to conquer the state, they demanded further elections and the resignation of the most hard-line leiders,, (Saxonberj, 1999:25)' The process of power-transition and country's gradual democratization could be seen as a "result of 'negotiated revolution' and, therefore, a iative product created ,at home,rather than imported" (Pop,2013:353). one of the most significant power shift was the election of a dissident and plalr'vright Vdclav Havel as President- of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. Sekerrik (2018:9) adds "almost none of the past have beenpunishedfor fficial crimei of the totalitarian regime ". On the contrary. the outcome of these events, many of them (or their children) have become successful businesspeople or politicians, especially trr*t. to their social capital accumulated through the years (Seklr6k, 201g:9). The Velvet Revolution is undoubtedly one of the crucial events that contributed to weakening and ultimately the fall of communisiregime in Slovakia. The threat of external military aid, as it was in 1968, was no longer an optionl The Communist parfy leaders understood it correctly that the situation is best to settle down in trreaceful negotiations. Slovakia embarked on the path to democracy, but while in 1989 the violence against communism, imprisonment behind the Iron Curtain, repression against free thoughts, punisiment for freedom of speech and discriminalion were fought, today we are struggling with the consequences of the 1990s, which allowed the country to be looted, in which the power was taken over by the mafia and oligarchy. We ask,od the respondents whether Slovakia could be considered a democratic country. only one answered, "yes'i Four respondents stated that slovak ra js a de iure democratic country but de facto onLly has the elements of democracy Th.y do not consider Slovakia to be an advanced democratic oountry; they even claim that "slivakia'was not readyfor transformation". The transformation brrought not only economic but also political problems. Imperfect laws have been abused, especially for enrichment. Crime, unemployment and corruption have risen to enormous proporrtions. That time US Secretary of State Madeline Albright assessed the situation in S-lovakia very harshly: "Currently, there is o black hole on the mafof Europe called Slovokia" (Garilov6, 2018:277).The2}2}pariiamentary elections reflected a desire for change' People believe that the new {Iovemment wilf expose the fraud and unfair practices of previous governments and establish justi,ce in a country where law and order did not have a strong position. One respondent said that "change is necesiary". Currently, the threat is posed by the parliamentary patty People's Party Our lilovakia, whichhas features of nationalism and fascism. 70 Yo of respondents consider this party's presence in parliament to be incorrect. one respondent considers this to be a positive phenomenon. In a democratic society, there is no room for such radical ideas and attitudes. If Slovakia warts to become an advanced iemocracy, it must create an 222 SOCIALNE VEDY Z PERSPEKTiVY MLADVCH VEDECKVCH PRACOVNiKOV V. open' democratic society in which the law applies equally to everyone, human rights are respected, social responsibility is promoted and tpu.. ror u h*.ioning riuil rori.tyls created, to which European integration makes a significemt contribution. European integration and its impact on identity The twentieth century was extremely traumatizingfor the national psyche, to which the whole of slovak history must constantl;r return. As a result of the events or t ggq and the following years, the whole of the centr-al Europe re-integrated into Europe (seifter,20lg:lll). The social change that took place at the turrr of the D8os and 1990i was not only reflected in the transformation of the political system, but also profoundly affected the thinking and feelings of the people in slovakia. By joining the Europ.uo Urriorr, Slovakia has taken an important step in its development. The integration into the Europeun union is the culmination of several years of efforts to become democratic countries that promote the idea of freedom. The new opportunities associated with joining the European Union concern all areas of society' We were interested in whettrer European "integration leads to the development of democracy in Slovakia. Half of the rerspondents agreed, th... disagreed and two said that ,,it should lead to the deuelopment of demo3racy".rhey consirder the development of infrastructure, the revitalization and reconstruction of'monuments, the opportunity to travel, study and work abroad, the use of EU funds to be the greatest positives of Europeanintegration, but on the other hand the bureaucracy associated with them is considered to be a big negative. Respondents further stated that in addition to the fact that people in Slovakia do not understand European regulations and directions, they still complicate them. They consider the "brain drain', to be another negative. Pecnikovii (2015:735) states that "as a result, there is a silent emigration in Slovak society, when 25. % of young people^ o-ve.r the age of 18 go to work abroad". duo ,.rpondents said that those who stayed at home fegl- threatet -a uy rnigrants ancl arc afraid of otherness. The reluctance and xenophobic attitudes of the Slovak population are confirmed not only by numerous public opinion polls, but often also by the opinioni und .*p.tiences of tourists, as well as by foreigners living in slovakia (Bitusikovri, 2009:37). one respondent stated that there are no positives of European integration and considers it as a suppressrion of national sovereignty. The issue of national identity is also related to European integration. Half of the respondents feel that their national idenrtity is endangered, claiming that "typical Slovak things are disappearing" . The other half agrees rthat the Euroiean Union, uJth" reprlsentative of a united Europe, respects the identity of each country based ,,united on it, motto in diversity,,. In order to implement integration policy, the European Union is transforming Europe into new geopolitical structures, removing economic-administrative barriers and political borders. It also manages, not with the same speed and intensity, to remove barriers between the citizens and the cultures they represent' What still makes citizens different is their identity based on ethnic, cultural, religious and national grounds ' 60 % of respondents consider themselves Europeans, respectively they consider the European and slovak ident:ities to be "two connected vessels,,, and,they cannot imagine that Slovakia would not be p*t of the European union. European identity is a ? phenomenon that often appears in the discussions orrrt. prJr"ssional public, bit also in a society as a whole' Questions arise as to whether.Ewopean identity exists, onihut io'ndations it is built, whether it is merely an artificial construct or does it actually live in the consciousness of the citizens of the individual states of a united Europe, and whether national and European identities can coexist (Sekan, Gabura, 2013:125). Delanty (2012:l) states that the term European identity tends to be replaced by the term "spiiit of Euiop.*", ,.fl..ting the soul of the European. As Pecnfkovii (2017:39) states, some experts considir European identity to be only complementary 223 SOCIALNE VEDY ZPERSPEKTIVY MLADYCH VEDECKVCH PRACOVNIKOV V. (Herrman 2004' Risse 2}ll),which complements only national and regional identities. European states must define or redefine who the;1 are,. where tt ey are heading so that they do not lose their own identity, they remain themselves,tbut also up* #rarge unit. Civil society and citizen involvement Slovakia's- membership in the European union has significantly contributed to the emergence of civil society' The European Union proclaims the effo-rt to creaie a strong diversified European civil society, the central eiement of wLich is a citizen and their activities (pecnikov6, 2017:4)' civil society is generally positivety p.r..iu.a, i, .itir.n, u**. of its direct impact. An important pillar of civil society is tlhe third sector,*rri"r, consists of non-governmental nonprofit organizations, civic associations, found;tio;; community centres etc. ,,Human communities involve a number of diver,se social associations, and tha't is the core of the concept of civil society" (Plichtovil, 201b:60). 'fhe basis of such an association is mainly the economic motive of survival' we agree with Pecnfk ovd (2015:733) that th" of citizens in a democratic state does not wait for help_fiom "omm,rnity the iutr, uut tt e individuals themselves are involved and engaged in the civil society. ';F",1 o civil society, therefore, active citizens functionrng participating in the performance and admin'istration olp,ublic power' are tlie'basis,, (Katuninec, 2007:96). Civil engagement can be perceived on two t.ri.ts, *. participation in political life (elerltions and payment of taxes), participation in community li fe (collective cooperation). we asked respondents about the changes in slovak civil society. only two respondents rtut.o that they observe changes, including modernization, improvement of livin-g standards, but also the emergence of non-profit organizations and the opporfunity actively pu.ti?ipute in a iire of their community or in the wider environment. 70 % oi^respc,ndents said-that iitizen's involvement has improved, volunteering has develo.p"q, younger n!!,nle are getting involved in politics, but turnout, with the exception of the 2020 elections, is usually low fr" urr.".Juuout the ,.uron, for non-participation. 80 o/o of respondents mentioned apathy, scepticism, ,,they disinterest and people,s will not change arrythingwith one votei-'.Pecnikov6'p.nti:2+lpointstutihat opinion that the improvement of the potential of citizenship should lead to greater involvement in the community. The practical implementation of active citizenship mosioften takes place at the level of communities and community life' The citizens are inteiested in what is hapiening in their environment and feel the need to express themselves, to help or to be active for the benefit of the majority, which is manifested in their altruistic behaviour. Active citizenship r in civil ,o.irty-r.quires sacrificing one's time and abilities for the benefit of society. stated that they did not observe any changes. The other eight respondentr The Lisbon Snategy (2010) states that education should lead to active citizenship and that the education systemshould integiate this into its cuniculaat all levels of schools (including nonformal education)' we were inteiested in whether the institutions in which the respondents work support learning about democracy' 90 Yo of respondents *id "y.r". Teachers stated that they have it included in their jobs. Studenti claimedL thai they leam alout democracy at civics and history. Moreover, they have possibility to participat. i" u rtoa"nts'parliament, where they can express freely their ideas and discuss thlm with the school'r;;;;;-ent. In addition, at universities they can attend various lectures with historiansr, political scientists, sociologists, journalist etc. NGos are directly involved into demo cratic processes. citizenship educartion and learning about democracy depend not only ol the setting system, the .orporut. culture and policy i'rtlr ofe^duc?lio; of the organization, but especialry on thi revel civil societv. 224 soctAr-Np vEDy Z psRspErrivv vrao.icn vpoEcrycn pRacovNirov v. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The text is part of the intematircnal project: Europe for citizens / share E(J - shaping of the European citizenship in the postlotalitarian ,orritir; Reflections after 15 years of EU enlargement' No. 609162-crrrz-l-2,01g-1-pL-cITIZ-REMEM, which realized, in the Department ofEuropean cultural studies, Faculty ofArts, Matej Bel University, Bansk6 Bystrica. is CONCLUSION slovakia has undergone a path of change that is slowly and gradually helping to create a adequate space for active citizens. The European union, of which Slovakia is a part, professes values such, asdem".*%;;;-discrimination, tolerance, human and civil rights, equal opportunities, etc. Drespite trt. a.i'thut contemporary slovak society gives a tired impression, in which pessimism a:nd apathy r"igrr, ;or-government al organizations bring a kind of "fresh bteeze" into it. They prwid; he6 to people, support soridarity, interests, volunteering and donations. NGos bring innovation, iiversity and plurality of forms. civil society that can pto.'rid. slovaks freed themselves from the communist regime, which paradoxically led to the to organize, but research has shown that educated people are interested in participating in civil affairs. cirri. pu.rfcipation reflects the level of culture. trre more educated people get involved, the more society and its culture wilr flourish. release of the obligation For the needs of the submitted res(earch, we have chosen the qualitative method of research. In the social sciences and humanities is iLncreasingly used as a complementary, but also the main method ofresearch of selected phenomena. still, it is sometimes undirstood oniy as a complement to traditional quantitative research, somertimes_as its is considered an emergent and flexible type ofresearch "pp"rr* (Hendl, zoog:,isj. However, autu and analysis take place over a longer p"iiod of time, "oit"ction so the research process is longitudinal in nat're. ffiir;;;arch we consider it appropriate to nime the lirnitatiory research' The weakness of any qualitative 9l shortcomings of the presented researcrr is its ieri ability,i.". th; ;;uracy with which the researcher 'can interpret what heahe heard or read, so we interpreted the data obtained as respondents' statements about a certainphenomenon. w" the strength of the presented research in its interdisciplinary nature. we are co,nvinced that the results oflesearch can ue applied in several scientific disciplines, such as culhtral or social sciences. with this text, we tried to contribute to raising awareness o:f democra.y ir ili""r.ia, the transformation of sociefi civic engagement and identity. 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ISSN l33s-274r. *;-**l 226 SocIALNE vEDy z ppRspEr(Tivy MLAo-fcH VEDECKVCH PRACOYNIKOV V. zbomik prispevkov z medzinfurodnej vedeckej konferencie doktorandov a mladych vedeckych pracrcvnfkov Editori: doc. PhDr. Andrea iajkov6, phD. doc. Mgr. Daniel Klimovsky, phD. Mgr. Natrilia Erovina Mulinov6 Technick6 spracovanie a zostavovatelllk6 pr6ce: Mgr. Natdlia Brovina Mulinov6 Yydavatel': Fakulta soci6lnych vied Univerzita sv. Cyrila a Metoda v Trnave Budianska 4lA,9l7 01 Trnava Slovenskri republika El ektronickd Prv6 publikricia/CD vydanie,202l Podet strin:374 rsBN 97 8-80-s7 2-0167 -0 @ Fakulta sociiilnych vied, univerzitasv. cyrila a Metoda v Tmave.202r