International Journal of Zoology and
Research (IJZR)
ISSN (P): 2278–8816; ISSN (E): 2278–8824
Vol. 11, Issue 1, Jun 2021, 29–38
© TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.
ANALYSIS OF MIGRATORY SPOT-BILLED PELICANS AND PAINTED STORK
HERONRY BIRDS POPULATION DENSITY AT TELINEELAPURAM, TEKKALI,
SRIKAKULAM DT. ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
RAMA RAO K , SRAVANI P, ANIL D, RAMBABU S, KRUPARANI Y & JYOTHSNA K
Assistant Professor, Department. of Zoology, Govt. Degree & PG College, Tekkali, Srikakulam Dt. Affiliated to Dr. B. R.
Ambedkar University, Andhra Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
The` pelecanus philippensis and Mycteria leucocephala arrival and leaving secondary data were provide from 1992 to 2021
at Telineelapuram bird sanctuary. The Pelicans arrived from mid September to early October and left for end of April to May
months. The Painted storks arrived from mid September to October ending and leave from May to J une months. The
Standard Deviation average values at 99.99% confidence level is the total number of both bird species 289.89 ±58.98 pairs
was arrived and occupied 29.22 ±3.99 on different nesting trees for constructed nests. The total number of both bird species
382.33 ±39.06 pairs was arrived and occupied 40.33 ±8.67 on different nesting trees for constructed nests. The Pelicans were
2011. Pearson correlation coefficient is a measure of the strength of a linear association between two variables, where as the
p-value tells us if the result of secondary data is statistically not significant. The results exhibit from 1992 to 2021 at every 10
years, the F probability null hypothesis for the full model is true for interpretation of the significance.
KEYWORDS: Pelicans, Painted Storks, Standard Deviation, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, ANOVA, p-Value & F Ratio
Original Article
constructed nests average 181.67 ±34.33 and Painted storks constructed nests average 200.67 ±49.84 during 2001 to
Received: Feb 03, 2021; Accepted: Feb 23, 2021; Published: May 13, 2021; Paper Id.: IJZRJUN20214
INTRODUCTION
pelecanus philippensis (Spot-billed Pelican) and Mycteria leucocephala (Painted stork) colonies were close
proximity and vicinity of the human settlements and close to roads. The breeding sites of the trees were belongs to
the 3 acres of Bird sanctuary protected by A. P forest department and rest of the protected growing near to village
houses.
Painted storks feed in groups in shallow wetlands, crop fields and irrigation canals. The maximum success
of finding prey was at 7 cm of water depth. They feed mainly on small fish and frogs which they sense by touch
while slowly sweeping their half open bill from side to side while it held submerged. They walk slowly and also
disturb the water with their feet to flush fish. During the mid day heat, adults will stand at the nest with wings
outstretched to shade the chicks. To feed chicks, adults regurgitate fish that they have caught and these are typically
smaller than 20 cm long. Densities are much higher in winter after chicks of the year have fledged from nests
Painted storks breed on trees either in mixed colonies along with other water birds, or by themselves. The breeding
season begins in the winter months shortly after the monsoons.
About 25 sites in India are associated with wetlands support to Spot-Billed Pelicans and most of these sites
are in south India, especially in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka (Subrahmanya, 2005 and
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Rama Rao K , Sravani P, Anil D, Rambabu S, Kruparani Y & Jyothsna K
Urfi, 2011). Painted storks show only seasonal short distance movements in search of food and breeding grounds. They are
the local migratory bird. In Andhra Pradesh, currently two sites namely Uppalapadu of Guntur district and Telineelapuram
of Srikakulam district are known to support. The painted stork is widely distributed over the plains of Asia and they are
found at south of the Himalayan ranges and are bounded on the west by the Indus River system where they are rare and
extend eastwards into Southeast Asia. They are absent from very dry or desert regions, dense forests and the higher hill
regions. Ramana Rao, J.V., 1986., Murugesan M. (2011), Ramamohan and Kameswara Rao (2017).
The birds arrive in October and after laying eggs, raising chicks and leave the area after about seven months. The
adults along with juveniles disperse in May-June. The feeding grounds of Tekkali, Bhavanapadu, Meghavaram,
Kakarapalle, Telineelapuram ponds, Naupada swamps, backwaters and its surroundings water pools are wonderful feeding
grounds (Fig 1). Number of Nesting trees, total number of birds, number of chicks, arrival and leaving information of
Pelicans and Painted strokes at Telineelapuram data from 1992 to 2021 was provided in this article. The secondary data
and observed data was analysed statistically and provide clear picture of the birds population. The present study area
Telineelapuram is a recognized as IBA site (No. 229) and belongs to A1 category and support breeding of Spot-Billed
Pelicans and Painted strokes.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Telineelapuram Bird Sanctuary is located at a distance of 65 km from Srikakulam District of Andhra Pradesh. Migratory
birds such as Pecans and Painted storks migrate to this place during September to October months, lay Eggs and hatch
them and leave the sanctuary between May to June. Birds count was made immediately noticing after a newly arrived
colony. The numbers of adults and sub-adults could be made based on their distinct size differentiation, while the sex of
the birds could not be determined for the arrival colonies.
Nest construction period was determined based on the focused observations on one pairs of birds from each of the
colonies monitored, nest counts were made colony wise. These nests were monitored daily at 7 am and 5 pm, till the eggs
are hatched. Heronry birds were observed during dawn and dusk phase times and made to study nest guarding behavior
from 2019 to 2021. All observations were conducted on foot as well as nest counting method in each tree and had visited
each heronries on regular interval. Investigators equipped with 7 X 50 binoculars. Photo graphs were obtained with the
help of the Sony P90 (24X optical zoom) digital camera. For making regular observations, areas with maximum density
and diversity of bird species were selected and monitored during study period. Collection of data with the assistance of
Wildlife warden and villagers provide the information of habitat features such as foraging options, nesting material
availability on Pelicans and Painted strokes Bibby et al., (1992), Nichols et al., (2000), Bart and Earnst (2002), Thompson,
(2002). The Standard Deviation average values calculated at 99.99% confidence level. Pearson’s correlation [Zar, J.H.,
1984] was used to detect association between the number of nests and birds and between the number of nests and habitat
parameters the intensive study sites. All the analyses were performed using SPSS (SPSS 10.0). One-Way ANOVA used to
calculated for F statistic to overall difference between sample mean and P value of <0.05, reject the null hypothesis that all
the data are sampled from populations with the same mean.
Impact Factor (JCC): 5.0057
NAAS Rating: 3.10
Analysis of Migratory Spot-Billed Pelicans and Painted Stork Heronry Birds Population
Density At Telineelapuram, Tekkali, Srikakulam Dt. Andhra Pradesh, India
31
Figure 1
RESULTS
The Pelicans and Painted storks secondary data was provided from 1992 to 2021 at Telineelapuram bird sanctuary. The
data grouped in to three parts at every 9 and 10 years. First part grouped into nine years from 1992 to 2001. The results
were reveled that the Pelicans arrived from mid September to early October and left for end of March to middle of April
months. The Painted storks arrived from mid September to October ending and leave from middle of April to mid May
months. The total number of both bird species 289.89 ±58.98 pairs was arrived and occupied 29.22 ±3.99 on different
nesting trees. The Pelicans were constructed nests on an average of 117.67 ±37.27and Painted storks constructed nests an
average of 172.22 ±43.84. The Pelicans and Painted storks both chicklings were 618±40.696, besides the Pelicans
chicklings are 245.44 ±56.02 and Painted stroke chicklings are 372.22 ±123.67. Total average number of adults and
chicklings are 1,180.56 ±176.23. The average mortality of Pelican chicklings are 44.33 ±24.095 and Painted strokes are
16.44 ±7.314 (Fig 2). The results were indicated to mortality of Pelicans chicklings is more (18.06%) comparatively
Painted storks chicklings (4.42%) (Table 1, Fig 3).
Second part grouped into ten years from 2001 to 2011 in the total population. The results were reveled that the
Pelicans arrived from September and leave from end of March to middle of May months. The Painted storks arrived from
mid September to October ending and left for middle of April to end of May months. The Standard Deviation average
values at 99.99% confidence level. The total number of both bird species 382.33 ±39.06 pairs was arrived and occupied
40.33 ±8.67 on different nesting trees for constructed nests. The Pelicans were constructed nests average 181.67 ±34.33
and Painted storks constructed nests average 200.67 ±49.84. The Pelicans and Painted storks both chicklings were 587.89
±127.359 besides the Pelicans chicklings are 254.11 ±62.38 and Painted storks chicklings are 333.78 ±75.77. The total
number of adults and chicks are 1,459.22 ±237.15. The mortality of Pelican chicklings are 49.67 ±14.74 and Painted storks
are 23.67 ±8.58. The results were indicated to mortality of Pelicans chicklings is19.54% and Painted storks chicklings are
7.09% (Table 1, Fig 2).
Third part grouped into ten years from 2011 to 2021. The results were reveled that the Pelicans arrived from end
of August to early October and left for end of end of April to early month of June. The Painted storks arrived from early
October to ending and leave from end of May to early June months. The Slandered Deviation average values at 99.99%
confidence level. The total number of both bird species was arrived 402 ±56.19 pairs and occupied 44.9 ±11.36 on
different nesting trees for constructed nests. The Pelicans were constructed nests on an average 162.2 ±33.95 and Painted
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Rama Rao K , Sravani P, Anil D, Rambabu S, Kruparani Y & Jyothsna K
storks constructed nests average 239.8 ±35.04. The Pelicans and Painted storks both chicklings were 1,604 ±184.908
besides the Pelicans chicklings are 309.5 ±54.945 and Painted storks chicklings are 239.8 ±35.035. The total number of
adults and chicks are 1,604 ±184.908. The mortality of Pelican chicklings are 57.6 ±13.391and Painted storks are 27.4
±6.492. The results were indicated to mortality of Pelicans chicklings is18.61% and Painted storks chicklings are 11.43%
(Table 1, Figure 3).
The correlation between number of nesting trees and number of nests of pelican and Painted storks were
calculated from 1992 to 2021. The results of Pearson correlation coefficient r-value were exhibit to positive correlating, the
values is in between +1 and -1. (Table 2). The Pearson correlation coefficient is a measure of the strength of a linear
association between two variables, where as the p-value tells us to the result of secondary data is statistically not
significant. The ANOVA results were exhibit from 1992 to 2021 at every 9 and 10 years; the F- probability null hypothesis
for the full model is true for interpretation of the significance. The F-value indicated range from zero to an arbitrarily large
number. The p-value is indicated to less than the significance level from 1992 to 2021 and concluded that all of population
means are not equal (Table 2).
The threats of carnivorous mammals are mainly Paradoxurus hermaphrodites during night and Macaca mulatta
during day time were observed. These are partially damaged to eggs and early chicklings.
DISCUSSIONS
29 years of Pelicans and Painted storks data were provided and analysed for significance values in the Telineelapuram bird
sanctuary. For the past two years we have been involved in a study of Pelicans and Painted Stork populations at different
sites across Telineelapuram surroundings. Our studies have covered various aspects of its ecology, including foraging,
nesting, nest predation, predators, study the causal relationships between birds and nestings populations. George et al
(2005) analysed estimation procedures explicitly estimate density of birds and abundance. For all abundance estimation
methods, differences in adjusted counts may reflect a difference in population size due to different amount of area sampled.
We have been calculated towards correlative relationships and ANOVA. We find carefully observed records with long
periods of data. In many reports there is ambiguity with respect to methodology leading to the type of problems well
known in bird monitoring. For heronry birds, during the course of a nesting season the population counts are highly
variable and most investigators have not been careful to define how the numbers recorded by them were attained (Urfi, A.
J, 2011). Sandra et al., (2008) reported to three hypothetical populations with different levels of clustering, for a range of
detection probabilities and survey proportions when detection probabilities were greater than 20%. Pelicans and Painted
storks nesting behavior was studied and provided data by Adesh Kumar and Amita Kanaujia (2015), Vaithianathan and
Jeganathan (2012) studied intensive studies were carried out in four colonies two colonies with 746 nests in 60 trees. Desai,
J.H., (1971), Findholt, and Anderson, (1995), Kannan, and Manakadan, (2005). Present study results partially deviate to
the earlier investigators. The ANOVA results were exhibit from 1992 to 2020 at every 9 years in the present study is, the
F- probability null hypothesis for the full model is true for interpretation of the significance. The p-value is indicated to less
than the significance level from 1992 to 2020 that all of population means are not equal.
CONCLUSIONS
The Pelicans arrived from September to October and left for March to April months at every year. The Painted storks
arrived from September to October and leave for April to May months at every year. The total number of both bird species
Impact Factor (JCC): 5.0057
NAAS Rating: 3.10
Analysis of Migratory Spot-Billed Pelicans and Painted Stork Heronry Birds Population
Density At Telineelapuram, Tekkali, Srikakulam Dt. Andhra Pradesh, India
33
was increased and occupied more number of trees every consequent year from 1992 to 2021. The fish feeding grounds
nearer to The egg hatching rate is high in both heronries, but mortality of chicklings was highest in Pelican birds. The
forest department planted some plants in and around the bird sanctuary but its need to more trees for hatching eggs and
keeping chicklings of Pelicans and Painted storks.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Dr. K. Rama Rao acknowledges the assistance of the B. Sc CBZ students at Govt. Degree & PG College, Tekkali, who
enthusiastically volunteered during data collection and accompanied in the field visits. Authors were immensely grateful to
the authorities along with and caretaker Mr. P. Visweswara Rao. We also extend our sincere thanks to Dr. T. Govindamma,
Principal, Govt. Degree & PG College, Tekkali, for providing us right ambience for pursuing the work. We would like to
express our heartfelt thanks to Spl. Commissioner, Collegiate education, Amaravathi, Andhra Pradesh.
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20/14/82-MAB/EN.2.22
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Murugesan M. (2011). Telineelapuram Bird Sanctuary - A paradise for Spot-billed Pelican and Painted Stork. SACON NEWS,
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philippensis), at Telineelapuram bird protected area, (an iba site; in 229) Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh, india. Indian
forester, 143 (10), 1064-1070
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[6] Bibby, C., Burgess, N. D. and Hill, D. A. (1992). Bird Census Techniques, Academic Press, London,
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Thompson, W. L. (2002). Towards reliable bird surveys: accounting for individuals present but not detected. Auk1, 19: 18-25
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Theodore R. Simons. (2005). Statistical Approaches to the Analysis of Point Count Data: A Little Extra Information Can Go a
Long Way1. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-191
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13. Adesh Kumar and Amita Kanaujia. (2015). Nesting behavior of painted-storks in Lucknow district of Uttar Pradesh, India.
Asian Journal of Conservation Biology, 4 (2), 151-153
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Rama Rao K , Sravani P, Anil D, Rambabu S, Kruparani Y & Jyothsna K
14. Vaithianathan Kannan and Jeganathan Pandiyan. (2012). Nesting Ecology of the Spot -Billed Pelican Pelecanus Philippensis
in Southern India. World Journal of Zoology, 7 (4): 295-302
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Table 1: Number of Nesting Trees, total Number of Birds, Number of Chicks, Mortality and Arrival and Leaving
Information of Pelicans and Painted Storks at Telineelapuram from 1992 to 2020
Source from Bird interpretation centre Telineelapauram, AP
Impact Factor (JCC): 5.0057
NAAS Rating: 3.10
Analysis of Migratory Spot-Billed Pelicans and Painted Stork Heronry Birds Population
Density At Telineelapuram, Tekkali, Srikakulam Dt. Andhra Pradesh, India
35
Table 2: Significant Levels of Pearson Correlation Coefficient and One-Way ANOVA
S.No
Year
r- value
P- value
Significant level
Results
Pearson Correlation coefficient: No. of nesting trees and No of nests
1
1992-2001 0.6247 (+ve)
0.072
˂ 0.05
Not Significant
2
2001-2011 0.4389 (+ve)
0.205
˂ 0.05
Not Significant
3
2011-2021 0.5652 (+ve)
0.089
˂ 0.05
Not Significant
Pearson Correlation coefficient: No. of pelicans and Painted strokes nests
1
1992-2001 0.051 (+ve)
0.896
0.05
Not Significant
2
2001-2011 -0.608 M (-ve) 0.622
0.05
Not Significant
3
2011-2021 0.1801 (+ve)
0.619
0.05
Not Significant
Pearson Correlation coefficient: No. of chicks pelicans and Painted strokes
1
1992-2001 0.4793 (+ve)
0.192
˂ 0.05
Not Significant
2
2001-2011 0.6923 (+ve)
0.027
˂ 0.05
Significant
3
2011-2021 0.1454 (+ve)
0.709
˂ 0.05
Not Significant
One-Way ANOVA to number of Nesting trees, Nests of Pelicans and Painted strokes
S.No Year
f-ratio value
P- value
Significant at P
Results
1
1992-2001 94.07
˂ 0.00001 ˂ 0.05
Success
2
2001-2011 239.76
˂ 0.00001 ˂ 0.05
Success
3
2011-2021 58.57
˂ 0.00001 ˂ 0.05
Success
One-Way ANOVA to number of Nesting trees, Chicks of Pelicans and Painted strokes
S.No Year
f-ratio value
P- value
Significant at P
Results
1
1992-2001 74.78
˂ 0.00001 ˂ 0.05
Success
2
2001-2011 103.47
˂ 0.00001 ˂ 0.05
Success
3
2011-2021 153.57
˂ 0.00001 ˂ 0.05
Success
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Rama Rao K , Sravani P, Anil D, Rambabu S, Kruparani Y & Jyothsna K
Hornernary Sanctuary
Floak of Spotbilled Pelicons
Keeping the eggs of Pelicons
Pelicons early chicklings
Fallown broken egg Protected area Early Pelicons
Chicklings observation at site A group of student researchers
Flok of Pelicons in pond
Impact Factor (JCC): 5.0057
Painted storks
NAAS Rating: 3.10
Analysis of Migratory Spot-Billed Pelicans and Painted Stork Heronry Birds Population
Density At Telineelapuram, Tekkali, Srikakulam Dt. Andhra Pradesh, India
Protecting eggs from heavy heat with their wings
37
Protecting chicklings from heavy heat
Iron stands Paradoxurus hermaphrodites (Roadkill)
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ANALYSIS OF MIGRATORY SPOT-BILLED PELICANS AND PAINTED STORK HERONRY BIRDS POPULATION DENSITY AT TELINEELAPURAM, TEKKALI, SRIKAKULAM DT. ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
International Journal of Zoology and Research (IJZR), 2021
The` pelecanus philippensis and Mycteria leucocephala arrival and leaving secondary data were provide from 1992 to 2021 at Telineelapuram bird sanctuary. The Pelicans arrived from mid September to early October and left for end of April to May months. The Painted storks arrived from mid September to October ending and leave from May to J une months. The Standard Deviation average values at 99.99% confidence level is the total number of both bird species 289.89 ±58.98 pairs was arrived and occupied 29.22 ±3.99 on different nesting trees for constructed nests. The total number of both bird species 382.33 ±39.06 pairs was arrived and occupied 40.33 ±8.67 on different nesting trees for constructed nests. The Pelicans were constructed nests average 181.67 ±34.33 and Painted storks constructed nests average 200.67 ±49.84 during 2001 to 2011. Pearson correlation coefficient is a measure of the strength of a linear association between two variables, where as the p-value tells us if the result of secondary data is statistically not significant. The results exhibit from 1992 to 2021 at every 10 years, the F probability null hypothesis for the full model is true for interpretation of the significance....Read more
