Which visitor or town? The ‘Great Transfiguration’ of Sinai’s endangered cultural mountain landscape ‫اى زاﺋر او ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ؟ "اﻟﺗﺟﻠﻰ اﻷﻋظم "ﺑﺎﻟﻧطﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﺟﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺛﻘﺎﻓﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻌرﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺧطر ﺑﺳﯾﻧﺎء‬ 17 December 2021 Dr Ahmed Shams & Dr Letty ten Harkel Sinai, with its beautiful kaleidoscope of landscapes was a once tranquil area, whose natural assets are now beacons for developers to lure tourists. It is now at risk of growing into a lodestone overrun by unprecedented and unsustainable numbers of visitors. Sinai’s transitional geography is a multifaceted complex dimension — compounded by a country pushing for gigantic new projects in a short-to medium-term period, aiming for a high return on investment. The central government of Egypt (Ministry of Planning and Economic Development), has initiated the ‘Great Transfiguration’ project which is yet another top-down ‘tourism development project’. Such projects depend on a group of consultants and/or sub-contractors to work in collaboration with the South Sinai Governorate and the Ministry of Environment (Nature Conservation Sector), in one of Egypt’s (and the Middle East’s) outstanding cultural landscapes - at the epicentre of which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site: the vicinity of Mount Sinai and Saint Catherine's Monastery in the High Mountains Region of the peninsula. Map 1 The present-day St Catherine area. Background imagery © Bing 2021 Sinai is a desert of classical cultural landscapes which have been written about, painted and photographed, and mapped. Pilgrims, travellers, scholars and more recently tourists traversed the land to the traditional location of Mount Sinai, Gebel Musa, since at least the 4th century CE. The economy of the town of Saint Catherine has relied on ecocultural tourism since 1980s through family-based businesses, or one-day mass tourism to Mount Sinai from the resorts on the Gulf of Aqaba, operated by tourism companies and led by local Bedouin guides and cameleers from the Gebaliya tribe. The new project, by name and messaging, is aimed at ‘The Pilgrim’ or in a contemporary sense ‘The Eco-cultural Tourist’. This short article is not talking about a marketing campaign, however, but rather, a high-density construction project which involves high concentration of buildings in the town, and extends to el-Raha plain, one of the most classical and well-documented scenic views in the peninsula. It was the pilgrim’s natural and historic gateway to the Monastery of Saint Catherine and Mount Sinai. El-Raha plain in the early 20th century https://www.loc.gov/item/2019698523/ and https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2019698084/ The above opens a controversial question about which ‘Alpine’ town the developers imagined in their design?! A leisure town for mass tourism with government or external investment to construct high concentrations of buildings including chalets (accommodation and service facilities), plus the possible re-emergence of the 1980s cable cars argument in the future, or a cluster of eco-cultural tourism facilities distributed between existing localities and suited to the declared target-visitor? The first type of tourism development model – and unfortunately, the model pursued (in terms of context) by the current central/regional authorities or developers – has a high negative impact on the surrounding protected cultural landscape, while the second will develop a large number of localities, create direct job opportunities in-situ, reduce the environmental impact through distributing the flow of visitors without decreasing the target-numbers or return-on-investment, establish multiple entry points across the mountain range which will have a positive effect on the overall visitor experience, and protect Sinai’s endangered cultural landscape. Such a modest impact—compared to the proposed ‘Great Transfiguration’ project—has been well-documented since the transformation of the traditional Bedouin encampment in el-Melga plain to what later became the present and only mountain (heritage) town in Egypt: the town of Saint Catherine. It was part of an urbanisation process that took place from the 1980s, not top-down urban planning, but which still exerted a considerable pressure on ground water resources and the vegetation in the town and the surrounding cultural landscape, with a relatively small population engaged in the existing tourism development model described above, compared to the current project under construction. Map 2 The mountain landscape near the St Catherine Monastery in 1974. Background imagery KH-9 high resolution satellite imagery available through the USGS Map 3 The 'Great Transfiguration' of South Sinai, showing the urbanisation of the town of Saint Catherine and newly constructed visitor accommodation. The new constructions will completely transform the landscape. Background imagery © Bing 2021 Despite the importance of the interest of the central government in the town, the faulty dimension in the execution of the ‘Great Transfiguration’ project is the limited consideration of the totality of the economic value of the cultural landscape. There is a substantial value in protecting Sinai’s classical scenic views associated with ‘The Pilgrim’, whereas the construction (hotels and real-estate) is only one component of landscape value (i.e., financial value), which will have an adverse impact on the town of Saint Catherine in the medium and long term. Re-thinking ‘which - visitor or town?’ is the timely answer to the protection of Sinai’s endangered mountain cultural landscape. Further reading Ten Harkel, L., Fradley, M. and Winterburn, J. 2018. Results from the EAMENA aerial photograph appeal: St Catherine’s Monastery, Sinai (Egypt), EAMENA blog. Ten Harkel, L. and Shams, A. 2021. Declassified satellite imagery (KH-9): analysing the impact of mass tourism on the St Catherine region, South Sinai, EAMENA blog Shams, A. (2011). Eight years wandering in the High Mountains of Sinai Peninsula: a tale of two maps. Cairo: Sinai Peninsula Research Shams, A., and Ten Harkel, L. (2019). The SinaiArchaeoWater Project (SAW), EAMENA blog. ‫اى زاﺋﺮ او ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ؟ "اﻟﺘﺠ‪ 2‬اﻷﻋﻈﻢ" ‪7‬ﺎﻟﻨﻄﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﺠ<ﻠ>ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓ>ﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺮ ‪F‬ﺴ‪H‬ﻨﺎء‬ ‫‪ ١٧‬د‪%‬ﺴﻤ)( ‪ ٢٠٢١‬اﺣﻤﺪ ﺷﻤﺲ )ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ در‪8‬ﺎم(‪ ،‬ﻟﻴ ? @> ﺗﻦ ‪8‬ﺎرﻛ‪D‬ﻞ )ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫أ ‪G‬ﺴﻔﻮرد‬ ‫ﺳﯾﻧﺎء‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺷﺎھدھﺎ اﻟراﺋﻌﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻣﻧﺎظر اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ و اﻟﺗﻰ ﻛﺎﻧت ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ھﺎدﺋﺔ ذات ﯾوم‪ ،‬أﺻﺑﺣت أﺻوﻟﮭﺎ اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟوﻗت‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺎﻟﻰ ﻣﻧﺎرات ﻟﻠﻣطورﯾن ﻟﺟذب اﻟﺳﺎﺋﺣﯾن ‪.‬اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﺟﺑﻠﯾﺔ ﺑﺷﺑﮫ اﻟﺟزﯾرة ﻣﻌرﺿﺔ ﻟﺧطر اﺟﺗﯾﺎﺣﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻋداد ﻛﺑﯾرة ﻏﯾر‬ ‫‪.‬ﻣﺳﺑوﻗﺔ و ﻏﯾر ﻣﺳﺗداﻣﺔ ﻣن اﻟزاﺋرﯾن‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﺴﯿﻨﺎء ﻣﻌﻘﺪة و ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة اﻷوﺟﮫ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺘﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻷوﺟﮫ ﻓﻰ ﺑﻠﺪ ﯾﺪﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎه ﻣﺸﺎرﯾﻊ ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻼﻗﺔ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺼﯿﺮة إﻟﻰ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ‪ ،‬و ﺗﮭﺪف ﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﻋﺎﺋﺪ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‪ .‬ﺑﺎدرت اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎھﺮة )وزارة اﻟﺘﺨﻄﯿﻂ واﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ( ﺑﻤﺸﺮوع "اﻟﺘﺠﻠﻰ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ"‪ ،‬و اﻟﺬى ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺸﺮوع اﺧﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺰى )ﻣﺸﺮوع‬ ‫ﺗﻨ ﻤﯿﺔ ﺳﯿﺎ ﺣﯿﺔ(‪ .‬ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﯾﻊ اﻟﻤﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺎون ﺑﯿ ﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎرﯾﯿ ﻦ و ﺷﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻻت ﻣﻦ ﺟﮭﺔ‪ ،‬و‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﺟﻨﻮب ﺳﯿﻨﺎء و وزارة اﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ )ﻗﻄﺎع اﻟﻤﺤﻤﯿﺎت اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ( ﻣﻦ ﺟﮭﺔ اﺧﺮى‪ ،‬ﻓﻰ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﻨﻄﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﺠﺒﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﺗﻤﯿﺰا ً ﻓﻰ ﻣﺼﺮ و اﻟﺸﺮق اﻷوﺳﻂ ‪ ،‬و ﻓﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺰھﺎ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻠﯿﻮﻧﺴﻜﻮ ﻟﻠﺘﺮاث اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻰ‪ :‬ﻧﻄﺎق ﺟﺒﻞ ﺳﯿﻨﺎء )ﺟﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺳﻰ( و دﯾﺮ ﺳﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺎﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻓﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺠﺒﺎل اﻟﻌﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﺸﺒﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺮة‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧرﯾطﺔ‪ ١‬ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ﺳﺎﻧت ﻛﺎﺗرﯾن ﻓﻰ اﻟوﻗت اﻟﺣﺎﺿر ©‪Bing 2021‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﺻﺤﺮاء ﺳﯿﻨﺎء ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻏﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﻨﻄﺎﻗﺎت ﺛﻘﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﻛﻼﺳﯿﻜﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﮭﺎ‪ ،‬و رﺳﻤﮭﺎ و ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮھﺎ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮاﻓﯿﺂ‪ ،‬و رﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺧﺮاﺋﻂ ﻟﮭﺎ‪ .‬اﻟﺤﺠﺎج و اﻟﺮﺣﺎﻟﺔ و اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء و اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺤﻮن ﻓﻰ اﻵوﻧﺔ اﻷﺧﯿﺮة‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﮭﻢ ﻋﺒﺮوا ارض ﺳﯿﻨﺎء‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺬ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺮاﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﻼدى ﻋﻠﻰ اﻗﻞ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﮭﺪف اﻟﻮﺻﻮل ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪى اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎرف ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﻟﺠﺒﻞ ﺳﯿﻨﺎء )ﺟﺒﻞ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ(‪ .‬اﻋﺘﻤﺪ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻣﺪﯾﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺎﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﯿﺔ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﯿﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻻﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺋﻼت اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ‪ ،‬او‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻋﺪاد ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﺋﺤﻰ اﻟﯿﻮم اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ و اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﻮن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﻌﺎت اﻟﺸﺎطﺌﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﯿﺞ اﻟﻌﻘﺒﺔ ﻟﺰﯾﺎرة ﺟﺒﻞ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻷﻋﺪاد ﻟﺰﯾﺎرة ﺟﺒﻞ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻨﻈﻤﻲ اﻟﺮﺣﻼت اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺣﯿﺔ و ﯾﻘﻮم اﻷ َِدﻻﱠء و اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺪو‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﯿﻠﺔ اﻟﺠﺒﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﺑﺎرﺷﺎد اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺤﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺒﻞ ﻣﻮﺳﻰ‪.‬‬ ‫طﺒﻘﺂ ﻟﻸﺳﻢ و اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻖ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺮوع‪ ،‬ﯾﮭﺪف اﻟﻤﺸﺮوع اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ إﻟﻰ ﺟﺬب اﻟﺰاﺋﺮ "اﻟﺪﯾﻨﻰ او اﻟﺤﺎج" ‪ ،‬او ﻓﻰ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮ "اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻰ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﻰ"‪.‬ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻘﺼﯿﺮة ﻻﺗﮭﺪف ﻟﻠﺤﺪﯾﺚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺴﻮﯾﻘﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﺗﺘﺤﺪث ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺮوع ﻛﺜﯿﻒ اﻹﻧﺸﺎءات و اﻟﺬى ﯾﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻋﺪاد ﻛﺒﯿﺮة و ﻣﺮﻛﺰة ﻣﻦ اﻻﺑﻨﯿﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺪﯾﻨﺔ‪ ،‬و ﺗﻤﺘﺪ اﻻﻋﻤﺎل إﻟﻰ ﺳﮭﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻌﺪ اﻟﺴﮭﻞ اﺣﺪ اﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎظﺮ اﻟﻜﻼﺳﯿﻜﯿﺔ اﻟﺨﻼﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﺛﯿﻘﮭﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺷﺒﮫ اﻟﺠﺰﯾﺮة‪ .‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﻛﺎن ﯾﻌﺪ ﺳﮭﻞ اﻟﺮاﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻮاﺑﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﺎج اﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺨﯿﺔ و اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻟﺪﯾﺮ ﺳﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺎﺗﺮﯾﻦ و ﺟﺒﻞ ﺳﯿﻨﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ (١‬ﺳﮭﻞ اﻟﺮاﺣﺔ ﻓﻰ اواﺋﻞ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻌﺸﺮﯾﻦ اﻟﻤﯿﻼدى‪(/https://www.loc.gov/item/2019698523) .‬‬ ‫)‪(/https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2019698084‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﯾﻄﺮح ﺳﺆاﻻً ﻣﺜﯿﺮا ً ﻟﻠﺠﺪل ﺣﻮل أي ﻣﺪﯾﻨﺔ ﺟﺒﻠﯿﺔ )او ﻓﻰ ﺟﺒﺎل اﻻﻟﺐ!( ﺗﺨﯿﻠﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﻄﻮرون ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻤﮭﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺮوع‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪ؟ )أ( اﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﺪﯾﻨﺔ ﻋﻄﻼت ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺪﻓﻘﺎت اﻋﺪاد ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺤﯿﻦ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎرات ﺣﻜﻮﻣﯿﺔ او ﺧﺎرﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﻧﺸﺎء اﻋﺪاد ﻛﺒﯿﺮة و ﻣﺮﻛﺰة ﻣﻦ اﻻﺑﻨﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ ﺷﺎﻟﯿﮭﺎت )و ﻣﻨﺸﺂت ﺧﺪﻣﯿﺔ و ﻓﻨﺪﻗﯿﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻻﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻋﻮدة اﻟﻨﻘﺎش‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻠﻔﺮﯾﻚ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ ﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺟﮭﺔ‪) ،‬ب( او ﺑﻨﺎء ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂت اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﯿﺔ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮزﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺮى و اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺮات اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ و اﻟﻤﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺰاﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﺪف اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻦ ﻋﻨﮫ؟‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻷول ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺣﯿﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺠﺪﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ھﻮ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻰ )ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ اﻟﻤﻀﻤﻮن( ﻗﯿﺪ اﻻﻧﺸﺎء ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻮرﯾﻦ او‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ )و اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ( و اﻟﺬى ﻟﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻄﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﺠﺒﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ اﻧﮫ ﻛﺎن ﯾﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ اﺗﺒﺎع‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ )‪ (١‬ﺗﻄﻮﯾﺮ ﻋﺪد ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮى و اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺮات اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﺔ‪ (٢) ،‬ﺧﻠﻖ ﻓﺮص ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻓﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺮات‪،‬‬ ‫)‪ (٣‬ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ اﻻﺛﺮ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺤﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﺠﺒﻠﯿﺔ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺂ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻮازن‪ ،‬ﺑﺪون ﺧﻔﺾ اﻋﺪاد‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺋﺤﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﺪﻓﺔ او اﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‪ (٤) ،‬و ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﺨﻄﯿﻂ ﻋﺪة ﻧﻘﺎط دﺧﻮل ﻟﻠﻨﻄﺎق اﻟﺠﺒﻠﻰ‪ (٥) ،‬و اﻟﺬى ﺳﯿﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻟﮫ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻻﯾﺠﺎﺑﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺰاﺋﺮ و ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻨﻄﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﺠﺒﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺳﯿﻨﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ ذات ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﻌﺘﺪل ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﻮر اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻰ ﻟﻤﺸﺮوع "اﻟﺘﺠﻠﻰ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ"‪ ،‬و ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﺛﯿﻖ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻞ ﻣﻌﺘﺪل ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺎ ً ﻣﻨﺬ ان ﺗﺤﻮل اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺮ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪى ﻟﻠﺒﺪو ﺑﺴﮭﻞ اﻟﻤﻠﻘﺎة إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ اﺻﺒﺢ ﻓﯿﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﺪﯾﻨﺔ اﻟﺠﺒﻠﯿﺔ و اﻟﻮﺣﯿﺪة اﻟﺘﺮاﺛﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻰ ﻣﺼﺮ‪ :‬ﻣﺪﯾﻨﺔ ﺳﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺎﺗﺮﯾﻦ‪ .‬اﻟﻤﺪﯾﻨﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﻮﺳﻊ ﻋﻤﺮاﻧﻰ‪ ،‬و ﻟﯿﺲ ﺗﺨﻄﯿﻂ ﻋﻤﺮاﻧﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺰى‪ ،‬و ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻓﻰ ﺿﻐﻮط ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮارد اﻟﻤﯿﺎه اﻟﺠﻮﻓﯿﺔ و اﻟﻐﻄﺎء اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻰ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺪﯾﻨﺔ و اﻟﻨﻄﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﺠﺒﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻢ ھﺬا ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺳﻜﺎﻧﻰ ﺻﻐﯿﺮ ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺎ ً ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻜﺎن اﻟﻤﺤﻠﯿﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﺮطﯿﯿﻦ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻢ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺣﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺸﺮوع ﻗﯿﺪ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ ﺣﺎﻟﯿﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﺮﯾﻄﺔ )‪ (٢‬اﻟﻨﻄﺎق اﻟﺠﺒﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻂ ﺑﺪﯾﺮ ﺳﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺎﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻋﺎم ‪١٩٧٤‬م‪ .‬ﺻﻮرة اﻟﺨﻠﻔﯿﺔ ‪ KH-9‬ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﺔ و اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل ‪.USGS‬‬ ‫ﺧﺮﯾﻄﺔ )‪" (٣‬اﻟﺘﺠﻠﻰ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ" ﻓﻰ ﺟﻨﻮب ﺳﯿﻨﺎء‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ اﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﺮاﻧﻰ ﻟﻤﺪﯾﻨﺔ ﺳﺎﻧﺖ ﻛﺎﺗﺮﯾﻦ و ﻣﻨﺸﺌﺎت اﻗﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺰاﺋﺮﯾﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة‪ .‬اﻻﻋﻤﺎل اﻻﻧﺸﺎﺋﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة ﺳﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺸﮭﺪ اﻟﻌﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ .‬ﺻﻮرة اﻟﺨﻠﻔﯿﺔ ‪©Bing 2021‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أھﻤﯿﺔ اھﺘﻤﺎم اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺪﯾﻨﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺒﻌﺪ اﻟﺨﺎطﺊ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺸﺮوع "اﻟﺘﺠﻠﻰ اﻷﻋﻈﻢ" ﯾﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺬ ﻓﻰ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻤﻔﮭﻮم اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻄﺎق اﻟﺠﺒﻠﻰ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻰ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻓﻰ ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎظﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻼﺳﯿﻜﯿﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺳﯿﻨﺎء و اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺰاﺋﺮ "اﻟﺪﯾﻨﻰ او اﻟﺤﺎج"‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ اﻋﻤﺎل اﻻﻧﺸﺎء )اﻟﻔﻨﺎدق و اﻟﻌﻘﺎرات( ھﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ واﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﺑﻌﺎد ﻣﺘﻌﺪدة ﻟﻠﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻄﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﺠﺒﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺳﯿﻜﻮن ﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻻﻋﻤﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﻎ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺪى اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ و اﻟﻄﻮﯾﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻋﺎدة اﻟﺘﻔﻜﯿﺮ ﻓﻰ اى زاﺋﺮ او ﻣﺪﯾﻨﺔ؟ ھﻰ اﻻﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻨﻄﺎﻗﺎت اﻟﺠﺒﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺳﯿﻨﺎء‪.‬‬