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Vermilion is both a brilliant red or scarlet pigment, originally made from the powdered mineral cinnabar, and the corresponding color. It is commonly used in Hindu culture, primarily by women, and was widely used in the art and decoration of Ancient Rome, in the illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages, in the paintings of the Renaissance, and in the art and lacquerware of China, during the time it was said that China was the home land of Dragons. The word vermilion came from the Old French word vermeillon, which was derived from vermeil, from the Latin vermiculus, the diminutive of the Latin word vermis or worm, wormlike creature like a snake or winged and flying serpent, as a dragon. The name originated because it had a similar color to the natural red dye made from an insect, Kermes vermilio, which was widely used in Europe. The first recorded use of "vermilion" as a color name in English was in 1289. The term cinnabar was used interchangeably with vermilion until the 17th century, when vermilion became the more common name. Now the term "cinnabar" is used in mineralogy and crystallography for the red crystalline form of mercury sulfide HgS. Thus, the natural mineral pigment is called "cinnabar", and its synthetic form is called "vermilion". In ancient times, the term "cinnabar" could also be applied to red lead.
2014 •
From the blood of dragon
From the blood of dragons - Cinnabar, a pigment for the living as well as the dead2018 •
Human bones from the neolithic site of Perdigoes in Portugal have tested positive for mercury. This paper considers the implications and origins of the mercury and provides XRF evidence for the presence of HgS as opposed to elemental mercury in the bones. Portable XRF can be used as a non- detsructive method for the identification of heavy metals in archaeological human bone.
In the majority of cases, the red color of cinnabar on objects of cultural heritage is well preserved, though turning black is often claimed and has been the subject of investigations. To evaluate conditions for the stability of the pigment and understand the reactions, in this paper the problem is approached from various viewpoints. First of all the natural form cinnabarite is compared with the artificially prepared pigment vermilion. This establishes a differentiation of types in terms of quality, depending on structural impurities. With regard to the pigment’s reactions influencing the discoloration, the most commonly mentioned environmental factors, such as radiation or halogens, are evaluated. In relation to various usages, the pigment’s structural stability is then viewed in connection with adjacent pigments, glues, and the substrate, which may lead to a brown or black coloration or even the release of mercury, whereas the color is preserved in most cases when used on lime or in ink and lacquer. Due to the materials’ properties, attention is drawn to the fact that discoloration to a brownish-black is not necessarily a sign of damage and harmful reaction products, but may indicate good preservation of the painted material, provided that the mercury can be bound in the substrate.
Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
A New Red Pigment from Chinese Dragon's Blood, the Red Resin of Dracaena cochinchinensisJournal of Archaeological Science
New evidence for the use of cinnabar as a colouring pigment in the Vinča culture2012 •
2008 •
The present study investigates and compares the vermilion red color change phenomenon in an oil painting executed on wood from the 18 th century stored at the Archaeological Museum Store of Manial Palace Museum, Cairo and a mural painting executed using Tempera from the Greco-Roman Periodin a destroyed archeological house next to Medinet Madi Temple, (35kms far from Fayoum city). The vermillion red color may change to dark red, brown, or grayish-white due to the exposure to the environmental conditions and pollutants, the common role of both light and chlorine as the main factors of red discoloration, some impurities in color components, as well as the dissolved salts and organic media used in painting. The blackness of the color was detected after doing an analytical study to identify the damaged products of the vermillion red using different methods of analysis (i.e. microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Energy Dispersive X-rays and Infrared). The change to gray color in oil paintings due to the presence of the prokovite was associated with cinnabar. In the mural painting, it resulted from the conversion to black hypercinnabar, not to the resin.
Analytical chemistry
Analytical imaging studies clarifying the process of the darkening of vermilion in paintings2005 •
Imaging secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is applied for the first time to paint cross sections with degraded vermilion (red mercury sulfide) paint to cast new light on the well-known problem of its light-induced darkening. The static SIMS data are combined with light microscopic, electron microscopic studies and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis to identify and localize the various reaction products. The spatial distribution of atomic and molecular species in paint cross sections of the native vermilion and the reaction products leads to the formulation of a new hypothesis on the reaction mechanism of the photodegradation of vermilion where two black and white reaction products are formed sequentially. Under the influence of light, some of the vermilion (HgS) is converted into Hg(0) and S(0). In this process, the chlorine ions, present in the native vermilion, act as a catalyst. We propose that the Hg(0) is deposited on the surface of the remaining HgS as elementary mercury nan...
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