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Die französische Kreolistik im 19. Jahrhundert. Rassismus und Determinismus in der kolonialen Philologie.
Die französische Kreolistik im 19. Jahrhundert. Rassismus und Determinismus in der kolonialen Philologie.
Philipp Krämer2014
Kreolistik und Kolonialismus waren jahrhundertelang eng miteinander verflochten. Ohne die koloniale Expansion wären Kreolsprachen und kreolische Kulturen nicht entstanden, ohne koloniale Strukturen war ihre wissenschaftliche Erforschung lange Zeit undenkbar. Dieses Buch erschließt erstmals umfassend die grundlegenden Texte der französischen Kreolistik des späten 19. Jahrhunderts. Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei die Verbindungen zwischen Sprachbetrachtung und Rassedenken: Wie wurde Kreolisierung im Rahmen der Ideologie vermeintlicher Rassenhierarchien erfasst? Wie gelang es zu dieser Zeit, sich vom festgefügten Bild der „Schwarzen“ in der Sprachbeschreibung zu lösen? Als Philologie umfasst die damalige Kreolistik neben der Grammatikschreibung auch das Studium der Oralliteratur sowie Fragen der Verschriftlichung. Sie verwebt dabei Sprache und Text mit historisch-genealogischer Herkunftssuche zur Trennung des Eigenen vom Fremden. Für aktuelle linguistische und kulturwissenschaftliche Debatten um Eingrenzung von Konzepten wie Kreolisierung oder Hybridität liefert das Buch ausgehend von der Disziplingeschichte fruchtbare Erkenntnisse.
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Gaston Paris, Hermann Suchier und das 'Franzische': zur Konstruktion eines nationalphilologischen Mythos im deutsch-französischen Wissenschaftstransfer des 19. Jahrhunderts2017 •
Up to the 1990s, the history of Standard French was seen as an essentially centralist, straightforward progression, for the medieval dialect of the Paris region, the so-called "francien", was believed to have provided the single diatopic basis for subsequent elaboration of the written language. In the present paper, I show that the popular myth of "francien" as the autochthonous oral ancestor of Standard French was originally forged during the 1880s and 1890s in an intensive exchange of ideas between two of the main representatives of Romance philology in France and Germany, namely Gaston Paris and Hermann Suchier. Interestingly, it was the German Suchier [1888] who invented the historically unattested name "Francisch", henceforth commonly used to refer to the alleged diatopic basis of Standard French. Gaston Paris in turn applied the methodology of Comparative Linguistics – which had also been developed by German philologists such as Friedrich Diez – in order to substantiate the idea of the Île-de-France roots of Standard French in a seemingly objective way. Hence, the promotion of maybe the most powerful and misleading dogma of French nationalist philology in part goes back to the fruitful reception of German linguistic scholarship in France. In this light, the history of the francien concept appears to be an instructive example of the complex origins of common language ideology and of the curious ways of its successful academic legitimation in the late 19th century.
Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie
Rassismus in der Klassischen Deutschen Philosophie?2022 •
In Germany voices are growing louder calling for a critical discussion of racist ideas in the works of the so-called classics of philosophy. So far, the focus has been primarily on Kant and Hegel, in whose works racist statements are easily detected. However, the role of these racist ideas in their respective systems remains unclear. Especially in Kant's case, the question also arises whether Kant is the author of the statements at all. Moreover, the accusation itself is quite ambiguous, both in terms of its own premises and in terms of its subject matter. This paper aims to help clarify this debate. It is primarily concerned with Kant's philosophy, which is, however, situated in the context of some of the central assumptions of the Enlightenment. It will be shown that racist claims result from crucial elements of Kant's mature philosophical system.
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