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Epitaf rodiny Jana Hodějovského z Hodějova v Českém Rudolci
Epitaf rodiny Jana Hodějovského z Hodějova v uměleckohistorických souvislostech2021 •
The Church of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist in Český Rudolec was an important locus memoriae for several generations of knights and their families in the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period. The family epitaph of Jan Hodějovský of Hodějov was created in 1582 and needs to be studied in the context of that period. The piece is extraordinary for a number of reasons: its magnificent design, which stands above the usual production of sepulchral monuments of knight aristocracy in rural churches; its figurative parts of outstanding art quality; and last but not least its unique material combination of granite and lime stucco with polychrome that imitates marble and other materials. All of this makes it a very important sculptural work in Bohemia and Moravia in the Renaissance period. However, the piece was not studied by scholars for a long time because of its past modifications and non-original condition. Due to many additional layers of secondary painting, the sculptural quality and unique material composition could only be fully appreciated after this work of art was completely restored by a specialist in 2021. A formal analysis clearly showed that the epitaph had been made by sculptors working for Zachariáš of Hradec in Telč in the 1570s and 1580s. The closest analogy of the figurative stucco part of the epitaph can be found in the portraits on the tomb effigy of the Lord of Telč and in the decoration of the vaulting and altar in the Funeral Chapel of All Saints at the Telč Château. The stone epitaph of the Hodějovský family was created by the same sculptor who was making tomb stones for burghers in Telč, several of which have been preserved to date. The epitaph is truly remarkable due to its extraordinary polychrome. The works of art made with stucco in the Renaissance period were usually presented in white with slight hints of gold or other colours while the epitaph in Český Rudolec has complete polychrome and its colours imitate more expensive materials to a large extent (marble most of all, but also onyx or agate). Due to this colour concept, the epitaph bears comparison with other exclusive works for which these luxurious materials were really used, such as the epitaph of Václav Morkovský of Zástřizly in Boskovice and the tomb stone of Jan Popel of Lobkowicz in the St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague. Marbles with interesting colouring, used for sepulchral monuments in the highest social circles, were usually delivered from Austria; however, Jan Hodějovský probably preferred a more affordable solution for his family memorial with less complicated logistics, so locally available materials were used instead.
Atunci când interacționează public și pe viu cu cititorii săi reali și potențiali sau cu agenții culturali din cultura țintă (alți scriitori, critici literari, jurnaliști, traducători, editori, librari), autorul tradus este inevitabil implicat într-un proces comunicativ de creare și reglare a propriului ethos, prin realizarea unor activități complementare celor scriitoricești propriu-zise, denumite de Susanne Jansen sideline activities 1. În articolul de față vor fi urmărite dimensiunile aristotelice ale ethos-ului proiectate de activitățile paratextuale: phronesis (înțelepciune, competență), arete (sinceritate, virtute) și eunoia (bunătate, sentimente pozitive față de auditoriu) 2. Contrar viziunii tradiționale, tributare "ideologiei carismei" 3 , un autor de literatură nu se poate impune singur-în câmpul literar de origine sau într-un câmp străin-, nici prin scrierile lui literare, nici prin felul în care își construiește și transmite în afara acestora, deliberat sau spontan, propria identitate 4. La fel cum imaginea unui scriitor nu poate fi construită și impusă de un singur agent cultural, ci de activitatea mai multor agenți și instituții ce acționează în rețea. Autoimaginea intră obligatoriu într-o relație, aflată mereu în evoluție, cu imaginea receptată și proiectată de ceilalți, pe care o susține, completează, rectifică sau respinge. Totodată, reprezentarea unei figuri autoriale nu se construiește în vid, ci într-un spațiu saturat de alte imagini de autori de literatură, cu care își dispută adesea același spațiu în mintea cititorilor. Acest studiu își propune să realizeze un decupaj în procesul imagologic complex prin care trece reprezentarea lui Mircea Cărtărescu în Spania, analizând singurele lecturi publice ale scriitorului bucureștean din câmpul literar de limbă spaniolă 5 , disponibile sub
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
Genetic Detection of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Containing Escherichia coli Isolates from Birds of Prey from Serra da Estrela Natural Reserve in Portugal2010 •
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-containing Escherichia coli isolates were detected in 32 of 119 fecal samples (26.9%) from birds of prey at Serra da Estrela, and these isolates contained the following β-lactamases: CTX-M-1 ( n = 13), CTX-M-1 plus TEM-1 ( n = 14), CTX-M-1 plus TEM-20 ( n = 1), SHV-5 ( n = 1), SHV-5 plus TEM-1 ( n = 2), and TEM-20 ( n = 1).
2017 •
1994 •
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The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
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