19th Century Intellectual History

Duanne Garrett, in his book Rethinking Genesis, offers his readers an alternative yet well-founded method to defend Mosaic authorship and its earlier date of writing while also acknowledging the proper use of form-criticism to account for the seemingly different texts that make up the book of Genesis. From a conservative evangelical perspective, Garrett unpacks the distinct sources behind the Bible's first book. Compared to other intellectuals in the same field, Duanne studies in a biblical, scholarly, argumentative, and engaging manner while minimizing technical jargon to encourage a broader readership. The book is a must-read for scholars, pastors, students, and even laypeople who want to dig deeper into Genesis’ Mosaic authorship and Biblical criticism in general.

Legal centralization in British America was characterized by the passing of arbitration from the community level to the colonial courts. As a consequence, when the 1765 Stamp Act raised the cost of court business, colonists were at a loss for alternatives. This paper addresses the question of why, at this point, colonists did not return to earlier, non-state forms of arbitration. It offers an explanation by providing a detailed empirical study of an alternative American legal forum: the Philadelphia Quaker monthly meeting. While busy arbitrating disputes in the early colonial period, it declined from around 1720. Contrary to what might be expected, this decline was not the consequence of state efforts to marginalize competing institutions. Rather, the local Quaker population abandoned their community legal forum in favor of the public courts. This was likely due to the Quaker court's reliance on reputation-based instruments for enforcement. As Philadelphia's population grew, the meeting's practice of pressuring culprits into compliance through public shaming lost its edge. Accordingly, Friends moved their legal business to the public courts. The paper contributes to the debates on the legal pluralism of empires, the history of arbitration, and state formation in the Atlantic. On the 28th day of the Third Month of 1760, Quaker merchant John Reynell approached his Philadelphia monthly meeting. Acting as an attorney for fellow Friend and merchant Elias Bland, he lodged a complaint against a third Quaker merchant: William Griffitts. Griffitts, Reynell reported, was "indebted to said Elias which he neglects paying or giving sufficient security for payment." The meeting dispatched a group of Friends to speak to Griffitts and "acquaint him [that] it is the judgement of this meeting, that he should exhibit an account of his affairs for the satisfaction of his creditors & Friends, & offer

This article examines the golden age of English Romanticism, a period of central importance for modern world poetry. Born in reaction to the upheavals caused by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution, prominent representatives of the Romantic Revolution sought to re-enchant the world with themes such as "revolution," "nature" and "experience." Following the first generation of Romantics such as William Blake, William Wordsworth, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, a very rich literary period emerged with Lord Byron, Percy Shelley, and John Keats. With the addition of artists such as Walter Scott, Robert Burns, Mary Shelley, and Jane Austen, it is possible to construct a more comprehensive panorama, a cultural pantheon, of British Romanticism.

Julius Wellhausen (1844–1918) is in many ways the ancestor of modern Hebrew Bible scholarship. His Prolegomena to the History of Israel condensed decades of source critical work on the Torah into a documentary hypothesis that is still taught today in almost all Hebrew Bible courses in some form. What is not taught as frequently is the anti-Judaism that underpins his hypothesis. This is in part due to unapologetic apologetics regarding Wellhausen’s bias, combined with the insistence that a nineteenth-century scholar cannot be judged by twenty-first century standards. These calls for compassion are made exclusively by white male scholars, leaving Jewish scholars the solitary task of pointing out Wellhausen’s clear anti-Judaism. In a discipline that is already overwhelmingly white, male and Christian, the minimizing of Wellhausen’s racism suggests two things. First, those who may criticize contextual biblical studies done by women and scholars of color have no problem pleading for a co...

is a IXth Century Hasidic Jewish personality born in Moldavia in 1931, who came to the conclusion that Yeshua was the Jewish Messiah of Israel. His attempt to restore a Torah Observant community of believers in Yeshua as Messiah failed and was excomunicated, and after he whent in Russia and in London were him wrote many books elucidating the so-called New Testament from a Jewish perspective and become one of the founders of Messianic Judaism. He served since was fouded at the Institutum Judaicum Delitzschianum as a professor of rabbinics and wrote several books and commentaries including refutations of antimissionary works, and died in Lipzig in 1912.

During the 19th century, the Religious Society of Friends, or Quakers, were among the religious groups of the time who made sure to “take care of their own,” by ensuring that sick, dependent, or disabled members of their congregations who came to their official attention were cared for. The Quaker process was heavily influenced by the book of discipline that each Yearly Meeting adopted as a set of rules for living for their members and that particularly described ways of dealing with the poor. This paper examines the Quakers of the early to mid-19th century, elements of the discipline of Indiana Yearly Meeting in particular, and examines the case of Samuel Price, who was supported as an “insane person” for 45 years. Use and interpretation of formal entries in the minutes of some parts of the Society of Friends in Indiana, in those days, is an important part of understanding what happened to Price, since the nature and extent of recording practices was deeply culturally embedded in t...

This piece is a concise summary of the historical and contemporary development of Pentateuch studies in Old Testament Theology. This article aims to provide information on the possible confirmation of Mosaic authorship. The purpose is to examine how the Documentary Hypothesis, Fragment and Supplemental Hypotheses, Form and Traditio-Historical Criticism, Canonical and Literary Criticism have helped to reveal or identify the identity of the author of the Torah. To better understand the mentioned hypotheses, this article presents a brief description of the J, E, D, and P sources.

Review of Stefan Goldmann's study on 19th century German dream theory in relation to Sigmund Freud's "Die Traumdeutung": Stefan Goldmann, Via Regia zum Unbewußten. Freud und die Traumforschung im 19. Jahrhundert. Gießen: Psychosozial-Verlag 2003 (Bibliothek der Psychoanalyse).

https://literaturkritik.de/public/rezension.php?rez_id=7016&ausgabe=200404

This article analyzes a Jewish orthodox approach to allegations of immorality concerning Jewish law and the conception of the Jewish God that surfaced in Germany at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century. It takes as its case study Rabbi David Zvi Hoffmann (1843–1921), an outstanding representative of the Berlin Jewish Neo-Orthodoxy and a legal authority (posek) for European orthodox Jewry. Conflict about the morality of Jewish law in nineteenth century Germany and other European countries revolved around
the question of whether the Jews could become citizens of a Western European nation. Could they be trusted despite (or because) of their religious affinities? Is the religious normative system of Halakha compatible with the German legal system? Could Jews truly participate in the German society in spite of their (hidden) disloyalty to the German Fatherland?

Forty years ago, Rosemary Ruether laid out a visionary plan for changes in Christian theological education as it relates to Jews and Judaism. This essay builds on her unfinished agenda and illuminates what progressive Protestants can learn from Jewish engagement with Scripture, reflecting on the experience of a rabbi/scholar who serves as a tenured faculty member in a primarily Christian seminary. While emphasizing the study of Judaism for its own sake, Christian students also discover transformative keys to their own spiritual formation.

A critical annotated edition of Hürriyet (1868-1870), a newspaper published by the Young Ottomans in London and Geneva. The newspaper is one of the most crucial pieces of the 19th century Ottoman literature and includes extensive criticism of Ottoman society and politics as well as an alternative political program of constitutional regime.

The European Enlightenment and the nineteenth century were formative periods for modern biblical criticism, and are rightly associated with the rise of sceptical perspectives on the supernatural dimension of the Bible. This article argues for the persistence of pre-critical, theologically conditioned assumptions in the hermeneutical procedures of two influential writers on the subject of miracles in the Gospels: Thomas Woolston and David Friedrich Strauss. Their work helped to revive a theological tradition of non-realistic interpretation of biblical narrative which runs from Origen of Alexandria to Rudolf Bultmann and beyond.

Hermaphrodite thinking is a metaphor that calls into question commonplace assumptions, about the way things exist or to what categories we assign them, reminding us that all such categorizations are provisional. They exist not as perfect descriptions of things but as often-useful tools or technologies that come with the obvious cost of limiting the ways in which we think. The paper discusses two striking examples of such thinking, the 19 th-century Western theory and practice of reading the Bible, particularly the Old Testament, as a semiotic network of nodes that takes the form of types and figures of Christ, and the 21 st-century description of digital texts. In the following pages, I use the metaphor 'hermaphrodite thinking' to refer to those manners and modes of thought that combine what appear to be diametrical opposites. In particular, I shall discuss two striking examples of such thinking (or thought-forms), one from the 19 th , the other from the late-20 th and 21 st , — the 19 th-century Western theory and practice of reading the Bible, particularly the Old Testament, as a semiotic network whose nodes take the form of types and figures of Christ, and the 21 st-century description of the way all forms of digital text exist in a networked computer environment. Both examples call into question assumptions on how certain people or entities exist in time and in relation to other people or entities. After explaining each example, I shall relate it to a number of material and other contexts that explain how such thinking became not only possible but also necessary. The existence of the hermaphrodite is the embodiment (pun very much intended) of the Derridean challenge to the idea of gender opposition, if not to the idea of gender difference. The implicit claim of the hermaphrodite, in other words, is not that male and female do not exist, but that treating them as binaries, as diametrically opposite categories, is absurd, since any careful examination of male and female reveals that the beings assigned to such categories share similarities as well as differences, both physiological and psychological. The hermaphrodite, in other words, reminds us how much we take convenient thought forms, topoi, or technologies of thinking, as eternal verities instead of the provisional, contingent thought-forms that they are.

The last decade has seen a growing interest in empirical models from the cognate literature to trace the growth of Hebrew scriptures.  Yet, deeply rooted intellectual commitments within the history of the diachronic study of the Bible retard the incorporation of this approach within source-critical theory. Intellectual winds of the Enlightenment and German historicism and romanticism contributed to this situation and a reconsideration of some basic premises of source-critical method is needed.

This paper places reconciliation theology's emphasis on healing for those scarred by conflict and violence in dialogue with the Quaker peace testimony, in light of recent efforts to develop Quaker testimonies as constituent virtues in a Quaker peace ethic. I argue that such dialogue, and the resultant development of a robust virtue hermeneutic of reconciliation, would strengthen theological and ethical thought in both Liberal Quakerism and the field of reconciliation theology.

This paper talks about cryptanalysis of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). There are many attacks that have been proposed theoretically and practically to decipher ciphertexts, but it has been found that AES’s key is hard to break. Several attempts that have been made have shown that some AES rounds have been broken. Though, the attempts are on AES, they are really done on a simplified versions of AES [6][5]. Those who are trying to break the key believe that by using simplified versions to break the key, the same approach will be used to break AES key.

While Article II of the Constitution spells out the roles and responsibilities of the President of the United States, the roles and responsibilities of his wife, the First Lady, are unclear. The very term “First Lady” is not an official title and many authors have used the term to describe daughters, nieces, and daughters -in-law that acted as hostesses when the wife of the President could not be the hostess, due to either health reasons or death. The custom began when the very first Presidential spouse was called Lady Washington out of respect and the term stuck. In many ways the evolving roles of our First Ladies reflects the changes occurring in the general female population. Over the past 100 years the American public has shared the joys and heartbreaks of our first ladies, from the assassinations of their husbands to the marriages of their sons and daughters. First Ladies deal with triumphs and tragedies in a very public way. The First Ladies of the 20th century are every bit as complex and diverse as their husbands. They played an important role in determining proper rules of etiquette and behavior.