Feray Koca / Mehmet Rifat Kahyaoğlu / Burak Beyhan
Eco-design approach on a university campus: MSKU outdoor cinema and activity area
Eco-design approach on a
university campus: MSKU outdoor
cinema and activity area
Enfoque de ecodiseño en un campus universitario:
MSKU cine al aire libre y área de actividades
Abstract:
Autores:
Feray Koca*
feraykoca@mu.edu.tr
Mehmet Rifat Kahyaoglu*
rkahyaoglu@mu.edu.tr
Burak Beyhan*
burakbeyhan@mu.edu.tr
*Mugla Sitki Koçman University
Turkey
Recibido: 29/May/2022
Aceptado: 25/Sep/2022
S
ocial-ecological systems evolve in cycles of ecological adaptation increasing
the resilience of places. The aim of this article is to present the design and
implementation processes of the Outdoor Cinema and Activity Area Project
which are applied on one of the valley floors in Mugla Sitki Koçman University’s
Main Campus. The project was carried out by using the eco-design approach
as the method of design and planning based on the concepts of panarchy and
transect having roots in the studies of Patrick Geddes. The criteria adopted for the
design of the project area were determined by the survey-analysis-design process
within the framework of the opportunities offered by the land in the interaction
of nature and human beings. In line with the basic design criteria, the application
phase of the project was completed and the Outdoor Cinema and Activity Area
were put into service.
Keywords: eco-design; outdoor cinema; transect; panarchy; Patrick Geddes.
Resumen:
Los sistemas socio-ecológicos evolucionan en ciclos de adaptación ecológica
aumentando la resiliencia de los lugares. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar
los procesos de diseño e implementación del Proyecto de Área de Actividades
y Cine al Aire Libre que se aplica en uno de los valles del Campus Principal de la
Universidad Mugla Sitki Koçman. El proyecto se realizó utilizando el enfoque de
ecodiseño como método de diseño y planificación basado en los conceptos de
panarquía y transecto, que tienen sus raíces en los estudios de Patrick Geddes. Los
criterios adoptados para el diseño del área del proyecto fueron determinados por
el proceso de levantamiento, análisis y diseño en el marco de las oportunidades
que ofrece el entorno en la interacción de la naturaleza y el ser humano. De
acuerdo con los criterios básicos de diseño, se completó la fase de aplicación del
proyecto y se puso en servicio el Cine al Aire Libre y el Área de Actividades.
Palabras clave: ecodiseño; cine al aire libre; transecto; panarquía; Patrick Geddes.
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Estoa No 23 / Vol 12 / Enero 2023
e - ISSN:1390-9274
DOI: 10.18537/est.v012.n023.a03
Feray Koca / Mehmet Rifat Kahyaoğlu / Burak Beyhan
Eco-design approach on a university campus: MSKU outdoor cinema and activity area
1. Introduction
In the world, increasing pressure on the natural
resources day by day, the problem of global
climate change, the disturbance of the balance
between the natural and built environment due
to urbanization; all necessitated a reconsideration
of the life cycle, which includes all production
and consumption processes. Particularly in the
late 1970s, environmental sensitivity towards
ecological problems has increased and ecodesign has become a method for the reduction
of environmental impacts of urbanization in
different sectors and scales. The origin of the
eco- design approach, which develops a holistic
view of the problems of the modern world, can
be traced back to Patrick Geddes’ integrated
view of life at the beginning of the 20th century.
Environmental theorist Patrick Geddes conceived
‘place’ as the sum total of physical, economic
and social components. For the first time, he
conceptualized space by associating it with
society and called social-ecological systems
‘organisms’ (Garau et al., 2016). He further
stated that a healthy environment depends
on the optimal performance of the interaction
between organism, function and environment.
The social and ecological systems, ‘organisms’
in Geddes’ terms, evolve in a cycle of ecological
adaptation, which augments the resilience of
‘places’ (Geddes, 1915). The prefix of ‘eco’, which
has its roots in the early 20th century and is used
as a metaphor to describe all kinds of interaction
of the system with itself and its environment,
has been included in the design practices and
processes over time. Ecological and sustainable
design aims to ensure the self-sufficiency of the
system for a healthy existence (Madge, 1993).
In this paper, the design and implementation
process of the Outdoor Cinema and Activity
Area Project, which is realized on one of the
valley floors of the Main Campus of Mugla Sitki
Koçman University (MSKU) that is considered as
a part of a bigger social-ecological system, has
been elaborated together with the eco-design
approach that was adopted as a method of praxis
during the process concerned. This method of
praxis is based on the operationalization of the
concepts of transect and panarchy, whose roots
go back to the early 20th century works of Patrick
Geddes.
32
With the aforementioned project, approximately
10 acres of idle land, which includes a rocky
valley floor between the Faculty of Engineering
and the Faculty of Science in the MSKU Main
Campus Area, has been turned into an outdoor
cinema and activity area that can be used by
students through making it operational with an
eco-design approach. Based on nature-human
interaction, the project follows the traces of
geography by adopting the transect approach,
Estoa No 23 / Vol 12 / Enero 2023
which is rooted in Geddes’ (1915) “Valley Section”, and
evaluates the existing contours to create a design for a
sustainable outdoor cinema and activity area in harmony
with the environment. In the project, it is also aimed that
the area planned as an outdoor cinema will provide a
multi-functional framework that will allow different uses
at different times.
In the subsequent section, the project area and the design
approach are further explained together with the criteria
used in the design and implementation of the project
within a detailed context. It is followed by an elaboration
of the components and the stages of implementation
of the project. Accordingly, each component of the
project is explained in relation to the design approach
adopted and their stages of the implementation. The
last section presents some concluding remarks in terms
of operationalization of the design approach adopted in
the project.
2. Method: Design approach
and criteria
Mugla Sitki Koçman University Main Campus is located
within the borders of Kotekli Neighborhood, located
in the south of Mentese City, Mugla Province Center,
Turkey, parallel to Mugla-Marmaris Highway (Figure
1). The Main Campus was established on a hilly area
surrounding the western part of Mugla polje and has
woodland tree clumps and maquis (Guner, 2001) in the
southwest of Kotekli settlement established in Mugla
polje, which is actually a karstic-based depression plain
(Gul et al., 2021). There are valley beds formed by the
surface and subsurface water flows from the hilly area
to the polje within the campus area. These valleys, due
to the permeable rocky ground structure in the campus,
provide the flow of rain water to the lower Mugla and
Karabaglar polje by infiltrating underground.
These valley beds have been an important input in
the formation of the design criteria. The starting
point here has been to create “an imagination” for an
ecologically sustainable environment. The sources of this
“imagination” can be traced back to the ‘Valley Section’
of Geddes (1915) when examined historically. Drawing on
the ideas of Frédéric Le Play, a French mining engineer,
sociologist, and economist (Beaver, 1962), in the valley
section, Geddes emphasizes that sound planning
decisions should be based on a detailed field survey
covering an inventory of an area’s hydrology, geology,
flora, fauna, climate, and natural topography, as well as
its social and economic opportunities and challenges. In
the subsequent parts of this section, the historical roots
of the eco-design concept implemented in the study
is presented together with the cross-fertilization of it
with other basic concepts, and operationalization of the
resulting framework in the study.
2.1. The Historical Roots of the Eco-Design
Concept with Transect
While he was in France, Geddes attended a lecture
delivered by Edmond Demolins, a follower of Le Play,
Feray Koca / Mehmet Rifat Kahyaoğlu / Burak Beyhan
Eco-design approach on a university campus: MSKU outdoor cinema and activity area
Figure 1: MSKU Main Campus boundaries and project area
Source: Authors (2022)
in 1878 (Macdonald, 2020). In Le Play’s famous triad,
Place-Work-Family, he discovered a connection between
naturalistic and social studies which, in due course,
paved the way for his regional survey (Macdonald, 2020;
Munshi, 2022). This connection is manifested in Geddes’
(1915, p. 198) words as following; “Place, work, and
folk – environment, function, and organism – are thus
no longer viewed apart, but as the elements of a single
process – that of healthy life for the community and the
individual.”
In the method of the survey developed by Le Play,
place, work and family were the basic units for the
study of society. Place presents the environmental
pressures and possibilities giving direction to the nature
of the work which, in turn, regulates the organisation
of the family. Contrarywise, the family’s needs and
potentials determine the character of the work, which
in turn gradually alters the environment (Munshi, 2022).
Replacing family with people or folk, Geddes argued that
geography (place), economics (work) and anthropology
(folk) were so thoroughly connected that unification of
them would produce valuable outcomes (Munshi, 2022).
In this regard, his ideas of spatial planning and design
were based on the need for ‘survey before alteration’, a
systematic sociological survey of a region (Munshi, 2022;
Macdonald, 2020). As Macdonald (2020, p. 97) argues,
Estoa No 23 / Vol 12 / Enero 2023
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Feray Koca / Mehmet Rifat Kahyaoğlu / Burak Beyhan
Eco-design approach on a university campus: MSKU outdoor cinema and activity area
Geddes develops not only a set of analytical categories
(namely, place-work- folk) derived from Le Play, but
also, as further elaborated in the subsequent part of
this section, a set of emotional, intellectual and social
methods (namely, sympathy-synthesis-synergy) allowing
us to give practical meaning to those analytical categories
within his main principle of co-operation.
In this context, actually, the first example of the transect
approach, which emphasizes the continuity between
nature and urban areas in the transition from rural
to urban, is also observed in Geddes (Talen, 2002).
Indeed, the valley section does not consider the natural
environment against the built environment or the rural
against the urban; but instead unites them with an
idea of the valley section (Figure 2). Geddes illustrates
physical conditions from mountainous ground to the
shoreline. While he represents natural occupations and
economic activities with some basic tools, he represents
the changing graded natural geography according to
the topography with plant drawings. He emphasizes
the dominance of the natural environment on human
settlements and the significance of basic economic
interactions between human beings and the environment
(Macdonald, 2020). Although the original valley section
included only seven places and their corresponding
occupations, in the subsequent works by the followers
of Geddes, this simple section was improved with a
diagrammatical representation of the physical structure
of the environment by referring to the respective diagram
as a ‘transect’ which is intentionally presented as an ideal
type (Scott, 2016).
34
With a focus on place-work-folk, the Valley Section
Diagram reveals the need to analyse the environment
in a holistic perspective. This holistic intention can be
considered as a reflection of Geddes’ emblem of the
three doves representing harmony and global peace in
terms of his three S’s standing for ‘Sympathy, Synthesis
and Synergy’. While ‘sympathy’ represents the need
for emotional engagement, “the ability to accurately
imagine oneself in another’s place, or to see oneself
from another’s point of view”, ‘synthesis’ refers to the
need for intellectual engagement, “the intellectual
power of comparing and bringing into relation different
ideas”, and as a societal notion ‘synergy’ means “acting
together to solve problems and create opportunities”
– cooperative engagement (MacDonald, 1994, p. 68).
What follows from Geddes’ formulation is that a project
can be meaningful only if it fulfils these three levels of
engagement.
His valley section includes various types of spatial
patterns adapting to their environment that refers to the
social organization depending on the natural occupations
(Welter, 2002). Among different spatial patterns, the
transect approach provides the sustainability of the
landscape by considering the in-depth understanding of
a space in various scales and dimensions, thus providing a
systematic analysis for spatial design (Han, 2021). As Han
(2021) remarks, particularly, the planning discipline has
used the transect concept to reveal the most appropriate
relationship between the ecological setting and human
settlement. This unified conception of the social and the
Figure 2: (a) Geddes’ 1909 valley section and (b) Duany’s 2005 transect system
Source: P. Geddes (1915) and A. Duany (2005)
Estoa No 23 / Vol 12 / Enero 2023
Feray Koca / Mehmet Rifat Kahyaoğlu / Burak Beyhan
Eco-design approach on a university campus: MSKU outdoor cinema and activity area
ecological domains is actually completely in line with the
traditionalist approach whose lineage can be traced back
to the work of Geddes who argued that a city “grew out
of its urban and rural environment in a complex web of
causes and effects, its inter-related parts interwoven
through time” (Ruttonsha, 2018, p. 206). Followers of
Geddes such as Ian McHarg employed the transect as a
tool for the establishment of human–ecological systems
in spatial planning.
covering “integrative efforts to adapt cities to climate
change, sustainably manage natural resources, and
restore degraded ecosystems” (LaGro, 2020, p. 74). In
these efforts, the practical application of town planning
principles of Geddes includes (Shoshkes, 2017); ‘diagnosis
before treatment’ (i.e. survey before plan); ‘conservative
surgery’ (i.e. rehabilitation rather than removal); and
particularly, ‘bio-regionalism’ (i.e. people and place are
considered to be inseparable).
When the essence of Notation of Life diagram of Geddes
is considered (Figure 3), Cloister, another important
concept in Geddes’ analysis, gains importance as it
provides us with some extra insights into the uniqueness
of university campuses. In his terms, “from the Schools
of all kinds of knowledge, past and present, we pass into
the no less varied Cloisters of contemplation, meditation,
imagination” (Geddes, 1905, p. 84). In addition to school,
“a new development may arise, that which retires from
the practical everyday life of a city, or even its everyday
educational duties, into the meditative life in antique
phrase, therefore, into ‘the cloister’, the ‘Abbey’ in later
phrase into ‘intellectual retirement’” (Geddes, 1904,
p. 219). In this context, Geddes identified additional
correspondences between processes of the mental and
cultural subsystems, and of ‘school’ and ‘cloister’ (Scott,
2016, p. 246).
2.2. Cross-fertilization and Integration of the
Basic Concepts Used
Figure 3: Geddes’s four-fold analysis preceding his
Notation of Life diagram
Source: P. Geddes (1905, p. 90)
As Ghia (2021) argue, Geddes (1904; 1905; 1915)
formulates the ‘cloister’ as the final ideal level based
on the utopian line of thinking. With ‘cloister’ he refers
to the site for universities, artist studios, art schools
and public spaces functioning as the “central nervous
system of government” and “its heart of spiritual
tradition”, a place of contemplation, meditation, and
imagination (Geddes, 1905; Geddes & Mears, 1911, p.
55). Thus, there are particular merits for an eco-design
approach focusing on a university campus to draw on
the concept of ‘cloister’. As Clavel & Young, (2017, p. 42)
remark, according to Geddes, “city development was a
discontinuous phenomenon, where many strands of
‘thought’ and ‘action’ occasionally came together in a
critical and constructive juncture around the transition
from ‘School’ to ‘Cloister’”.
Geddes’ and his followers’ efforts to integrate nature
into urban planning and design have continued with
the contemporary nature- based planning efforts
Under the guidance of an eco-design approach built on
top of the method initiated by Geddes, the imaginative
design process of the project area was carried out by
taking the whole geomorphological structure of MSKU’s
Main Campus into account. Due to the fact that the main
campus was established in a heathland-woodland area
on the periphery of Mugla polje, the closest settlement
to the campus, Kotekli Village, has turned into a studentpopulated neighborhood over time. As one goes from
the university campus to the Kotekli neighborhood, it is
observed that the natural environment is replaced by an
environment dominated by buildings. In this sense, the
university campus contains a transition zone from the
natural environment to the built environment (Figure
4). For this reason, a sustainable campus approach
has been adopted in all on-campus designs, within the
framework of the transect approach, which will keep
the environmental impact of the designs to a minimum
in harmony with the environment and timeline. The
design process of the Outdoor Cinema and Activity
Area; on the one hand, has made use of the projections
of bio-regionalism that can be traced back to Geddes
(Cappuccio, 2009), and on the other hand, an effort has
also been made to operationalize the transect approach.
In the design of the project area, while, as Geddes
reveals, the hydrology, geology, flora, fauna, climate
and natural topography of the area as well as social and
economic opportunities and challenges are handled by
the operationalization of the concept of transect, an
approach has also been adopted within the framework
of the concept of panarchy making it possible to
systematically address the ecological sustainability of the
area within the framework of resilience. The concept of
panarchy, first of all, suggests that there is more than one
possible trajectory for growth and development within
the framework of the adaptive cycle concept, in this
context, social and ecological systems are compatible,
but adaptation may change the system dynamics and
require new adaptations (Peeples et al., 2006). Therefore,
in a panarchy, both change and stability in the life cycle
are inevitable.
In fact, Geddesian thinking opens the door for the
conception of the world on the base of panarchy. As
Ghia (2021, p. 129) remarks, Geddes favoured the idea
of co-operation on the base of the principles of Peter
Kropotkin, chief members of the Anarchist movement
at the time, instead of preferring the Marxist notion of
class, leading vision of the time. According to him, it was
not the rival interests of the different classes, but the
man-environment relationship that shape the city. In
Estoa No 23 / Vol 12 / Enero 2023
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Feray Koca / Mehmet Rifat Kahyaoğlu / Burak Beyhan
Eco-design approach on a university campus: MSKU outdoor cinema and activity area
Figure 4: A view towards Kotekli Neighborhood from the project area
Source: Authors (2021)
this context, in many respects, the valley section reflects
an incorporation of the ideas of concurrent anarchists
such as Peter Kropotkin’s co-operative society into
Geddes’ interpretation of governance and evolution of
social-ecological systems actually characterized by the
panarchy in terms of various levels of man-environment
relationship involved in the system.
Being a product of his ‘thinking machines’ that can be
described as a visual method to represent complex
ideas in diagrams connecting facts and ideas to help
formation of thought, Geddes’ (1905) four-fold analysis
preceding his Notation of Life diagram presents the
development of Le Play’s Folk-Work-Place triology within
a holistic framework and in the form of an evolutionary
spiral actually reflecting the dynamics of a panarchy via
multiple layers (for example, an evolution from town
to city corresponding an evolution from school to the
cloister).
When the bigger cycle on a worldwide scale within
the scope of panarchy is considered, the concept of
Anthropocene gains a relatively critical importance. The
Anthropocene defines the Earth’s most recent geological
time period as human-influenced or anthropogenic,
based on the overwhelming global evidence that
atmospheric, geological, hydrological, biospheric, and
other earth-system processes are now altered by human
beings (Slaymaker, Spencer & Embleton-Hamann, 2021).
As Eisenman and Murray (2017) remarks, Geddes’
integrative, developmental, and creative orientation
and at the same time his holistic theoretical framework
seems to be characterized also by an anthropogenic
world due to its emphasis on environmental challenges
and overcrowding of cities. By drawing on ‘ecological
wisdom’ and cross- fertilizing people, place, and cosmos
for new relationships; his followers have reconsidered
the current situation and “connect the placemaking
professions with transcendent meaning and purpose”
(Eisenman & Murray, 2017, p. 52).
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Estoa No 23 / Vol 12 / Enero 2023
Yang et al. (2019) remarks that Gedde folk-work-place
trilogy is actually building resilience into social–ecological
systems. In a panarchy model, resilience is based on
the cross-scalar dynamics of socio-ecological systems
such that local “resilience may be affected by globalscale processes, whereas local-scale transformations
can influence broader-scale resilience” (Suárez,
Gómez-Baggethun, & Onaindia, 2020, p. 201). In this
conceptualization, architects, planners and designers, as
actors who consciously intervene in the space at different
scales, can initiate processes that can determine the
fate of the larger cycle and the system in cycles at lower
scales. Therefore, it is the planners and designers’
responsibility to determine the actions and sequences
that will minimize the environmental impact of the
designed products and planned processes.
As Birkeland (2002, p. 2) remarks, “eco-solutions involve
not just technical but social, cultural, economic and
political dimensions”. It requires an approach based on
an extremely transdisciplinary process involving social,
ecological, psychological, economic, political dimensions
that can minimize the negative consequences of sitespecific problems on different levels. Ecological spatial
design should be able to integrate different parameters
such as functional and ecological sustainability, social
requirements, quality of life, cultural values and economic
forces by understanding the philosophical background of
design principles (Birkeland, 2002).
2.3. Operationalization of the Design Concepts
Used
The project site is positioned in one of the valleys,
of which the front façade of the Engineering Faculty
Building, located at the south end of the university
campus, is facing. As the main transportation artery
providing basic access to the campus buildings passes
over the valley, a part of the valley remained in the north
of the main transportation artery and some in the south
of the respective artery. Within the scope of the adopted
transect approach, in order to gradually integrate this
Feray Koca / Mehmet Rifat Kahyaoğlu / Burak Beyhan
Eco-design approach on a university campus: MSKU outdoor cinema and activity area
valley area with the built environment, the section to the
north of the main transportation artery was previously
designed as a recreational area open to the use of
students and university staff. In this section, the valley
floor was transformed into a small pond by employing,
again, an ecological and sustainable design approach. The
continuation of the water element previously designed at
the northern part of the main transportation artery in the
valley floor has also been adopted as a design approach
for the project area remaining at the southern part of the
main transportation artery. Thus, the rocky valley floors
revealed by the hydrology and natural topography of
the area are symbolized by the water element, and the
natural formations and traces provided by the geography
are emphasized by preserving them. In Figure 5, the
implementation process of the project is exposed step
by step via the satellite photographs taken on different
dates.
Figure 5: Satellite photographs from different years and the continuity of water element
Source: Authors’ (2021) elaboration based on Google Earth photos
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Feray Koca / Mehmet Rifat Kahyaoğlu / Burak Beyhan
Eco-design approach on a university campus: MSKU outdoor cinema and activity area
Geddes introduced the concept of ‘civic survey’, a kind
of socioecological process of analysis that must be
applied before planning in order to understand the
physical, social and symbolic landscape of the natural
environment (Han, 2021). Therefore, the survey-analysisdesign (SAD) method, in which Geddes considers ecology
as a metaphor on the one hand and a value to be
prioritized on the other, is used in the project. According
to Geddes (1915), a full survey and analysis are the first
steps in plan-making, and his SAD method of design
and planning does not consider city planning solely as a
technical exercise. The SAD method, which is also known
as SAP – survey, analyse, plan (Mualam, 2017), aims to
offer comprehensive and inclusive solutions through
the potentials offered by the environment, rather than
choosing easy and direct solutions.
Influenced by Geddes, Mcharg (2006) advocates the
necessity of considering the potentials offered by nature
and the necessary restrictive conditions rather than
arbitrary design. He characterizes ignorance of natural
processes as folly or criminal negligence but at the same
time he emphasizes the significance of skill:
Surely knowledge needs skill to give form and significance
to our landscapes and our adaptations. Surely skill needs
knowledge just as a solver needs a problem (…) art and
science, skill and knowledge, ecology and design and planning
should unite (McHarg, 2006, pp. 380-381).
In this context, in the design process of the project area,
some natural factors such as climate, topographical data,
natural formations, conditions offered by the geography
were surveyed and analysed with human factors such as
social and economic inputs and evaluated in terms of
opportunities and constraints they presented. According
to survey and analysis, some design criteria (DC) were
determined as given in Table 1.
Natural Factors
- Climate: The province of Mugla, where the university
and project area are located, is under the influence
of the Mediterranean climate. The summer months
are dry and the winter months are very rainy. Annual
mean temperature is 14,9 oC. While the maximum
mean temperature is 26 oC in July, the minimum mean
temperature is 5,4 oC in January. The climate is very
favourable for the growth of plants. Thanks to the
abundant rainfall in winter and spring, there is a strong
natural vegetation. However, the lack of rain in summer
days can cause short-term drought. Mugla is one of the
first two cities with the highest rainfall in Turkey. The
average precipitation alters between 600-1200 mm.
Heavy rains often turn into floods, especially in the
valleys. The average sunshine duration is 3,040 hours/
year. Since the sunbathing period is quite long, it is
possible to benefit from solar energy.
38
- Topography: The university campus is located on a very
sloping land. The highest point is 810m and the lowest
point is 615m. Due to the high altitude of the university
despite its climatic characteristics, a natural coolness
occurs in summer nights. There is a dry stream bed and
valley floor in the project area. The highest point of the
valley is 709m and the lowest is 701m. Due to the slope
of the valley floor, there is a significant amount of rain
Estoa No 23 / Vol 12 / Enero 2023
water flow in winter. In the area outside the valley floor
of the project area, the slope is low and has suitable
habitability.
- Hydrology: In a significant part of the project area,
there is a valley floor where a dry stream flows from
the hilly area to the polje within the University campus.
Groundwater flow rate increases in winter months due
to heavy rains. The valley floor and the stream bed
together with the vegetation create a cool microclimate.
Due to the irregularity of the precipitation regime and
the presence of permeable limestone rocks, the project
area is very poor in terms of surface water resources.
In addition, benefiting from deep underground water is
limited.
- Geology: The area has permeable rocky structure.
The presence of the rocky structure provides a solid
ground against the earthquake risk however, porosity
causes water leakage. The project area has red-brown
Mediterranean soil. Red brown Mediterranean soils are
calcareous. The soil reaction is neutral or slightly alkaline.
The land is characterized by shallow depth of soil (5020cm) with a slope of %6-12. The land has medium water
erosion risk.
- Flora and fauna: The university campus was established
in an area where forest and maquis vegetation coexist.
There are native species such as red pine, holly oak and
juniper. There are groves of red pine trees around the
project area that naturally creates a microclimatic effect.
The forest vegetation around the project area supports
the filtering of the rain water flowing at the bottom of
the valley. Many bird species, foxes, wild boars, turtles,
snakes and reptiles are naturally found in the forest
and maquis texture. At the same time, campus paws
protected and nurtured by the university use the project
area. The fauna living in the forest vegetation near the
project area constitutes a natural habitat.
Human Factors
- Social Occasions: The project area was used as irregular
parking lot, as it has remained idle for many years.
However, pedestrians were uncomfortable with this
situation. At the same time, vehicles harmed the natural
environment and soil. Students need activity and sports
areas on the university campus. Due to the lack of social
activity areas on the campus, students spend much of
their spare time in Kotekli, which became studentpopulated neighbourhood. The university should create
a multifunctional open space for students to organize
social occasions. This area will provide socialization that
allows students to learn by observing. The fact that the
project area is located in a central location within the
campus provides the feature of being a gathering area.
The location of the area in the transition zone from the
natural environment to the built environment keeps the
potential of creating an ecologically sensitive space.
- Finance: MSKU is a public university. The university
campus is entirely in the public domain and the projects
are made entirely for the public good. University funding
is provided by state taxes. Since a significant portion of
the university’s budget is spent on the maintenance and
repair of existing educational buildings, limited budgets
Feray Koca / Mehmet Rifat Kahyaoğlu / Burak Beyhan
Eco-design approach on a university campus: MSKU outdoor cinema and activity area
Natural Factors
Desing Criteria (DC)
Climate
DC1- Use local plants to provide integration with nature.
DC2- Consider the land use of flooded areas carefully
DC3- Use solar energy as an alternative energy source.
Topography
DC4- Minimize the intervention to the valley floor and natural water flow of the dry creek
DC5- Consider suitable desing for the natural slope of the land.
Hydrology
CD6- Adopt desing that will not impair groundwater flow.
DC7- Consider valley form and water flow direction as a part of the desing
DC8- Select plant species adapted to the region since it is not possible to benefit form
groundwater
Geology
DC9- Desing in accordance with the natural structure of the land since shaping the hard solid
rock on the ground will cause energy loss and increase the cost.
DC10- Use appropriate materials that will not harm the underground water flow.
DC11- Desing against possible water erosion.
Flora and fauna
DC12- Use similar natural vegetation in landscape desing to provide the integration with the
forest area.
DC13- Promote a natural condition for flora and fauna.
DC14- Provide wildlife corridor across the valley
Human factors
Desing Criteria (DC)
Social
Occasions
DC15- Desing multifuncional uses to provide economical use of space
DC16- Desing activity and sport areas that appeal to different users
DC17- Design a gathering area (square)
Finance
DC18- Choose materials that can be put into the life cycle
DC19- Promote solar energy as alternative energy resource
DC20- Pay attention to use of local and natural materials that are easy to transport
DC21- Adopt simple designs that the university can produce within its own technical personnel
Education
DC22- Design places where students can learn while observing
DC23- Design open spaces where students can read books.
DC24- Empower educational life of the students by motivating them
Community
Netwoeks
DC25- Consider the use and sizes of space in line with the activities that the communities do
most
DC26- Increase the interaction between different student communities (synergy)
Activity
participation
DC27- Observe trends of uses.
DC28- Desing with the participation of users.
Table 1: Design criteria according to natural and human factors
Source: Authors (2019)
are used in the design of open spaces. The project
area is not among the compulsory expenses of the
university. There are not enough financial resources for
landscaping applications. The existence of engineers and
technicians with expertise in different construction fields
in the Construction Works Technical Department of the
University, the existence of Faculties of Architecture and
Engineering and the existence of Wood and Iron Works
Workshops in MSKU are important labour resources for
the realization of spatial projects.
- Education: On the main campus, there are 14 faculties,
4 institutes, 18 research and application centres. The
number of students on the main campus is 23574.
The project area has potential to increase the quality
of educational life. The natural environment in the
project area has the potential to develop learning skills
to be environmentally friendly. However, there is weak
educational motivation among students.
- Community Networks: There are 150 communities
defined by their interests that organize student activities
in MSKU. The project area has the potential to be used
by a wide variety of communities and users however,
lack of communication between the different student
communities is one of the constraints.
- Activity participation: The university has limited space
for hobby and leisure activities. Although the students
are eager to participate in all leisure activities, there is a
weak level of participation in decision-making.
Overall, during the design process, adaptation to the
existing land, emphasis of the valley floor with the water
element, integration with the forest area around the
project site and continuation of the valley, contribution
to sustainability with the use of natural materials,
minimal intervention to the environment in the life cycle,
conservation of energy and quality of life have been
adopted as the basic design criteria (Figure 6). Under the
guidance of these general criteria, it is assumed that the
pattern of human-nature interaction will be characterized
by the operationalization of transect and panarchy
approach for the formation of a site of ‘cloister’ in terms
Estoa No 23 / Vol 12 / Enero 2023
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Eco-design approach on a university campus: MSKU outdoor cinema and activity area
of creation of a place of contemplation, meditation, and
imagination.
can use for different social activities (Figure 7). The
natural pedestrian route created by the circulation of
the students, the existing stone wall created by the level
difference in the valley and the existing walls around the
solar panels are considered as important traces for the
design of the project area. While the pedestrian route
can actually be considered as a tacit form of students’
participation into the project, recognition of existing
walls in the project area as inputs can be considered as
a continuity in the expertise involved in the project area.
3. Components and implementation
of the project
Figure 6: Eco-design approach used in the project area
Source: Authors (2019)
Photovoltaic solar panels, located on the northern side
of the project site, have been used to provide the main
campus with the electricity since 2013 and contributing
to the establishment of a sustainable life system on the
campus. The area where the solar panels are located
has been designed as part of the project site with the
arrangements in the landscape. The project area has
been designed in such a way that it consists of structural
design elements such as a pond, grass amphitheatreviewing terrace, multifunctional stage, cafeteria square,
pergolas, tennis court, basketball court and parking lot
area in order to create a sustainable space that students
40
Figure 7: Outdoor Cinema and Activity Area Idea Project
Source: Authors (2019)
Estoa No 23 / Vol 12 / Enero 2023
The components of the project can be grouped under
four parts. The first one is the pond, viewing terrace and
stage. It is at the heart of the project that is designed
adaptive to the valley floor. It represents the most
immense crystallization of cloister in the project in terms
of functions assigned to it. Three other components are
seamlessly articulated to this basic component. These
components are the square, the sports fields and the
functional component of the activity area.
3.1. Pond, viewing terrace and stage
The design of the pond, the viewing terrace and the
stage, which are the key design elements that make up
the Outdoor Cinema, were carried out by taking into
account the potentials and constraints offered by the
natural endowments. The pond, viewing terrace and
Feray Koca / Mehmet Rifat Kahyaoğlu / Burak Beyhan
Eco-design approach on a university campus: MSKU outdoor cinema and activity area
stage located in the western part of the project site,
include the valley floor having a very sloppy water flow
bed. During the construction phase of the building of
the Faculty of Engineering, one side of this water flow
bed was limited by a natural stone masonry wall with a
height of approximately 4 meters due to the construction
of a road over the valley for the creation of a connection
from the main transportation artery of the Campus to the
Faculty Building.
A pond having a linear form was designed both to ensure
the continuity of the pond in the upper part of the valley
to the north of the main transportation artery of the
campus, and also to symbolize the flow at the base of the
valley (Figure 8). During the application phase, concrete
burrs were laid on the bottom of the pond area to ensure
the continuity of the natural flow, in order not to disturb
the flow of groundwater and natural drainage, which
increases with heavy rains in winter time. Due to the
very permeable and porous rock structure of the natural
ground, the fill soil whose size and mechanical properties
were determined according to the requirement of the
site, was placed on the ground of the pond area by
compacting. The pond area with the designed crosssection features was created by leveling this compacted
filling ground.
Geosynthetic felts and geosynthetic gas drains placed
on the created pond area in a controlled manner are
covered with a linear low-density polyethylene (LLPDE)
membrane (Figure 9 a and b). Small-sized stones
produced from Mugla marble, which is naturally found
in Mugla province, were placed on the geosynthetic felt,
which was laid again on top of the membrane, for, on the
one hand, the creation of weight on the membrane, and
on the other hand, the protection of the geosynthetic
membrane. Although at the initial phase of construction,
the use of white Mugla marble pieces had created an
artificial impression; in time, the colour of the water got
natural because of the moss.
A viewing terrace for 700 people was created with a
grass amphitheatre rising from the pond on the valley
floor. While the grass amphitheatre was being created,
the excavation resulting from the levelling of the land
was collected and compacted on the floor of the terrace
area. While the water element symbolizes the valley floor
throughout the Campus, it also functions as a boundary
element between the stage and the viewing terrace.
Taking advantage of the height offered by the existing
stone wall on the opposite side of the viewing terrace,
a steel construction stage about 16 meters long and
6 meters wide was designed on top of it. The outdoor
acoustic environment, which is a hidden but important
part of the landscape character, was also taken into
account in the design of the stage. Sounds, which are
always ignored in physical planning but are the source
of human sensory experience, are expected to be in
harmony with visual design. A landscape plan or design
that focuses on acoustic experiences will enable the
acquisition of acoustic qualities that support daily life
and thus contribute to ecological sustainability. In this
context, Geddes’ survey-analysis-design process creates
incremental planning that sets the frameworks for the
soundscape of the future (Hedfors, 2003). For the stage
design in the project area, an arrangement that provides
a gradual transition to planned human activities without
disturbing the existing soundscape of the outdoor living
environment of which plants and animals are naturally
a part has been formulated. Therefore, the stage is
designed behind the water element with controlled
access to minimize the noise and movement associated
with unnecessary human activities. The stage orientation
is towards the grass viewing terrace facing northwest.
Thus, for the outdoor performances, while the hilly
topography behind the stage shades the audience, those
on stage will not be dazzled by the evening light. The
stage is designed with a convex opening that will allow
the sound inside to reach the grass amphitheatre with
maximum efficiency.
Figure 8: Plan of linear form pond and cross-sections of the pond floor
Source: Authors (2019)
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Eco-design approach on a university campus: MSKU outdoor cinema and activity area
Figure 9: (a and b) Construction phase of the pond on the valley floor, and (c) installation phase of the stage and
the grass amphitheatre
Source: Authors (2019)
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Eco-design approach on a university campus: MSKU outdoor cinema and activity area
Filtered water fountains, which are placed in the pond
and also providing recirculation of water, emphasize the
hydrological features of the nature of the land in the
project area, and at the same time, on the one hand,
they stimulate the auditory sense of the water element
in the soundscape, and on the other hand, they create a
feeling of coolness in a place with hot climate features
such as Mugla.
The viewing terrace has been established as a
completely grass area in the form of terraces consisting
of approximately 2-3 meters wide and 1 meter high so
that the scene-stage can be seen completely from every
angle (Figure 9 c). The viewing terrace not only creates
the seating areas of the outdoor cinema, but also allows
different activities and increases the amount of green
space on the Campus thanks to the natural grass used as
the covering material for the terrace.
Since the highest point of the stage and viewing terrace is
approximately 4 meters above the project site, it creates
panoramic views of the entire project area. Thus, together
with the viewing terrace on one side of the pond, the
stage on the other side, the border element on the valley
floor, and the forest area, it creates a ‘spectacular’ area
on its own by offering different perspectives as a whole.
3.2. Square
The project site also contains a route via which students
reach the Faculty of Engineering on foot from the main
road artery that circles the campus. A square that can
be a gathering place for students to socialize and that
also opens up to the pond was designed in the center
of the project area (Figure 10 a). The square is a nodal
point where the routes from the Faculty of Engineering,
the Faculty of Science, the Faculty of Economics and
Administrative Sciences come together. One of the
basic principles in the design of the project site is the
selection of sustainable materials. Moughtin & Shirley
(2005; 32) classify building materials according to their
energy content and argue that which building materials
combination is environmentally friendly should be
evaluated among competing factors such as being taken
from local source, the energy content, the intensity
of building, the simplicity of form, the transportation
expenses and the process of refinement.
All around the square, there are pergolas and a cafeteria
that define the form of the viewing terrace and the square
itself (Figure 10 b). These pergolas and the cafeteria were
made of completely natural pinewood material by the
University’s Wood Workshop. According to classification
of Moughtin & Shirley (2005, p. 32), wood is low energy
material with a 0,1 kWh/kg. In the project area, because
of the pinewood material is indigenous and from a local
source - taken from the pine trees of Aegean Region of
Turkey where Mugla Province is located- and the amount
of energy used in the manufacture is low, this material
contributes to ecological and economic sustainability.
economic and ecological sustainability. It is important to
emphasize that these panels were transported from a
disclosed facility of the university and constitute another
good example of re-use. Each of these panels produced
by a company in Turkey in 2020 generates 270W. 1 kW of
the generated energy is used for a refrigerator (used in
the cafeteria) and electronic cash register. If the system
works with a grid connection, it can produce 1500 kWh
of energy annually. Existing solar trackers monitoring the
sun in the project area were made in Germany. Although
1908kWh/kWp energy is produced by them annually if
the system monitors the sun, the annually generated
energy decreases to 1459 kWh/kWp if the trackers have
a fixed tilt angle (Eke & Senturk, 2012).
3.3. Sports fields
In the project, which started out with the aim of designing
a ‘place’ for the students who can enjoy different and
various activities, a single basket court and tennis court
were also designed for the inclusion of some sportive
activities. Economic constraints and the sustainable
design approach that aims to reuse materials in their life
cycle have been effective in the implementation of sports
fields. For this reason, the heating pipes that became idle
as a result of the conversion of the University’s heating
system to natural gas have been reintroduced into the life
cycle by using them as the vertical and horizontal carrier
system of the wire fences surrounding the basketball
and tennis courts. Viewing areas have been created
on the edge of the sports fields with the installation of
the seating benches, again made of natural pinewood
material.
Sports fields were designed in the project’s eastern part
where the campus started to merge with the forest area
and formed the eastern border of the project. Thus,
the project site composed of the Outdoor Activity Area
containing a viewing terrace together with the pond and
stage in the west, the square together with the cafeteria
in the middle, and the sports fields in the east has been
transformed into a place that allows the University
students to perform various physical and social activities
(Figure 10 b).
3.4. Activity area
Since its completion, the project area has been used for a
wide variety of social, cultural and educational activities
as intended. At the forefront of these activities is outdoor
cinema screenings. During September and October 2019,
Outdoor Cinema Activities were held in the project area
with a movie every week1, which attracted great interest
from the University students (Figure 11 a)2. During the
pandemic, it has met the need for open green space for
university staff accommodating on campus and students
in dormitories. After the pandemic, the active use of
the area has continued in 2022 with movie screening3
and cultural activities such as theatrical performance of
News about the first movie screening, https://www.mu.edu.tr/tr/
haber/universitemiz-acik-hava-sinemasinin-ilk-film-gosterimi-buyukilgi-gordu-472
2
News about the first movie screening, https://www.haberler.com/
mugla-da-acik-hava-sinemasini-3-bin-ogrenci-izledi-12447445haberi/
3
See: https://www.mu.edu.tr/tr/etkinlik/mskude-film-geceleri-3245
1
The cafeteria building was designed in a simple, singlestorey form that would be a means of defining the square.
At the same time, the solar panels placed on the roof of
the cafe allow the building to generate its own energy
with an intention for self-sufficiency having origins in
Estoa No 23 / Vol 12 / Enero 2023
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Feray Koca / Mehmet Rifat Kahyaoğlu / Burak Beyhan
Eco-design approach on a university campus: MSKU outdoor cinema and activity area
Figure 10: (a) View of the square from the viewing terrace – pre-establishment, and (b) a view of the project site
from the Faculty of Science
Source: Authors (2019) for (a) and University press (2019) for (b)
Karagöz and Hacivat, lead characters of the traditional
Turkish shadow play.4
4. Concluding remarks
In addition, the buoyancy test of the concrete canoe
produced by Civil Engineering students for the Concrete
Canoe Competition in 2019 was carried out for the first
time in the newly completed pond area (Figure 11 b)5.
The Outdoor Activity Area has also served as a show area
for sports activities such as pilates and yoga performed
with multi-participants, concerts, theatre, talks, etc.
organized by students.
The Outdoor Cinema and Activity Area Project,
implemented in the Main Campus of Mugla Sitki Koçman
University, have revitalized a 10-decare land, which was
idle for many years in the campus, by a landscaping
prepared with an ecological and sustainable design
approach. At the beginning of the design process, the
University campus has been conceptualized as a part of
a social-ecological system in terms of its geographical
location and relationship with other settlements, and it
has been accepted that a framework of interdependent
nature and human interaction that develops at different
scales and times operates within the panarchy, which is
a set of intertwined adaptive cycles. Building on top of
the ideas formulated by Geddes, the cross-fertilization
of these ideas with more recent design concepts such as
See: https://twitter.com/muglaedutr/
status/1519568650088370176?s=20&t=3ubRqybK8ASLzC8lBO3wkw
4
News about Concrete Canoe Competition in 2019, https://www.
facebook.com/watch/?v=2337334546326030, https://twitter.com/
muglaedutr/status/1129269069125967872
5
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Eco-design approach on a university campus: MSKU outdoor cinema and activity area
Figure 11: (a) From the first Outdoor Cinema screening in September 2019, and (b) concrete canoe buoyancy test.
Source: University press (2019) for (a) and Authors (2019) for (b)
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Eco-design approach on a university campus: MSKU outdoor cinema and activity area
transect provided us with a framework to operationalize
them in a coherent way.
Invasion of the pond by frogs is illustrative of one of the
adaptive cycles intended in the project area. Another
positive aspect of this cycle is the fact that in the hot
summer days, the pond function as a source of basic
nutrition (water) for the fauna on the campus and
nearby area. The use of wood in the project is another
concrete example for the consideration devoted to the
operationalization of the adaptive cycles. It is known that
wood is one of the best reusable and bio-destructible
materials.
In the design of the project area, based on the fact that
ecological, hydrological, climatic, social and economic
conditions create a ‘life’ throughout the campus, it has
been argued that these conditions should be adequately
understood and adapted to the nature in order to ensure
sustainability. Geddes’ survey-analysis-design method
was adopted in the design process of the project area,
and all the features of nature and users were taken as
inputs in such a way that the design was finalized in
interaction with the analysis process. In this context,
while the functions were determined by examining their
compatibility with the environment, implementation was
started in line with the objectives of the use of natural
materials and the conservation of energy in its life cycle.
Active use of the area by the students as a place of
contemplation, meditation (such as pilates and yoga) and
imagination (such as theatrical performances) reveal its
characteristics as a site of ‘cloister’ which was the basic
aim of the project. MSKU outdoor cinema and activity
area has become so popular among the students that it
was named ‘moonlight square’ with a voting process after
the suggestions from students which is in accordance
with the social participation dimension of the project
design cycle. Departing from an empathy for the students
who are active users of the area, we can argue that the
efforts made for the emotional engagement seems to
be followed by not only a synthesis of different ideas
for the realization of the project in terms of intellectual
engagement, but also cooperative engagement in terms
of active participation of the students in naming the area.
From our point of view, ‘moonlight’ reflects an emotional
motivation characterized by not only meditation, but also
imagination. An understanding of contemplation seems
to be also embedded in this particular name in terms of a
search for truth in the dark.
Cómo citar este artículo/How to cite this article:
Koca, F., Rifat, M. y Beyhan, B. (2023). Eco-design
approach on a university campus: MSKU outdoor
cinema and activity area. Estoa. Revista de la
Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de
la Universidad de Cuenca, 12(23), 31-47. doi:
https://doi.org/10.18537/est.v012.n023.a03
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