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Ruler Personality Cults from Empires to Nation-States and Beyond: Symbolic Patterns and Interactional Dynamics
The Image of Josip Broz Tito in Post-Yugoslavia: Between National and Local Memory2020 •
While the research on history revisionism of the Communist era, as well as on the gradual dissolution of Josip Broz Tito’s personality cult along with Yugoslavia’s disintegration in the 1990s has flourished, most of the research assumes that Tito’s image changed in a singular, uniform, and consistent way, along with the new official nationalist agenda of the new post-Yugoslav states. However, the evolution of Tito’s personality cult following his death took place at three distinct levels: 1) the official politics of Communist memory revisionism, usually taking place at the national level (changes in official commemorations, official calendars of public holidays); 2) local government politics (e.g. street renaming, removal or installation of monuments) occurring at the city or municipal level; and 3) grassroots and vernacular memory-making, typically organized by civil society agents (e.g. opposing the appropriation of anti-fascist symbols for nationalist purposes). This chapter examines the ways in which different levels of society – the nation, local municipalities, and civil society – have differently appropriated, rejected, or adapted the ‘official’ dismantling of Tito’s personality cult after 1990. The data collected for this chapter points at the plurality of memory agents operating at different levels of society, with different ideological, political, and personal motivations, and demonstrates that the outcomes of memory-making activities are highly dependent on the local context within which the activities are embedded.
Journal of Visual Culture
Paranoid Looking: On Decommunization2019 •
According to the famous statement by Robert Musil, ‘there is nothing in this world as invisible as monuments, attention runs down them without stopping for a moment.’ However, the moment when they suddenly become visible as the centre of intense social conflicts, it is difficult to believe they had been invisible for so long. This article analyses practices of contemporary iconoclastic gestures directed at monuments, examining the differences between recent iconoclastic acts in the United States and in Poland. Contrary to progressive anti-racist iconoclastic practices in the United States, the authors argue that the recent wave of attacks against monuments in Poland, connected to the state-sanctioned politics of ‘de-communization’, derives from a conservative vision of history and the public sphere. Drawing on Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick’s concept of ‘paranoid reading’, the authors show how the ‘de-communization’ project activates a particular ‘way of seeing’: paranoid looking, through which public spaces are turned into environments filled with objects that need to be suspiciously examined and assessed. The paranoid look works against the invisibility of monuments, aiming to extract objects from the landscape in order to further examine them in search of any suspicious elements – formal and stylistic features, more or less intelligible symbols and so on that will shed light on their under-acknowledged capacity for both culpability and criticality.
Heroic Art and Socialist Realism: Monuments, Memory, and Representations of the Socialist Past after 1989
Heroic Topographies. Hero-making and Place-making in Hrvatsko zagorje2018 •
2021 •
After the execution and loss of the leader, Yugoslavia communist regime left behind numerous symbols and material goods of cultural and artistic significance which experienced mass removal from state institutions, public spaces, etc... The subject of the research is the consideration of various devastation of symbols, objects and heritage and the perception of their "life" before and after the Yugoslavia communist regime. As part of everyday life and mass culture, the formation of symbols was approached with care, why it is necessary to consider the reasons and conditions of their constitution. In this context, the paper will be directed towards understanding, identification and classification of symbols in their original context. The focus of the research is on different symbols and monuments that will be observed in the context in which they were created, as well as at different manifestations and purposes in which the symbols were used. Given that the period under analysis belongs to the recent past, the problem is a smaller historical distance that affects its objectivity. The paper aims to show what kind of relationship is formed towards a regime or its heritage after its fall, and which causes a positive or negative attitude.
Journal of Art Historiography
A Timeless Grammar of Iconoclasm?': Kristine Kolrud and Marina Prusac (eds), Iconoclasm From Antiquity to Modernity, Farnham: Ashgate, 20142014 •
This review examines Kristine Kolrud and Marina Prusac's edited volume, Iconoclasm From Antiquity to Modernity. The collection of essays covers a broad historical and methodological scope and explores the motives and discourses related to iconoclastic acts, including written sources about iconoclasts and iconophiles. It also considers terminology associated with iconoclastic acts and, through its consideration of modern case studies, proffers various categories of intention. The examples discussed by each contributor raise questions relating to the methods of destruction as well as written accounts about acts of iconoclasm but, overall, the theoretical structure of the volume might be regarded as lacking the critical acumen evident by Bruno Latour and Peter Weibel in their larger scale Iconoclash catalogue. Nevertheless, this volume's contributors explore themes such as memory and power struggles, while also addressing the reliability of material and written sources. This re...
Unmonument & Luz Masssacre
Unmonument & Luz Massacre2021 •
Unmonument (Monumento Nenhum) and Luz Massacre (Chacina da Luz) are two artworks by Giselle Beiguelman. Both discuss the loss of memory of public space and the city of São Paulo relationship with its historical and cultural heritage. Built with fragments of columns, pedestals, and statues fragments, the installations reproduce the pieces' situation, as found in the storage of monuments of the Department of Historical Heritage of the city of Sao Paulo (Departamento do Patrimônio Histórico, DPH). Carried out simultaneously, in 2019, at Beco do Pinto (Pinto's Alley), and at the Solar da Marquesa de Santos (Manor of the Marquise of Santos), they are a kind of "ready-made of oblivion." Despite their differences, both artistic works invert the role of art in the field of public policies on memory. Instead of being its object, the art here thinks about these policies, suggesting a debate about the social production of the aesthetics of memory and forgetfulness in the public space. In this sense, they refer to what Jorge Otero-Pailos defines as experimental preservation: a commitment to the social negotiation of memory and not the conservation of the goods themselves. A practice that points to the present instead of restoring mythical pasts, deeply marked by colonialism's inheritances.
2010 •
Cultural landscape, as compilation of forms, functions and meanings, always reflexes the relationship of power and control out of which it has emerged. Major landscape transformations follow principal social revolutions. One of the recent major political transformations had been started in Central Europe in 1989 with the collapse of the communist regimes. Cultural landscape of Central and Eastern Europe has been carrying many communism related features, structures and procedures, represented by variety of landscape icons. The former symbols of the regimes and Soviet dominance had been undergoing liminal transformations since then. Some icons had been forgotten and disappeared, while some others have been incorporated into contemporary cultural landscape, usually thanks to transformed function and/or meaning. The former icons are left between oblivion and assimilation and can represent the application of the post-socialist memory policy, and readiness to accept or deny the traumatic ...
PhD Dissertation
Architectural Heritage of Yugoslav-Socialist Character: Ideology, Memory and Identity2017 •
"Architectural heritage of Yugoslav-socialist character: ideology, memory and identity" studies the ability of architecture to represent political and cultural endeavors and developments in the period from 1945 until 1990 in territories which formed the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia. The thesis is divided into two parts: the first part analyzes how architecture, as a discourse per se and an ideological apparatus, was used for representation of Yugoslav socialist identity. The second part studies how the deconstruction of given identity, and its consequent dismissal in the process of re-construction of national identities has influenced the level of preservation of heritage of representative character found in territories which previously formed the SFRY. The hypothesis upon which the research is built, stating that the architectural significance of heritage of representative nature built in the socialist period and found in Yugoslav successor countries is dependent on (the assessment of) its cultural, social and historical character, has emerged from the perception of the second part of the problem. However, the larger part of the thesis is devoted to the study of how circumstances in SFRY influenced the character of following three categories of buildings and spaces: I) Governmental buildings and buildings of the League of Communist of Yugoslavia II) Institutions of educational-ideological character and memorial centers III) Memorials and memorial sites. With an objective to analyze how political and social occurrences in the SFRY in the period 1945-1990 influenced the processes of construction of above-listed representative buildings and spaces, the study approaches several important moments in development of architectural discourse in socialist Yugoslavia, such as: the appearance of modernist architecture in the Interwar period; the discussion on the socialist realist style; the influence of the political conflict between Tito and Stalin on architectural developments; architectural developments during the "Informbiro Period"; initiation of grandiose projects of representative character in the period 1956-1965; an impulse in erection of buildings and spaces of educational-ideological and cultural-memorial character in between 1966 and 1974; the appearance of the postmodernism; and finally the course of architectural developments after Josip Broz Tito's death in 1981 till the dissolution of Yugoslavia in 1990. The second part of the thesis researches how and why architectural works of representative character built in between 1945 and 1990 are neglected in the present. The objective of a critical and hermeneutical study is to perceive how the process of re-construction of national, cultural identities in the states reconstructed after the dissolution of Yugoslavia has influenced on the negative perception of the given architecture. The architectural works presented in the first chapter now are perceived as architectural heritage and analyzed as a cultural legacy of the uncomfortable nature. The discomfort towards the heritage built in the socialist period is approached through the study of the process of (re)interpretation of cultural memory. The analysis is conducted with the objective to perceive how the transformation in "collective frameworks of memory" has influenced "collective memory" of those societies and consequently the condition of architectural heritage of representative character found in the given territories. The research comes to an end with an insight into the level of preservation and state of condition of the representative heritage of Yugoslav-socialist character and concludes with recommendations for the improvement of protection mechanisms and suggestions on the modalities for its architectural and cultural revitalization.
Shrines and Pilgrimage in the Modern World. New Itinararies into the Sacred
´I´m not religious, but Tito is a God´: Tito, Kumrovec, and the New Pilgrims2008 •
HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory
Iconoclasms in Africa: Implications for the Debate on Restitution of Cultural Heritage2020 •
Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Pristini
The social and symbolic position of fighters of the people's liberation war after the liberation in the Federal People's Republic of YugoslaviaDissertation for University College London
Governing iconoclasm in Halifax, Canada: An ethnography of settler-state governmentality in iconoclastic disputes2019 •
Invisible Genres. Two Essays on Iconoclasm
On the Surface. Art and Idolatry in the Dutch Church Interior2017 •
2014 •
Monuments Should Not Be Trusted
Titomaginarium (a brief introduction to the ambivalence of the ‘cult’ of Josip Broz Tito in socialist Yugoslavia)"Idol Anxiety," edited by Josh Ellenbogen and Aaron Tugendhaft
Iconoclasm and the Sublime: Two Implicit Religious Discourses in Art History2011 •
The Eighteenth Century: Theory and Interpretation
Twilight of the Virgin Idols: Iconoclash in The MonkImage Testimonies. Wittnessing in Times of Social Media. Edited by Kerstin Schankweiler, Verena Straub & Tobias Wendl. London: Routledge.
Tobias Wendl 2019 From Cape Town to Timbuktu. Iconoclastic Testimonies in the Age of Social Media.pdf2019 •
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ART AND POLITICS IN EUROPE IN THE MODERN PERIOD, book of abstracts
Oscar Nemon’s Temple of Universal Ethics Project2016 •
2005 •
Art and Politics in Europe in the Modern Period
Internationalisation of the Art System in Slovenia (1945–1963)2016 •
2007 •
Art and Politics in Europe in the Modern Period. Programme and book of abstracts / Damjanović, Dragan ; Magaš Bilandžić, Lovorka ; Miklošević, Željka (ur.). - Zagreb : Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Zagreb , 2016. 40-41 (ISBN: 978-953-175-592-4).
State authorities and the heritage of noble families of eastern Croatia2018 •
2012 •