ȺɧɚȻɚɬɪɢʄɟɜɢʄ ɍȾɄ ɋɬɪɭɱɧɢɱɥɚɧɚɤ ɄɊɂȼɂɑɇɈɉɊȺȼɇȺɊȿȺɄɐɂȳȺɇȺɇȿɁȺɄɈɇɂɌ ɉɊɈɆȿɌɁȺɒɌɂȶȿɇɂɆɀɂȼɈɌɂȵɋɄɂɆ ȼɊɋɌȺɆȺ GRLVSP% Ⱥɩɫɬɪɚɤɬ ɇɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɢɡɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ ɩɪɨɞɚʁɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɧɚ ɠɢɜɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɦɪɬɜɢɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɢɦɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɫɤɢɦɜɪɫɬɚɦɚɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɝɥɨɛɚɥɧɢɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɢ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɭ ɩɪɟɬʃɭ ɡɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɭ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɟ ɤɚɨ ʃɟɧ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɧɢɞɟɨɈɫɢɦɲɬɨɩɨɜɪɟɻɭʁɟɢɥɢɭɝɪɨɠɚɜɚɞɨɛɪɨɛɢɬɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚɢɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟɠɢɜɨɬɧɟɫɪɟɞɢɧɟɬɚɤɜɨɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɟɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɨʁɟɢɫɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɥɧɢɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬ ɥɨɜ ɥɨɜɨɤɪɚɻɚ  ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨ ɩɨɫɟɞɨɜɚʃɟ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɢ ɦɭɧɢɰɢʁɟ ɜɪɲɟʃɟ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɢɯ ɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɩɨɪɟɫɤɚ ɟɜɚɡɢʁɚ ɢ ɤɨɪɭɩɰɢʁɚ ɒɬɚɜɢɲɟ ɨɜɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɩɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɨɝɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɥɢɬɟɬɚȺɭɬɨɪɧɚɫɬɨʁɢɞɚɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɟɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɟɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɟɧɚɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɩɪɨɦɟɬ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɢɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɫɤɢɦ ɜɪɫɬɚɦɚ ɤɚɤɨ ɭ ɜɚɠɟʄɟɦ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɭɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟɋɪɛɢʁɟɬɚɤɨɢɭɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɨ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɬɭ ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɢɦ ɜɪɫɬɚɦɚ ɞɢɜʂɟ ɮɚɭɧɟ ɢ ɮɥɨɪɟ Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ ɚɭɬɨɪ ɪɚɡȺɧɚ Ȼɚɬɪɢʄɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱ – ɫɚɪɚɞɧɢɤ ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɡɚ ɤɪɢɦɢɧɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɢ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚɭȻɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ 203 ɋɊɉɋɄȺɉɊȺȼɇȺɆɂɋȺɈ ɦɚɬɪɚ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɢɡ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɭɩɨɪɟɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɤɚɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɭɡɨɪɟ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɧɢɰɟ ɡɚ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɢʁɭ ɢɦɩɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɚɭɨɜɨʁɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ ɞɨɛɪɨ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɨ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɬɭ ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɢɦ ɜɪɫɬɚɦɚ ɞɢɜʂɟ ɮɚɭɧɟ ɢ ɮɥɨɪɟ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɞɟɥɨɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɭɜɨɡɢɢɡɜɨɡɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɥɨɜ ɍȼɈȾ ɏɜɚɬɚʃɟ ɞɢɜʂɢɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚ ɭ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɫɜɪɯɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɧɢɲɬɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɢɲɬɚ ɭ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɢʃɢɯɨɜɨɦɢɫɬɪɟɛʂɟʃɭ Ɂɛɨɝɬɨɝɚʁɟɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɩɪɨɦɟɬɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɫɤɢɯ ɜɪɫɬɚ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɚɦɚ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɨ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɬɭɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɢɦɜɪɫɬɚɦɚɞɢɜʂɟɮɥɨɪɟɢɮɚɭɧɟ CITES ɢɡɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ ɭɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɂɧɬɟɪɩɨɥɚ ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ International Environmental Crime 2 ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɚ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ,  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɫɢɥɚ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɬ ɞɢɜʂɨɦɜɪɫɬɚɦɚɨɛɥɢɤɨɦɨɡɛɢʂɧɨɝɬɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɨɝɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ3 ɦɧɨɝɟɡɟɦʂɟʁɨɲɭɥɚɠɭɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨɫɤɪɨɦɧɟɧɚɩɨɪɟɧɚɩɨʂɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɚɦɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɯɜɚɬɚʃɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɬɚʁ ɩɪɨɦɟɬ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɲɭ ɭɡ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɭɞɨɛɢɬ Ʉɚɨ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɚ ɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɬɚɤɜɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚʃɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ Äɡɥɨɱɢɧɨɦ ɛɟɡ ɠɪɬɜɟ³ victimless crime) ɢ ɡɛɨɝ  2 3  Jane Holden, By Hook or by Crook – a reference manual on illegal wildlife trade and prosecutions in the United Kingdom, 7KH5R\DO6RFLHW\IRUWKH3URWHFWLRQRI%LUGV7KH/RGJH6DQG\%HGV8. Environmental Crime – A Threat to our Future eds. 0 5LFH et al  (QYLURQPHQWDO ,QYHVWLJDWLRQ $JHQF\ (,$ /RQGRQ 8QLWHG1DWLRQV&RQYHQWLRQDJDLQVW7UDQVQDWLRQDO2UJDQL]HG&ULPH 81*HQHUDO$VVHPEO\5HVROXWLRQ $5(6   KWWSZZZXQRGFRUJSGIFULPHDBUHVBUHVHSGI , asp  ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ Ɉ ɩɨʁɦɭ Äɞɟɥɚ ɛɟɡ ɠɪɬɜɟ³ victimless crime  ɜɢɞ ȭɨɪɻɟ ɂɝʃɚɬɨɜɢʄ Ʉɪɢɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɉɪɚɜɧɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚɭȻɟɨɝɪɚɞɭɐɟɧɬɚɪɡɚɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢʁɟȻɟɨɝɪɚɞ  ȺɧɚȻɚɬɪɢɱɟɜɢʄɄɊɂȼɂɑɇɈɉɊȺȼɇȺɊȿȺɄɐɂȳȺɇȺɇȿɁȺɄɈɇɂɌɉɊɈɆȿɌ ... ɬɨɝɚɧɟɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɭɞɪɭɝɢɩɥɚɧɆɟɻɭɬɢɦɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɟɨɜɢɯɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɢɯɞɟɥɚɩɨɫɬɚʁɭɫɜɟɜɢɞʂɢɜɢʁɟɛɭɞɭʄɢɞɚɭɤɪɚʁʃɨʁɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢɩɨɝɚɻɚʁɭɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢɪɚɡɜɨʁɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚɚɫɚɦɢɦɬɢɦɢɦɢɪɛɟɡɛɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ ʂɭɞɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɫɜɟɬɚ Ɂɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɫɩɪɟɩɥɟɬɚɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɢɦ ɞɟɥɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ, ɩɨɩɭɬ ɭɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɢ ɡɥɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɝ ɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɪɢɛɨɥɨɜɚ ɚɥɢ ɢ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɢɦ ɞɟɥɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ ɬɟɥɚ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɢɦ ɞɪɠɚʃɟɦ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɢ ɦɭɧɢɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɪɟɫɤɨɦ ɟɜɚɡɢʁɨɦ ɩɪɚʃɟɦ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɢ ɤɨɪɭɩɰɢʁɨɦ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɬ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɢɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɫɤɢɦ ɜɪɫɬɚɦɚ ɧɨɫɢ ɫɚ ɫɨɛɨɦ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɜɢɫɨɤ ɧɢɜɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ Ʉɪɢɜɢɱɧɚɞɟɥɚɩɪɨɬɢɜɠɢɜɨɬɧɟɫɪɟɞɢɧɟɬɪɟɧɭɬɧɨɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭɧɚʁɩɪɨɮɢɬɚɛɢɥɧɢʁɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɥɧɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ Ɉɧɚ ɫɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɜɪɲɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟɱɢɬɚɜɢɯɦɪɟɠɚɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɥɧɢɯɝɪɭɩɚɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɯɧɚɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɞɟɥɭʁɭ ɭ ɫɚɪɚɞʃɢ ɫɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢɦɚɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɢɯɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɯɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɋɚɪɚɞʃɚɢɡɦɟɻɭɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɥɧɢɯɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚɜɥɚɫɬɢɨɫɨɛɢɬɨɞɨɥɚɡɢɞɨɢɡɪɚɠɚʁɚɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɝɭɜɨɡɚɨɞɧɨɫɧɨɢɡɜɨɡɚɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɤɚɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɢɯɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɫɤɢɯɜɪɫɬɚɈɧɚɫɟɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦɨɝɥɟɞɚɭɞɨɩɭɲɬɚʃɭ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɨ ɢɥɢɱɚɤ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚʃɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ  ɭɱɢɧɢɨɰɢɦɚ ɞɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭʁɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɢɡɜɟɡɭ ʁɟɞɢɧɤɟɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɢɯɜɪɫɬɚɭɩɪɤɨɫɧɟɩɨɫɟɞɨɜɚʃɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɢɯɞɨɡɜɨɥɚɢɥɢ ɢɭɮɚɥɫɢɮɢɤɨɜɚʃɭɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɯɢɫɩɪɚɜɚɭɡɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɭɧɨɜɱɚɧɭɧɚɞɨɤɧɚɞɭ ɬɟ ɫɟ ɨɜɨ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨ ɞɟɥɨ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɦ Äɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɨɪɭɩɰɢʁɟ³ ɍ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ  ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɤɚ ɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɢɯ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ Financial Action Task Force (FATF)ɤɨʁɟɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɨɧɟɬɚɪɧɢɮɨɧɞ ɢɋɜɟɬɫɤɚɛɚɧɤɚɩɪɢɡɧɚʁɭɤɚɨɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɟɡɚɫɭɡɛɢʁɚʃɟ 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LQ DOSKDEHWLFDO RUGHU KWWSZZZFLWHVRUJHQJGLVFSDUWLHVDOSKDEHWSKS, asp,  ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ ȼɢɞ Ⱦɪɚɝɢɲɚ Ƚɚʁɢʄ ÄɁɧɚɱɚʁ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɚ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɨ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɬɭ ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɢɦ ɜɪɫɬɚɦɚɞɢɜʂɟɮɚɭɧɟɢɮɥɨɪɟ(CITES³ɉɪɚɜɧɢɠɢɜɨɬ, ɛɪ. - ɑɥ ɑɥɫɬɬɚɱ ɚɢɛCITES ɑɥɫɬɬɚɱ ɛCITES ɑɥ, ɫɬ, ɬɚɱ ɚCITES ɑɥ, ɫɬ, ɬɚɱ ɛCITES  ȺɧɚȻɚɬɪɢɱɟɜɢʄɄɊɂȼɂɑɇɈɉɊȺȼɇȺɊȿȺɄɐɂȳȺɇȺɇȿɁȺɄɈɇɂɌɉɊɈɆȿɌ ... ɭ ɩɪɚɜɧɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢɦɚ ɱɥɚɧɢɰɚ Ɉɞɪɟɞɛɟ CITES Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɟ ɲɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɚ ɞrɠɚɜɚ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɧɢɰɚ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɚɞɚɫɜɨʁɢɦɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨɦɩɪɨɩɢɲɟɫɬɪɨɠɟɦɟɪɟ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɢ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɭ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɢʁɭ) ɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɬɚ ɩɪɢɛɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɤɢ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ʃɨɦɟ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɢ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɢ ɥɢɫɬɭ ɜɪɫɬɚɞɢɜʂɟɮɥɨɪɟɢɮɚɭɧɟɧɚɤɨʁɟɛɢɫɟɬɟɦɟɪɟɨɞɧɨɫɢɥɟ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɨɦ ɨ ɛɢɨɥɨɲɤɨʁ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɚ ʁɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɚʃɚ ɫɩɪɟɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɫɭɡɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɭɡɪɨɤɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨɝ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɠɢɜɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɦɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɭ Ɉɜɨɦ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɨɦɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟɫɭɧɚɱɟɥɧɟɨɛɚɜɟɡɟɩɨɬɩɢɫɧɢɰɚɞɚɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɭ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɟɤɨɪɚɤɟɭɩɪɚɜɰɭɭɧɚɩɪɟɻɟʃɚɡɚɲɬɢɬɟɟɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɢɲɬɚ ɢ ɨɞɪɠɚʃɚ ɩɨɩɭɥɚɰɢʁɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɢ32 ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɻɟʃɚ ɨɩɨɪɚɜɤɚ33ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɪɟɜɢɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɢɯ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝɩɨɧɨɜɧɨɝɧɚɫɟʂɚɜɚʃɚɭɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɫɬɚɧɢɲɬɚȵɟɧɟɱɥɚɧɢɰɟɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɞɚɪɚɡɜɢʁɭɢɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɟɢɞɪɭɝɟɪɟɝɭɥɚɬɨɪɧɟɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɡɚɡɚɲɬɢɬɭɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɢɯɜɪɫɬɚɢɩɨɩɭɥɚɰɢʁɚ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɚɨɨɱɭɜɚʃɭɦɢɝɪɚɬɨɪɧɢɯɜɪɫɬɚɞɢɜʂɢɯɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢɢɨɧɟɦɢɝɪɚɬɢɪɧɟɜɪɫɬɟɤɨʁɟɫɟɫɦɚɪɚʁɭɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɢɦɨɞɧɨɫɧɨɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɢɡɭɦɢɪɚʃɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɱɥɚɧɢɰɟ ɞɚ inter alia, ɨɦɨɝɭʄɟɫɩɪɟɱɚɜɚʃɟɫɦɚʃɟʃɟɢɥɢɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɫɚʃɟɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɤɨʁɢɭɝɪɨɠɚɜɚʁɭɢɥɢɡɚɤɨʁɟʁɟɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨɞɚʄɟɞɚʂɟɭɝɪɨɠɚɜɚɬɢɬɟɜɪɫɬɟɄɚɨʁɟɞɧɭ ɨɞɦɟɪɚɤɨʁɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɬɪɟɛɚɞɚɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɭɭɬɨɦɩɪɚɜɰɭɄɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɚɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨɧɚɜɨɞɢɢɫɬɪɨɝɭɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɭɭɧɨɲɟʃɚɟɝɡɨɬɢɱɧɢɯɜɪɫɬɚɲɬɨɫɜɚɤɚɤɨɦɨɠɟɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɬɢɨɬɤɪɢɜɚʃɭɢɫɭɡɛɢʁɚʃɭɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɝɩɪɨɦɟɬɚɢɫɬɢɯ Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɧɚɲɚ ɡɟɦʂɚ ʁɨɲ ɧɢʁɟ ɪɚɬɢɮɢɤɨɜɚɥɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ, ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɟɱɥɚɧɢɰɟɞɚɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟɦɟɪɟɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɟɡɚɩɪɨɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɟ  32 33     ȼɢɞɱɥCITES ɑɥ, ɫɬ, ɬɚɱ ɞɄɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɚɨɛɢɨɥɨɲɤɨʁɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɑɥ, ɫɬ, ɬɚɱ ɮ ɑɥ, ɫɬ, ɬɚɱ ɰ ɑɥ, ɫɬ, ɬɚɱ ɤ ɑɥ, ɫɬɬɚɱ ɞɄɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɚɨɨɱɭɜɚʃɭɦɢɝɪɚɬɨɪɧɢɯɜɪɫɬɚɞɢɜʂɢɯɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚ ɑɥ, ɫɬ, ɬɚɱ ɜ  ɋɊɉɋɄȺɉɊȺȼɇȺɆɂɋȺɈ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɲɚʁɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɭɦɢɲʂɚʁɧɨ ɢɥɢɧɟɯɚɬɧɨɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɟɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɝɩɨɫɟɞɨɜɚʃɚɩɪɢɫɜɚʁɚʃɚɨɲɬɟʄɟʃɚɭɛɢʁɚʃɚɢɥɢɩɪɨɦɟɬɚɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɢɯɜɪɫɬɚɞɢɜʂɟɮɥɨɪɟɢɮɚɭɧɟ  ɄɊɂȼɂɑɇɈȾȿɅɈɍɇɂɒɌȿȵȺɈɒɌȿȶȿȵȺ ɂɁɇɈɒȿȵȺɍɂɇɈɋɌɊȺɇɋɌȼɈɂɍɇɈɒȿȵȺɍ ɋɊȻɂȳɍɁȺɒɌɂȶȿɇɈȽɉɊɂɊɈȾɇɈȽȾɈȻɊȺ ɇɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɬ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɢɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɛɢʂɧɢɦ  ɜɪɫɬɚɦɚ ɢɧɤɪɢɦɢɧɢɫɚɧ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɨɛɥɢɤɭɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɝɞɟɥɚɭɧɢɲɬɟʃɚɨɲɬɟʄɟʃɚɢɡɧɨɲɟʃɚɭɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɨɝ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɨɝɭɨɤɜɢɪɭɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬɱɟɬɜɪɬɨɝɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɚɄɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɝɡɚɤɨɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɨ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɢɦ ɞɟɥɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ Ɉɜɚʁ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ ɱɢɧɢ ɥɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ ɢɡɜɟɡɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɧɟɫɟ ɭ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɭɜɪɫɬɭɛɢʂɚɤɚɢɥɢɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚɢɥɢɭɜɟɡɟɢɥɢɭɧɟɫɟɭɋɪɛɢʁɭɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɛɢʂɚɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ Ɋɟɱʁɟɨɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨɧɨɜɨʁɢɧɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢʁɢɭɜɟɞɟɧɨʁɭɧɚɲɟɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɤɨɧɫɬɭɩɚʃɚɧɚɫɧɚɝɭɄɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɝɡɚɤɨɧɢɤɚɊɟɩɭɛɥɥɢɤɟɋɪɛɢʁɟ  ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ɉɧɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɩɚʁɚʃɟɦ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɢɯ ɞɟɥɚ ɢɡ ɱɥɚɧɚɚɢɱɥɚɧɚɛɄɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɝɡɚɤɨɧɚɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟɋɪɛɢʁɟɤɨʁɚɫɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɜɪɫɬɚɧɚ ɭ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɚ ɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ ɢ ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ʁɟ ɨɛɭɯɜɚ-      ɑɥ, ɫɬɬɚɱ ɝ&RQYHQWLRQRQWKH3URWHFWLRQRIWKH(QYLURQPHQWWKURXJK&ULPLQDO/DZ 6WUDVERXUJ(XURSHDQ7UHDW\6HULHV1R KWWSFRQYHQWLRQVFRHLQW7UHDW\HQWUHDWLHVKWPOKWP, asp, ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ ɑɥ  Ʉɪɢɜɢɱɧɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɤ ɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢ ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤ Ɋɋ ɛɪ     ɢ  ɄɁɊɋ ɑɥɫɬ Ɂɨɪɚɧ ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ Ʉɨɦɟɧɬɚɪ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɝ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɤɚ ȳɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟʄɟ Äɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢ ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤ³ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɑɥ  ɚ ɢ ɱɥ  ɛ Ʉɪɢɜɢɱɧɢ ɡɚɤɨɧ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢ ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɋɊɋ ɛɪ  - ɢɫɩɪ- ɢɫɩɪɢɢɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɝɥɚɫɧɢɤɊɋ,  ȺɧɚȻɚɬɪɢɱɟɜɢʄɄɊɂȼɂɑɇɈɉɊȺȼɇȺɊȿȺɄɐɂȳȺɇȺɇȿɁȺɄɈɇɂɌɉɊɈɆȿɌ ... ɬɚɥɚɫɚɦɨɭɧɢɲɬɟʃɟ ɨɲɬɟʄɟʃɟɢɢɡɧɨɲɟʃɟɭɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɨɝ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɢɡɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɞɨɩɭɧɚ Ʉɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɝ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɤɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɟɧɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɭɜɨɡ ɭ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɢɯɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɯɞɨɛɚɪɚɢɡɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɍ ɧɚʁɲɢɪɟɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɨɛʁɟɤɬ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɜɨɝ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ ɚ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɝ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɫɤɭɩ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɯ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɢʁɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɱɢɧɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɡɚ ɠɢɜɨɬ ʂɭɞɢ ɍ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɬɨɝɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɢɧɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢɬɢ ɨɧɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɛɢʂɚɤɚɢɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚɤɨʁɟɫɟɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɢɦɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɦɞɨɛɪɢɦɚɭ ɫɦɢɫɥɭɨɱɭɜɚɧɢɯɞɟɥɨɜɚɩɪɢɪɨɞɟɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɯɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɢɨɞɥɢɤɚ ɭɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɚʁɭɛɢɨɞɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ ɤɨʁɢɢɦɚʁɭɬɪɚʁɧɢɟɤɨɥɨɲɤɢɧɚɭɱɧɢɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɢ ɡɞɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɨ-ɪɟɤɪɟɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɬɭɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɡɛɨɝ ɱɟɝɚɤɚɨɞɨɛɪɚɨɞɨɩɲɬɟɝɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɭɠɢɜɚʁɭɩɨɫɟɛɧɭɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ Ʉɨɞɞɪɭɝɨɝɨɛɥɢɤɚɨɛʁɟɤɬɪɚɞʃɟɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɟɧʁɟɪɚɞʃɢɢɡɜɪɲɟʃɚɬʁ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɢ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɟɢɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɟɜɪɫɬɟɛɢʂɚɤɚɢɥɢɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚɢɫɬɪɚɧɟɜɪɫɬɟɛɢʂɚɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɟ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɚɨɛʁɟɤɬɚɪɚɞʃɟɧɚʁɜɢɲɟɞɨɥɚɡɢɞɨɢɡɪɚɠɚʁɚɛɥɚɧɤɟɬɧɢɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɜɨɝɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɝɞɟɥɚɛɭɞɭʄɢɞɚʁɟɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚʃɟɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɟɧɭɦɟɪɢɫɚʃɟ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɩɨɫɟɞɭʁɭ ɩɪɟɩɭɲɬɟɧɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɢɦ ɚɤɬɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɟɤɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɉɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɢɯ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɫɜɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɫɤɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɋɬɪɨɝɨ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɟ ɞɢɜʂɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚ ɫɭ ɞɢɜʂɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɢɲɱɟɡɥɟ ɫɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɧɚɲɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɢɥɢ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɜɪɚʄɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɢɦɚ ɪɟɢɧɬɪɨɞɭɤɰɢʁɟɤɪɚʁʃɟɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɟɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɟɪɟɥɢɤɬɧɟɥɨɤɚɥɧɨɟɧɞɟɦɢɱɧɟ      ɛɪ   – ɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɍɋȳ ɛɪ   – ɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɍɋɊɋ ɛɪ     - ɢɫɩɪ– ɞɪɡɚɤɨɧɢ ɑɥ  ɫɬ  Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɚɦɚ ɢ ɞɨɩɭɧɚɦɚ Ʉɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɝ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɤɚ ɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢ ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤ Ɋɋ ɛɪ  ɑɥ  ɫɬ  ɬɚɱ  Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɨ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢ ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤ Ɋɋ ɛɪ  ɢ ɑɥɫɬɬɚɱ  Ɂɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ ɑɥɫɬɬɚɱ ɁɚɤɨɧɨɡɚɲɬɢɬɢɩɪɢɪɨɞɟɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɝɥɚɫɧɢɤɊɋɛɪ ɢ  ɋɊɉɋɄȺɉɊȺȼɇȺɆɂɋȺɈ ɫɬɟɧɨɟɧɞɟɦɢɱɧɟ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɟ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɟ ɞɢɜʂɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɝɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɡɚɨɱɭɜɚʃɟɛɢɨɥɨɲɤɟɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɫɧɨɫɬɢɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟɋɪɛɢʁɟ Ɂɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɟɞɢɜʂɟɜɪɫɬɟɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚɭɩɪɢɪɨɞɢɬɪɟɧɭɬɧɨɧɢɫɭɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɟ ɭ ɦɟɪɢ ɞɚ ɢɦ ɩɪɟɬɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɭ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɭ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɨ ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɟɚɬɨɫɭɪɚʃɢɜɟɟɧɞɟɦɢɱɧɟɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɫɤɟɤʂɭɱɧɟɢɤɢɲɨɛɪɚɧ ɜɪɫɬɟɪɟɥɢɤɬɧɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɟɢɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɟɞɢɜʂɟɜɪɫɬɟɤɚɨɢ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɟ ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɡɛɨɝ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɥɚɤɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɢɫɚɫɬɪɨɝɨɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɢɦɜɪɫɬɚɦɚ ɍɝɪɨɠɟɧɚɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɫɤɚɜɪɫɬɚ ʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɫɭɨɱɚɜɚ ɫɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɦ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨʄɨɦ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɢɲɱɟɡɧɭɬɢ ɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɦɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚɭɛɥɢɫɤɨʁɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢɲɬɨɫɟɭɬɜɪɻɭʁɟɭɫɤɥɚɞɭɫɚ ɨɩɲɬɟɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɢɦɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦɢɦɚɞɨɤʁɟɤɪɚʁʃɟɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɚɜɪɫɬɚɫɭɨɱɟɧɚɫɚɧɚʁɜɢɲɨɦɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨʄɨɦɢɲɱɟɡɚɜɚʃɚɭɩɪɢɪɨɞɢɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɭɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɢɦɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɦɢɦɚ ɉɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɢ ɦɪɬɜɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɟ ɢ ɛɢʂɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɠɢɜɟɇɟɦɚ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚɞɚ ɫɟɩɨʁɚɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɟɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɛɢʂɤɟ ɨɜɞɟ ɫɭɠɚɜɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ʃɢɦɟ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɢɥɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɠɢɜɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɤɟ ɂɩɚɤ ɨɛʁɟɤɬ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɪɚɻɟɧɟ ɛɢʂɤɟ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɟ ɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ɫɚɱɢʃɟɧɢ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɛɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɛɢɨɧɟɤɢɩɪɟɯɪɚɦɛɟɧɢɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɌɚɤɨɻɟʁɟɫɩɨɪɧɨɞɚɥɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɢɪɚɧɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɟ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɥɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɬɪɨɮɟʁɚɚɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɚɤɨʁɟɪɟɱɨɞɟɥɨɜɢɦɚɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚɤɚɨɲɬɨɫɭɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɪɨɝɨɜɢ Ɂɚɤɨɧɨ ɨ ɞɢɜʂɚɱɢ ɢ ɥɨɜɫɬɜɭ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɭʁɟ ɢɡɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɢɡ ɡɟɦʃɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɬɪɨɮɟʁɚ ɞɢɜʂɚɱɢ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɢɪɚɧɟ ɞɢɜʂɚɱɢ ɢ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚɤɚɨɬɪɨɮɟʁɚ, ɩɨɞɩɪɟɬʃɨɦɢɡɪɢɰɚʃɚɧɨɜɱɚɧɟɤɚɡɧɟɡɚɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɤɨɪɢɫɧɢɤɭɥɨɜɢɲɬɚ– ɩɪɚɜɧɨɦɥɢɰɭɊɚɧɢʁɟɜɚɠɟʄɢɁɚɤɨɧɨ ɥɨɜɫɬɜɭ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɚɨ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɤɪɲɟʃɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɲɚʁɧɭ ɨɞɝɨ-       ɑɥ  ɉɪɚɜɢɥɧɢɤ ɨ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɲɟʃɭ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɢɯ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɢɯ ɞɢɜʂɢɯ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɛɢʂɚɤɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚɢɝʂɢɜɚɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɝɥɚɫɧɢɤɊɋɛɪ  ɑɥ ɑɥɫɬɬɚɱ ɁɚɤɨɧɨɡɚɲɬɢɬɢɩɪɢɪɨɞɟɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɝɥɚɫɧɢɤɊɋɛɪ ɢ ɑɥɫɬɬɚɱ  Ɂɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ  ɑɥɁɚɤɨɧɨɞɢɜʂɚɱɢɢɥɨɜɫɬɜɭɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɝɥɚɫɧɢɤɊɋɛɪ  ȺɧɚȻɚɬɪɢɱɟɜɢʄɄɊɂȼɂɑɇɈɉɊȺȼɇȺɊȿȺɄɐɂȳȺɇȺɇȿɁȺɄɈɇɂɌɉɊɈɆȿɌ ... ɜɨɪɧɨɫɬ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɨɝ ɥɢɰɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɢɡɚɡɜɚɬɢ ɧɟɞɨɭɦɢɰɟ ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɲɚʁɚ Ȼɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɭɡɟɬɢ ɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɢɪɚɧɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɟ ɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚ ɤɚɨ ɬɪɨɮɟʁɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɨɜɨɝ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ ɬɢɦ ɩɪɟ ɲɬɨ ɜɚɠɟʄɢ Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɨ ɥɨɜɫɬɜɭɡɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɢɡɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɭ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɲɚʁɧɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɨɝ ɥɢɰɚ, ɜɟʄ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɚɜɧɨɝ ɥɢɰɚɡɚɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢɩɪɟɫɬɭɩ Ɋɚɞʃɚ ɢɡɜɪɲɟʃɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɢ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɚ ɱɢʃɟʃɚ ɢɡɜɨɡ,  ɢɡɧɨɲɟʃɟ,  ɭɜɨɡɢ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɟɫɬɪɨɝɨɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɛɢʂɚɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚ ɍ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɫɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɭɞɚʂɭʁɭ ɫɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɧɚɲɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɛɚɰɭʁɭ ɥɟɝɚɥɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɥɟɝɚɥɧɨ  ɭ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɨɛɪɧɭɬɨ ɢɡɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚɧɚɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭɧɚɲɟɡɟɦʂɟɂɡɧɨɲɟʃɟʁɟɩɪɟɛɚɰɢɜɚʃɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɧɚɲɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɧɟɤɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟɉɪɢɬɨɦɟɡɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɝɞɟɥɚɧɢʁɟɨɞɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧɚɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɫɟɬɨɱɢɧɢɢɭɤɨɦɨɛɢɦɭ Ɂɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟɨɜɨɝɨɛɥɢɤɚɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɝ ɞɟɥɚɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨʁɟɞɚɫɟɢɡɜɨɡɢɥɢɢɡɧɨɲɟʃɟɨɞɧɨɫɧɨɭɜɨɡɢɥɢɭɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɜɪɲɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɩɪɚɜɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɚɦɚ ɜɚɠɟʄɢɯ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚ Ɍɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɞ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɝ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɛɢɬɢɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɨɞɚɫɟɬɪɚʁɧɨɢɥɢɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɢɡɧɟɫɭ ɭ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɥɢ ɭɧɟɫɭ ɭ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ Ɍɨ ɫɟ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɜɪɲɢɩɪɟɤɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɟɦɪɟɠɟ Ⱦɟɥɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɪɲɟɧɨ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɢ ɨɞ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɢɡɧɟɫɟɧ ɭ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɢɡɜɟɡɟɧ ɭ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɢɥɢ ɭɧɟɫɟɧ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɭɜɟɡɟɧɭɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɋɪɛɢʁɭ ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨʁɟɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɨɞɚʁɟɤɚɠʃɢɜɢɫɚɦ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɢɡɧɨɲɟʃɚ ɭ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɨɝ        ɑɥɢ, ɫɬɁɚɤɨɧɨɥɨɜɫɬɜɭɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɝɥɚɫɧɢɤɊɋɛɪ ɢ Ɂɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ  ȾɪɚɝɚɧȳɨɜɚɲɟɜɢʄȼɨʁɢɫɥɚɜȭɭɪɻɢʄɄɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɩɪɚɜɨ– ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɞɟɨɇɨɦɨɫȻɟɨɝɪɚɞ ȴɭɛɢɲɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨɦɟɧɬɚɪ Ʉɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɝ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɤɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɂɡɞɚɜɚɱɤɨ-ɲɬɚɦɩɚɪɫɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟʄɟÄɋɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɚ³Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ȼɢɞ ɉɪɚɜɢɥɧɢɤɨɩɪɟɤɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɦɩɪɨɦɟɬɭɢɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɢɦɜɪɫɬɚɦɚɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɝɥɚɫɧɢɤ Ɋɋɛɪ  Ibid. Ibid.  ɋɊɉɋɄȺɉɊȺȼɇȺɆɂɋȺɈ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɲɬɨ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɢɦɚ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɜɢɫɢɧɚ ɡɚɩɪɟʄɟɧɟ ɤɚɡɧɟ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɩɲɬɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɢɦɚ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɉɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɛɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɤɚɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɥɚ ɪɚɞʃɚ ɭɫɦɟɪɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɢɡɜɨɡ ɢɥɢ ɭɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɭɜɨɡ ɚɥɢ ɨɜɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɢɩɚɤ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭ ɢɡɧɟɫɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɡɟɧɢ ɭ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɭɜɟɡɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɭɧɟɫɟɧɢ ɭ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɭɋɪɛɢʁɭ Ɉɜɚʁ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɭɱɢʃɟɧ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɚ ɭɦɢɲʂɚʁɟɦ ɤɚɨ ɨɛɥɢɤɨɦ ɤɪɢɜɢɰɟ, ɚ ɭɱɢɧɢɥɚɰ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɥɢɰɟ ɋ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɨɜɨ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨ ɞɟɥɨ ɜɪɲɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɞɟɫɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɭɥɨɡɢ ɭɱɢɧɢɨɰɚ ɨɜɨɝ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɢ ɥɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭɧɚɢɫɬɟɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɟ ɭɱɢɧɢɥɨɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɞɟɥɨɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɝɥɨɜɚ ɇɚɢɦɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɦɨɬɢɜɚ ɡɚ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬ ɥɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɬɢɰɚʃɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɟɞɨɛɢɬɢɨɞɢɥɟɝɚɥɧɟɩɪɨɞɚʁɟɭɥɨɜɚ ɱɟɫɬɨɧɚɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɨɦÄɰɪɧɨɦ ɬɪɠɢɲɬɭ³  ɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɫɤɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɬɢ ɑɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɥɨɜɨɤɪɚɻɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɜɪɲɢ ɩɨɞ ɩɚɪɚɜɚɧɨɦ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɪɧɢɯɢɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɯɨɞɥɚɡɚɤɚɭɥɨɜ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟɧɚɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɞɚɫɟ ɥɢɰɟɤɨʁɟ ɢɦɚɫɬɚɬɭɫɥɨɜɰɚɭɫɦɢɫɥɭɜɚɠɟʄɟɝɁɚɤɨɧɚɨɞɢɜʂɚɱɢɢɥɨɜɫɬɜɭ ʁɚɜɢ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɭɱɢɧɢɥɚɰ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɝ ɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɭɱɢɧɢɥɚɰ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɝɩɪɨɦɟɬɚɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɢɦɜɪɫɬɚɦɚɞɢɜʂɟɮɚɭɧɟ Ɂɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ ɭɧɢɲɬɟʃɚ ɨɲɬɟʄɟʃɚ ɢɡɧɨɲɟʃɚ ɭ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨɢɭɧɨɲɟʃɚɭɋɪɛɢʁɭɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɨɝɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɞɨɛɪɚɦɨɝɭɫɟ ɢɡɪɟʄɢ ɤɭɦɭɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɤɚɡɧɚ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɞ ɬɪɢ ɦɟɫɟɰɚ ɞɨ ɬɪɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢ         ɑɥɫɬɄɁɊɋ ɉɪɟɦɚ ɱɥ  ɄɁɊɋ ɭɜɟɤ ɫɟ ɤɚɠʃɚɜɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɦɨɠɟ ɢɡɪɟʄɢ ɤɚɡɧɚ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɞ ɩɟɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɠɚ ɤɚɡɧɚ ɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɤɚɞɚɡɚɤɨɧɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨɩɪɨɩɢɫɭʁɟɤɚɠʃɚɜɚʃɟɡɚɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ ȼɢɞȴɅɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄ ɑɥɄɁɊɋ 5REHUW00XWK-RKQ)%RZH³,OOHJDO+DUYHVWRI5HQHZDEOH1DWXUDO5HVRXUFHVLQ1RUWK$PHULFD 7RZDUGD7\SRORJ\RIWKH0RWLYDWLRQVIRU3RDFKLQJ³6RFLHW\DQG1DWXUDO5HVRXUFHV 0Rice,  500XWK-)%RZHɜɢɞɢȺɧɚȻɚɬɪɢʄɟɜɢʄÄɄɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɞɟɥɨɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɝɥɨɜɚ³Ʉɪɢɦɢɧɚɥ ɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɭɪ Ʌ Ʉɪɨɧ  ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɡɚ ɤɪɢɦɢɧɨɥɨɲɤɚɢɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɲɤɚɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚȻɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɑɥ ɫɬɬɚɱ ɁɚɤɨɧɨɞɢɜʂɚɱɢɢɥɨɜɫɬɜɭɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɝɥɚɫɧɢɤɊɋɛɪ  ȺɧɚȻɚɬɪɢɱɟɜɢʄɄɊɂȼɂɑɇɈɉɊȺȼɇȺɊȿȺɄɐɂȳȺɇȺɇȿɁȺɄɈɇɂɌɉɊɈɆȿɌ ... ɧɨɜɱɚɧɚ ɤɚɡɧɚ Ʉɪɢɜɢɱɧɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɤɨɦ ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɚɜɪɫɬɚɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɞɭɡɟɬɚ ɨɞɭɱɢɧɢɨɰɚ  ɄɊɂȼɂɑɇɈɉɊȺȼɇȺɊȿȺɄɐɂȳȺɇȺɇȿɁȺɄɈɇɂɌ ɉɊɈɆȿɌɁȺɒɌɂȶȿɇɂɆȼɊɋɌȺɆȺɍɍɉɈɊȿȾɇɈɆ ɉɊȺȼɍ Ɍɪɝɨɜɢɧɚɞɢɜʂɢɦɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚɦɚɪɚɞɢɞɪɠɚʃɚɤɚɨɤɭʄɧɢɯʂɭɛɢɦɚɰɚ ɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɢɦ ɜɪɫɬɚɦɚ ɪɟɩɬɢɥɚ ɜɨɞɨɡɟɦɚɰɚ ɢ ɩɬɢɰɚ ɝɪɚɛʂɢɜɢɰɚɞɨɠɢɜɟɥɚʁɟɤɪɚʁɟɦɜɟɤɚɩɪɨɰɜɚɬɭȼɟɥɢɤɨʁȻɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɢɂɚɤɨɫɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɩɪɨɦɟɬɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɟɝɚɥɧɨɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɧɨɫɚʃɢɦɨɩɫɬɚʁɟɫɜɟ ɭɧɨɫɧɢʁɢɢɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɢʁɢɢɥɟɝɚɥɧɢɩɪɨɦɟɬɪɚɞɢɱɢʁɟɝɫɚɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɫɚʃɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɡɟɦʂɢ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɨɤɜɢɪ The Wildlife and Countryside Act ɢɡ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ʁɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɩɪɚɜɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢ ɞɢɜʂɢɯ ɛɢʂɧɢɯ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɫɤɢɯ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɨʁ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɢ Ɉɜɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɢɧɤɪɢɦɢɧɨɫɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɧɨ ɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ ɢɡ ɞɢɜʂɢɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɟɞɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɢɜʂɢɯ ɩɬɢɰɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ʁɚʁɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɚɤɫɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɧɚɛɪɨʁɚɧɢɯ ɞɢɜʂɢɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚ, ɚ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɩɪɨɞɚʁɚ ɨɫɢɦ ɭɡ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɭ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɲɬɭ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɭ Ʉɪɲɟʃɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɢ ɡɚɩɪɟʄɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɨɜɱɚɧɨɦ ɤɚɡɧɨɦ ɭ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɧɨɦ ɢɡɧɨɫɭ ɨɞ ɩɟɬ ɯɢʂɚɞɚ ɮɭɧɬɢ Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɨ ɭɜɨɡɭ ɢ ɢɡɜɨɡɭ ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɢɯ ɜɪɫɬɚ The EndanJHUHG 6SHFLHV ,PSRUW DQG ([SRUW $FW) ɢɡ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɫɚɨ ʁɟ ɭɜɨɡ, ɢɡɜɨɡ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɚʁɭ ɫɜɢɯ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧɢɯ CITES Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɨɦ ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɨɞ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɬɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ ɭɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɚɦɚ          ɑɥɫɬɄɁɊɋ ɑɥɫɬ ȼɢɞ-+ROGHQ Wildlife and Countryside Act (The WCA) KWWSZZZOHJLVODWLRQJRYXNXNSJDFRQWHQWV"YLHZ SODLQ, aspɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ 3DUWThe WCA 6FKHGXOHVV7KH:&Ⱥ VThe WCA -+ROGHQ 7KH(QGDQJHUHG6SHFLHV,PSRUWDQG([SRUW$FW KWWSZZZOHJLVODWLRQJRYXNXNSJDSGIVXNSJDBBHQSGI , aspɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ  ɋɊɉɋɄȺɉɊȺȼɇȺɆɂɋȺɈ Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ ɭɧɢʁɟ ɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɬɭ ɞɢɜʂɢɦ ɜɪɫɬɚɦɚ EU Wildlife 7UDGH5HJXODWLRQV), ɬɟʁɟɫɚɞɚʃɟɝɨɜɚʁɟɞɢɧɚɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɚɨɞɪɟɞɛɚɤɨʁɨɦ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɞɚʁɚ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɟ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚ ɢ ɛɢʂɚɤɚ ɫɤɢɧɭɬɢɯ ɫɚ ɥɢɫɬɟ ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɢɯ ɜɪɫɬɚ CITES-ɚ, ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɡɟɦʂɢ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɭ Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɨ ɤɪɚɻɢ The Theft Act) ɢɡ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɭʁɟ ɧɨɜɱɚɧɭ ɤɚɡɧɭ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɡɧɭ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɞ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɞɨ ɞɟɫɟɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɡɚɩɪɢɫɜɚʁɚʃɟɬɭɻɟɢɦɨɜɢɧɟɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢɢɧɨɜɚɰɩɪɟɜɚɪɨɦɄɚɞɚʁɟɭɩɢɬɚʃɭɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɩɪɨɦɟɬɞɢɜʂɢɦɜɪɫɬɚɦɚɨɜɚʁɡɚɤɨɧɩɪɢɦɟʃɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰ ɩɪɨɞɚʁɟ ɞɢɜʂɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɨɞ ɢɫɬɢɯ ɥɚɠɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɚɪɨɦ ɬɜɪɞɟʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɩɨɪɟɤɥɨ ɥɟɝɚɥɧɨ ɄɪɢɜɢɱɧɢɡɚɤɨɧɢɤɄɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟɒɜɟɞɫɤɟ ɧɟɫɚɞɪɠɢɨɞɪɟɞɛɟɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɟ ɤɚɠʃɚɜɚʃɭ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɝ ɩɪɨɦɟɬɚ ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɢɦ ɜɪɫɬɚɦɚ ɜɟʄ ɫɟ ɨɧɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟɭɫɩɨɪɟɞɧɨɦɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɭɢɡɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɟɤɨɥɨɲɤɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɊɟɱʁɟɨ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɨɦ Ɂɚɤɨɧɭ ɨ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɢɡ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɚ ɢɡɪɢɰɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɱɚɧɟ ɤɚɡɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɡɧɟ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɨ ɞɜɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɡɚ ɭɦɢɲʂɚʁɧɨɢɥɢɧɟɯɚɬɧɨɤɪɲɟʃɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɚɛɚɢɥɢɭɫɥɨɜɚɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢɯɭ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɢɦɨɞɥɭɤɚɦɚɤɨʁɟɫɭɞɨɧɟɫɟɧɟɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɭɞɢɪɟɤɬɢɜɟɋɚɜɟɬɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɢɡ ɝɨɞɢɧɟɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɟɡɚɲɬɢɬɢɜɪɫɬɚɞɢɜʂɟɮɥɨɪɟɢɮɚɭɧɟ ɤɪɨɡɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚʃɟʃɢɯɨɜɨɝɩɪɨɦɟɬɚ ɍ ɐɪɧɨʁ Ƚɨɪɢ ɢɡɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɭ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɨɝ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɟ ɛɢʂɤɟ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɞɟɥɨɨɞɜɨʁɟɧɨɨɞɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɝɞɟɥɚɭɧɢɲɬɟʃɚɢɨɲɬɟʄɟʃɚɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɨɝ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɚ         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