زن

The Old Elamite documents are indeed rare, but from Susa in the Sukkalmah Period there are some 550 legal documents in Akkadian which provide an excellent opportunity to study Elamite society and culture. The present paper edits and translates a unique and very interesting will made by Gimil-Adad, a man from Susa in the 17th century BC. In order to provide the historical context for the proper study of the content of this will, we first outline the historical situation of the period. Then we deal with some legal aspects of testament law based on contemporary documents from Susa, Mesopotamia and Egypt. This study shows that parents could not arbitrarily deprive their children from inheritance. However, children’s failure to provide for the aging parent could justify the disinheritance. The text itself sheds light on the social and legal status of women in Elam and demonstrates most clearly that women had capacity to do legal transactions. As there is no English translation of the documents we have provided an English version as well

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خوشبختانه مدّتی است که در نشریات پژوهشی ادبی کشور بخش «نقد» -که غالباً نقد کتاب یا مقاله است- پررنگ شده-است. این حرکت و توجّه به نوبۀ خود درخور تحسین است، امّا کافی نیست. نقد را نمی¬توان به نقد کتاب و بعضاً مقاله محدود کرد، چراکه گسترۀ نقد تمامی فعّالیت¬های علمی را شامل می¬شود. بررسی فعّالیت¬های علمی مانند همایش¬ها، نشست¬ها و حتّی سخنرانی¬ها می¬تواند به نشاط و پویایی در عرصۀ علمی و پژوهشی کمک شایانی کند. نقد و بررسی همایش¬های علمی و مجموعه مقالات آن که تأثیر گسترده¬ای در عرصۀ پژوهشی دارد می¬تواند این فعّالیت¬ها را از رخوت و ایستایی برهاند. این نوشتار گامی است هرچند کوچک در این راستا که به نقد و بررسی مجموعه مقالات یکی از همایش¬های سال¬های اخیر می¬پردازد. دربارۀ پدر شعر نو کتاب¬ها و مقالات متعدّدی نوشته شده¬است. از منابعی که در بررسی نیما مفید خواهد بود مجموعه مقالات دومین همایش نیماشناسی است. این مجموعه موضوعات بسیار متنوّع و نوآورانه¬ای را در نیماشناسی دربرمی¬گیرد. نوشتار پیش¬رو پس از اشاره به محاسن این مجموعۀ پربار به بررسی مشکلات آن می‌پردازد و بر آن است تا از این رهگذر به برخی اشکالات اساسی پژوهش‌های ادبی اشاره¬ای کند.

“Woman” is the most important focal character in the works of Mostafa Mastur and fundamental differences are obvious between this kind of woman and women in other contemporary realist stories or novels, because she manifests the complete character of "Ideal Woman" from one hand, and inherits the image and has been presented of him during several centuries of Iranian lyric literature from the other hand, a prominent, aware, introspective, faithful, loyal, angelic, inspirational, artist and unattainable woman who is more virtue to be possessed by a man.  So love, in such stories, is totally sacred and unearthly. It doesn't end, or the lover avoids joining. Even prostitutes, in such stories are innocent with respectable personalities. Assuming that the approach of these stories to the subject of "woman" and "love", with such a frequency, is exclusive in modern stories and has changed to the stylistic feature of their authors with a link to old Persian mystical-lyric literature, the present essay is to study and analyze the character of woman and her special, sacred and heavenly role and her subsequent result, pure spiritual love in Mostafa Mastur's works through an analytic- descriptive method.

The last years of the twentieth century were the end of a period in Arabic poetry where poets were using clear or mysterious symbols to express their views. Yet the new period in Arabic poetry, made it possible for a mainstream in Arabic poetry, and poets tends to resort to simplicity and avoiding symbolic language as they offer noticeable vision relevant to facts of life with reservation of humane poem. However, the current era paved the way an Arab poetry, namely simplicity and avoidance of the symbolic language of ambiguity, as poets provide a vision associated with life realities while preserving the humane message of poetry. On the other hand, the evolution of relationship between human consciousness on the one hand and between art and literature on the other has deepened the meanings inherent in literary works, where we feel an attempt to present meanings more simply than before. This relationship helps facilitate the introduction of this human consciousness first, while influencing the expansion of vision in the field of poetry at the same time; and also contributes to the development of literature and poetry. One example of this claim is contemporary Syrian poet Maram al-Masri’s poetry. Masri has a new and varied face in the meaning. Maram Al-Masri, a Syrian poet, is considered a poet who tries to enrich readers with life experience as a woman in her poems specifically in "Looking at You."  So we can analyze these series as a feminist poetry also, we are going to analyze it in accordance with the views of the existentialist feminism for "Simone de Beauvoir”.  The results show that the poet was able to express her Eastern and Western experiences utilizing easy language while maintaining the technical framework in a different space. Also poet tries to visualize these experiences in her poems. Expression of despair of active presence of women in society and life, the identity crisis, social concerns and search for the establishment of unity between itself and other is one of the main axes in the reflection of experience of the poet.

Short story is a specific form of narration which can play the role of society corrector in critical societies. Sādeq Hedāyat and Tāmer both show different aspects of their social problems. They magnify issues such as illogical family atmospheres, patriarchy, weak human relationships and consequences of modernity and modernism without having the basis of their acceptance in society and insecure social situation for women. Each of the Hedāyat and Tāmer by own specific methods show these conflicts through stories and they try to criticize social rules. In their stories the gloomy and frightful atmospheres are reflections of the sick society surrounding them. Beside all their style differences in opening stories and narration from of social issues still they have a lot in common in the concepts they choose for their stories. They both struggle to revise the sick society which creates suffering for their people. Accordingly the difference in attitude of the both author about woman, does not preclude having a similar attitude around the crisis that has caught woman in their fiction community. This study is finished with American comparative literature.

A large number of verses in Holy Quran deal with the issues of women, such as their rights and duties and the juridical commandments about them. In addition, the names of some famous women have been pointed out in some of its chapters (Surahs) who played main roles in Quranic stories or historical events. Utilizing library sources, women-related Quranic verses which have been brought in third edition of Kashf al-Asrar will be criticized for the sake of their interpretation and Sufi perspective through a descriptive-analytic method. An overall survey shows that most of Meybodi’s interpretations are comparative and he tries to analyze the fundamentals of Sufism and expresses his mystical thoughts by use of Quranic verses with no attention to the gender of Woman. So, Meybodi’s attitude about the status and sexuality of women would be clear. Regardless some few cases, he has a lovely and compassionate attitude toward them.

Language is the product of Cultural interaction and producing various languages different cultures manifest the world in many forms.Language and culture are connected with each other to such an extent that study of language apart from society is nothing but absurdity. The studies connected with relationship between language and culture by Malinofski's research in the beginning of twentieth century and his emphasis on texture situation were earnestly started and then the mentioned work was carried on by 'Ferth'. This research falls in the category of socio-linguistics. The writer seeks to specify the social and cultural position of past of Arab woman on the basis of qualitative and analytical method. Besides, the research is based on the structure and external layers of language. The basic achievement is to make clear that the patriarchal society of Arabs deprived women of language in order to dominate them to possible extent. The examining of words; idioms, and metaphors shows that culture changed woman to depending entity.Depriving women of language and pen the patriarchal society to Arab managed to bury them alive socially and culturally.

‫Sālhāye Abri was known as a "memorabilia " or "autobiographical" novel. It,s used a number of local and regional patterns of Realism. By reason of writer,s type of view and  explicit representation of facts by him, realism of this book(Sālhāye Abri)was known as a synthesized form that it,s derived from two literary and political schools "Realism" and "Socialism", namely "Social Realism".But the main thing- besides of poverty as motif and its symbols and expressions –is processing a fresh and natural Image of woman and her life in poverty-stricken society and economic, political,mental and cultural undisciplined and corrupt system, that author paid more attention to it. I was concerned the author's attitude to women, and the various ways to expression of facts in Sālhāye Abri for research and study. The result of the stylist study and author's type of work, his  literary and intellectual school and women characterization in this work showes that the women characterization has more depth than other persons in the story and it,s more tangible and likely nevertheless,there are several characters.The author’s type of view on "female", "gender" and  her"role" in society and family is a specific and punctual look, that is not pure Realism and not just from components of Socialism school. The highlighted presence of the woman inward memorabilia of Sālhāye Abri shows her as a gray character and sometimes black,that she is In steady struggle with their manifest destiny or she is mourning for her lost wishes. We confront with a multi-lineage and multi-dimensional realism in Sālhāye Abri,that more of all it used to components of Naturalism school.Darwishiān used to the realism that it is a combined form of  "Realism" and "Naturalism" Thus,we can call it "Naturalistic Realism" or in a short form, "Natu-Realism".

Benefitting higher perception and feeling than the public, poet and author usually react against abnormanities of community including political, social, economic and religious defects that might have seemed ambiguous and unfamiliar but unacceptable for many of people at his / her time and it might be also followed by some harsh and severe opposition toward him/ her. As it is likely that some group place him/ her unknowingly in a position that is not deserved to him/ her and/ under influencing by emotions toward acceptance, but gradually when the excitations are quenched and they are expired, judging about them may be easier so arbitration will approach to expedience further. Manfalooti (Egyptian author) and Al-E-Ahmad (Iranian author) are of that group of writers, who dealt with social issues at their time and some pros and cons were gathered around them. In this abstract, we intend to criticize thoughts from these two social critics in this regard rather than conducting a review and comparison on conditions and positions of women in Egypt and Iran