Code Switching

Background: Code-switching is known to be a widespread phenomenon among bilinguals and in ESP classes; it refers to any alternate use of two codes or languages within the same conversation or even the same utterance. There have been contradictory views regarding the effect of code switching on second language acquisition, negative views and positive views. Objective: The present study is an attempt to investigate the students‟ attitudes towards code-switching in ESP contexts in Iran. It also reports the relationship between code switching and learners‟ learning success in an ESP context. To achieve this end, a total of fifty university students majoring in computer science were selected as respondents for this study. Respondents were required to complete a survey questionnaire by indicating their attitudes towards using code switching in the ESP contexts and the effect of code switching on the students‟ learning success. Results: The data from the questionnaire were tabulated, and f...

Den här boken beskriver en tvåspråkig verksamhet som utveck-lades vid en daghemsavdelning på en finskspråkig ort i Finland. Verksamheten engagerade såväl personalen, barnen och föräld-rarna som språkforskare.
Boken kan fungera som ett verktyg och en inspirationskälla för pedagoger, chefer, utbildnings- och dagvårdsplanerare, besluts-fattare, föräldrar, forskare och kan även användas i utbildning.

The present study focuses on the experiences of 182 multilingual clients who had been exposed to various therapeutic approaches in various countries. An on-line questionnaire was used to collect quantitative and qualitative data. The analysis of feedback from clients with multilingual therapists showed that clients use or initiate significantly more code-switching (CS) than their therapists, and that it typically occurs when the emotional tone is raised. Gender was unrelated to CS frequency. CS is used strategically when discussing episodes of trauma and shame, creating proximity or distance. CS allows clients to express themselves more fully to the therapist, adding depth and nuance to the therapy. The therapist’s multilingualism promotes empathy and clients’ own multilingualism constitutes an important aspect of their sense of self. Multilingual clients benefit from a therapeutic environment where multilingualism is appreciated, and where they can use CS."

The aim of this paper is to establish a link between the code-switch "tags" in Junot Díaz's work and some formal resources of graffiti artists, in particular their emblematic "tagz." These elements are read together to attest to a battle of the discursive sort being waged in the discursive frontiers of North America, as well as globally in the contact zones between cultures.


RESUMEN
En este trabajo se analiza la relación entre el la alternancia de lenguas en las narraciones de Junot Díaz y ciertos recursos formales empleados por artistas del graffiti. Estos elementos revelan una batalla por el estilo discursivo que se libra en las tierras fronterizas de América del Norte, y globalmente en zonas de contacto cultural.

In Singapore English, the contact variety of English spoken in Singapore, nominal elements can often be omitted from a variety of argument positions in a sentence (radical pro drop). This behaviour is characteristic of topic-prominent languages like Chinese, but is not generally found in "Standard" varieties of English. In their investigation of the issue, however, Sato & Kim (2012) observe that the presence of overt verbal agreement morphology-itself optional in Singapore English-seems to constrain the availability of pro drop from subject positions in Singapore English sentences. By considering more data, I suggest that agreement morphology in fact blocks radical pro drop in general; that is, the presence of agreement morphology makes Singapore English sentences behave exactly like Standard English ones with regard to pro drop, whereas the absence of agreement morphology allows Singapore English sentences to parallel their Chinese counterparts instead. I further suggest that the T and C found in sentences with agreement morphology (which disallow radical pro drop) are taken from the Standard English lexicon, whereas the T and C found in sentences without agreement morphology (which allow radical pro drop) are taken from a separate Singapore English lexicon instead. In other words, the presence of overt agreement morphology suggests that the Standard English lexicon is in use, possibly as a result of code switching from a different language earlier in the derivation. This proposal is well-aligned with the Minimalist conception of the lexicon as the locus of cross-linguistic variation, and provides a principled characterisation of the dichotomy between the Standard English-like and Chinese-like pro drop behaviour of Singapore English sentences. (261 words)

Code switching is a widely observed but less studied phenomenon, especially in multilingual and multicultural communities. So, the present study investigated the status of grammatical code switching among Iranian EFL university students. Also, the role of the teacher in managing the code switching was investigated, too. Two classes including 96 participants from two different universities were observed carefully and the required data were collected. Analyses of the data revealed varying nature of code switching in both settings. Moreover, the obtained frequencies revealed the fact that among the four types of ‘trigger words’ only ‘proper nouns’ and discourse marker ‘OK’ remarkably  were responsible for code switching in one setting, while ‘lexical transfer’ and also the discourse marker ‘OK’ lead to code switch in another. Meanwhile, four functions for code switching were determined, which included providing equivalents for the key word, showing humor, inspiring learners, and explai...

This study examines the formal and functional aspects of code-switching (CS) in a Swiss corpus of 26'000 text messages (SMS). Four corpora (Swiss-German, French, Italian and Romansh) are compared with regard to the absolute number of CS, the languages used for CS, the grammatical properties of the CS elements and their potential functions. The aim is to find out: a) which patterns are representative of one or more individual languages and b) which patterns are characteristic for SMS-communication in general and/or are valid for Switzerland as a whole. With regard to the differences in the number of CS and the languages used, the respective patterns seem to mirror the different language contact situations in Switzerland. As for the described CS-types, the corpora under scrutiny seem to share the extensive use of one-token alternations (isolated items) that carry out framing functions and may point out a shared type of minimal multilingual practice.

The potential risks associated with the use of recycled water have become a matter of concern for many organisations which are recycling water. Out of the many reasons, the major ones are that they are not able to maintain the efficiency of the treatment plant and to meet the high energy demand of these plants. These problems have led to restricted usage of treatment plants by the industries hence they allow the waste water to bypass directly into the natural water bodies without any treatment. This work has taken into consideration the issue of river Yamuna in Delhi, which is one of the most polluted rivers of the world. It has been identified that Nazafgarh drain located in west Delhi has got a major contribution in the polluting Yamuna. The need of the hour is to find an innovative solution to resolve the problem of water recycling and offer a platform to the industries where the burden of treating their factory effluents is taken care of. This paper proposes a 1 MLD water treatment plant based on Soil Biotechnology which can efficiently treat the Nazafgarh drain water and make it fit for disposal into Yamuna. SBT is an eco-friendly and sustainable technology developed at IIT Bombay which provides all levels of treatment in a single evergreen set up open to atmosphere which is odorless, cheap, simple to operate, easy to maintain and could be set up within the area of habilitation.

Academic Reference:

Zuckermann, Ghil'ad & Monaghan, Paul (2012). "Revival linguistics and the new media: Talknology in the service of the Barngarla language reclamation", pp. 119-126 of Foundation for Endangered Languages XVI Conference: Language Endangerment in the 21st Century:Globalisation, Technology & New Media. Auckland, New Zealand.

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Revival Linguistics and the New Media:
Talknology in the service of the Barngarla Language Reclamation


Ghil‘ad Zuckermann

Chair of Linguistics and Endangered Languages
School of Humanities, University of Adelaide, SA Adelaide 5005, Australia
[ghilad.zuckermann@adelaide.edu.au]


Paul Monaghan

Mobile Language Team
School of Humanities, University of Adelaide, SA Adelaide 5005, Australia
[paul.monaghan@adelaide.edu.au]


Abstract

Revival Linguistics is a new branch of linguistics, currently being established at Adelaide. It analyses comparatively and systematically the universal constraints and global mechanisms on the one hand (see Zuckermann 2009), and local peculiarities on the other hand, apparent in revival attempts across various sociological backgrounds, all over the world (see Zuckermann & Walsh 2011). A branch of both linguistics and applied linguistics, it combines scientific studies of native language acquisition and foreign language learning (language reclamation is the most extreme case of Second Language Learning).

The study: The Barngarla language (spelled Parnkalla by Schürmann 1844) is a no-longer spoken Thura-Yura Pama-Nyungan Aboriginal language of the Lakes Cultural Region of South Australia. Most recently Zuckermann, Monaghan and the Barngarla community have launched a reclamation of this sleeping beauty in three major rural/urban centres on the Eyre Peninsula, namely Port Lincoln, Whyalla, and Port Augusta. The presence of three Barngarla populations several hours drive apart presents the revival linguist with a need for a sophisticated reclamation involving ‘talknological’ innovations, such as online chatting, newsgroups, photo and resource sharing through a Barngarla wiki. This paper also examines the tensions accompanying the creation of a Barngarla ‘community of practice’ (cf. Wenger 1998) in a post-traditional Aboriginal context. In important ways, the new talknology poses a direct challenge to existing authority structures relating to the everyday management of knowledge, collaboration and participation. We predict that how the broader Barngarla community negotiates these issues will have an important bearing on the ultimate results of the reclamation project.




Revival Linguistics

Revival Linguistics is a new branch of linguistics, currently being established at Adelaide. It analyses comparatively and systematically the universal constraints and global mechanisms on the one hand (see Zuckermann 2009), and local peculiarities and idiosyncrasies on the other hand, apparent in revival attempts across various sociological backgrounds, all over the world (Zuckermann & Walsh 2011). A branch of both linguistics and applied linguistics, it combines scientific studies of native language acquisition and foreign language learning (language reclamation is the most extreme case of Second Language Learning).

Revival Linguistics complements the established field of documentary linguistics, which records endangered languages before they fall asleep. Revival Linguistics ought to revise the fields of grammaticography (writing grammars) and lexicography (writing dictionaries): Grammars and dictionaries ought to be written for language reclamation, i.e. in a user-friendly way, for communities, not only for linguists. For example, juxtapose Lutheran missionary Clamor Wilhelm Schürmann’s 1844 spelling of the Barngarla word nunyara ‘recovery’, which ignores the English environment, thus resulting in the pronunciation nanYAra rather than NOONyara.

Closely related to contact linguistics, Revival Linguistics changes the field of historical linguistics, e.g. by weakening the Family Tree model, which implies that a language ought to have only one parent. Assisting Aboriginal communities in a realistic, non-purisitic way, without selling them myths, Revival Linguistics promotes efficiency and efficacy in language reclamation.

Certainly Australia has been made the ‘Unlucky Country’ through the historical processes of linguicide (language killing) and glottophagy (language eating). These twin forces were in operation from the early colonial period. In her detailed study of the role missionary language practices in the early years of the South Australian colony, Scrimgeour quotes the following colonial language ideology: ‘Mr Forster afterwards adverted to the present mode of teaching the children in their own language. He, with all respect to the Missionaries, would say, on several grounds, that this was wrong. The natives would be sooner civilized if their language was extinct. The children taught would afterwards mix only with whites, where their own language would be of no use – the use of their language would preserve their prejudices and debasement, and their language was not sufficient to express the ideas of civilized life.  He gave the Missionaries full credit for their talents and zeal, but he thought it would be better to teach the children in English’ (from Report on a public meeting of the South Australian Missionary Society in aid of the German Mission to the Aborigines, Southern Australian, 8 September 1843; Scrimgeour, 2007: 116, italics added).

In the case of glottophagy, Governor George Grey noted: ‘The merchant in London who lays on a vessel for a certain port, regards the affair as a mere mercantile speculation, but could he trace out the results he effects in their remotest ramifications, he would stand astonished at the changes he produces.  With the wizard wand of commerce, he touches a lone and trackless forest, and at his bidding, cities arise, and the hum and dust of trade collect – away are swept ancient races; antique laws and customs moulder into oblivion.  The strong-holds of murder and superstition are cleansed, and the Gospel is preached amongst ignorant and savage men. The ruder languages disappear successively, and the tongue of England alone is heard around’ (Grey 1841: 200-201, italics added). Grey was a strong supporter of Aboriginal languages, encouraging Schürmann’s work documenting the Adelaide language (Kaurna) and Barngarla at Port Lincoln (see below).

With globalization, homogenization and Coca-colonization there will be more and more groups all over the world added to the forlorn club of the lost-heritage peoples. Language reclamation will become increasingly relevant as people seek to recover their cultural autonomy, empower their spiritual and intellectual sovereignty, and improve their wellbeing. There are various ethical, aesthetic and utilitarian benefits of language revival: for example, social justice, diversity and employability, respectively.

Zuckermann (2012) has enthusiastically called for Native Tongue Title and linguistic human rights, suggesting that the Australian government ought to compensate Indigenous people not only for the loss of land but equally importantly for the loss of language. Zuckermann has suggested to the Australian government to define Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander vernaculars as official languages.

Furthermore, it is predicted that in the future the very insights offered by Revival Linguistics will themselves become part of Indigenous Intellectual Property, when Slovenes and Estonians come to Australia and New Zealand to ask Aboriginal Australians and Maori to assist them in their own European language resurrection.

There is an urgent need to produce perspicacious LINGUISTIC and socio-linguistic insights relevant to language reclamation. Otherwise, linguists or language workers would not be able to offer, if asked by Indigenous people, efficient and efficacious advice. There are linguistic constraints applicable to all revival attempts. Mastering them would help revivalists and First Nations leaders to work more efficiently; for example, to focus more on basic vocabulary and verbal conjugations than on sounds and word order – see Zuckermann (2009: http://www.zuckermann.org/pdf/Hybridity_versus_Revivability.pdf.

Revival linguistics would assist revivalists to be more realistic and to abandon discouraging slogans such as "Give us authenticity or give us death!" The following are among the basic principles that the revival linguist encourages in Aboriginal communities:

i. If your language falls asleep: stop, revive, survive!
ii. If you revive a language, embrace the hybridity of the emerging tongue; and
iii. If your language is healthy, assist others in linguistic need.

One day we may invent devices to “inject” a language into our brains. But until then, any attempt to reclaim a hibernating language will result in a hybrid that combines components from the revivalists' and documenters' mother tongues and, of course, the target language. In the immortal words of Jerry Seinfeld: "Not that there's anything wrong with that!"

The Study


Figure 1: Map of Traditional Aboriginal Country after Norman Tindale (adapted from Hercus 1999)

The Barngarla language reclamation project has arisen through partnerships between the University of Adelaide (Linguistics and the Mobile Language Team) and the Barngarla people. Although still in its infancy, consultations began in September 2011, a number of very significant steps have been made towards reclaiming this ‘sleeping beauty’. Without doubt, the key challenge has been to develop a strategy for the reclamation of the language simultaneously and without favour in three major regional centres. In ways that will be elaborated below, this multi-sited, regional or peripheral reclamation makes demands that are very different to those often found in metropolitan reclamation contexts (e.g. Kaurna, cf. Amery...

This paper deals with grammatical aspects of code-switching between Italian and Italo-Romance dialects, and focuses on the case of negative constructions featuring a MICA-type particle (i.e. a particle deriving from the Latin MICA(M) " crumb ") in a corpus of Italian and bresciano speech data. The case at hand, which will be examined following the so-called comparative variationist method (cf. Poplack & Tagliamonte 2001 inter alia), will offer valuable insight into the conventionalization of mixing patterns and the interplay between code-switching and convergence in Italo-Romance.

ABSTRACT
This paper aims to introduce pre-CLIL through the CLSL (content & languages [L1/L2] shared learning) model, which operates as a bridge for a full CLIL immersion. It analyses the characteristics of this new learning model that springs up from immanent needs of Italian educational reality by reporting results on the way content and language develop in a translanguaging pattern. It further discusses the impact it may have on a national and international level by observing that the gradual nuances of pre- CLIL tend to soothe and mainly vivify the learning experience. At the same time the stakeholders’ voices extend the role of the CLSL model by giving life to a democratic and diversified learning that can perceive the alternative CLIL practice in a tripartite mode. CLSL emerges as a dynamic phase that enhances inter-content and linguistic competences by rendering language and content learning through code-switching dialogic and participatory instigating a new inter-learning experience.
Keywords:
CLSL model; translanguaging; language brokering; learning framework; inter-learning; pedagogical alertness.

RESUMEN
Este papel tiene como objetivo introducir pre-AICLE través del modelo CLSL (contenido y las lenguas [L1/L2] aprendizaje compartido), que funciona como un puente para una inmersión AICLE completa. Se analizan las características de este nuevo modelo de aprendizaje que surge de las necesidades inmanentes de la realidad educativa italiano por informar de los resultados sobre el contenido y la forma de lenguaje se desarrollan en un patrón translingüísmo. Se discute aún más el impacto que pueda tener en el ámbito nacional e internacional mediante la observación de que los matices graduales del pre-AICLE tienden a calmar y vivificar la experiencia de aprendizaje. Al mismo tiempo, las voces de los actores amplían el papel del modelo CLSL dando vida a un aprendizaje democrático y diversificado que puede percibir la práctica AICLE alternativa en un modo tripartito. CLSL surge como una fase dinámica que mejora entre contenido y competencias lingüísticas por la prestación de lenguaje y contenido de aprendizaje a través de código de conmutación dialógica y participativa instigar una nueva experiencia de interaprendizaje.

Palabras Claves:
Modelo CLSL; translingüismo; intermediación lingüística; marco de aprendizaje; interaprendizaje; alerta pedagógica.

“The Comics” is a recent development. It is also a characteristically American one that is one of the liveliest cultural offshoots of our slam-bang civilization. Although the wedding of pictures and text goes back to antiquity, the modern comic strip and its conventions is traced back to The Yellow Kid, which began in 1896, and The Katzenjammer Kids, which began in 1897.  This essay is about the cartooning of Peter Julius Rosendahl, who lived from 1878-1942, and made a major contribution to Norwegian-American literature. He created the uniquely Norwegian-American comic strip Han Ola og Han Per. A study of Mr. Rosendahl's work shows that comics may represent their time more honestly than literary work that is deliberately created to last. P.J. Rosendahl was one of the few American Norwegian writers who consistently used American English in Norwegian sentences as the fictional situation called for it, and apparently wrote it the way the readers spoke it. Another type of English-word use involves the alternation of short or long utterances in distinct languages. In linguistic terminology this is called “code-switching.” In Ola and Per code-switching usually means a switch from long stretches of Norwegian to shorter stretches of English, but there are also lesser transitions from Norse dialect to Dano-Norwegian, and vice versa. This pattern might be called “the American Norwegian mode of speaking.”

Sociolinguistics is a linguistic branch that studies the relationship between language and society. In this entire world, every people have their personal language style when they have interacted with other people. With the language variation that people have, they are able to mix some languages on their single utterance. When one language is mixed with the other language, in the sociolinguistics study it is called code-mixing. By applying code-mixing in social life, it has been widely used by a lot of people over the world. One Indonesian YouTuber named Gita Savitri Devi does code-mixing in some of her videos. Therefore, this research focused on code-mixing appears in Gita Savitri Devis’s YouTube channel video. This research aimed to find out the types of code-mixing that emerge in Gita Savitri Devi’s YouTube video. This research used a descriptive qualitative method and the writers are the main instrument. This research applied the documentation method in collecting the data. This...

Code switching can be defined as the use of more than one language, variety or style by
a speaker within an utterance or discourse or between different interlocutors or situations
(Romaine, 1992). Code switching appears to be the most commonly used pedagogical
practice in ELL classrooms nowadays. Therefore, this study aims to determine the
effectivity of this pedagogical practice as viewed by the students and teachers; to decide
on whether it is to be promoted in ELL instructions or not; to provide some guidelines in
using code switching as a pedagogical practice. Five teachers and two Grade 7 classes
were asked to answer a survey questionnaire. The results showed that all teachers
agreed to code switching as a pedagogical practice. However, teachers emphasized the
fact that it still depends on the type of class you are handling. With the students, majority
of them chose code switching (both English and Filipino) as their preferred language in
most parts of the ELL instructions.

There has been a lot of recent research on bilingual or multilingual code-switching in pop songs in various speech communities. In this talk, I shall introduce code-switching in Hong Kong Cantopop in the context of this literature. After commenting on language choice and functions of code-switching, I shall point out some recurrent patterns of English-Cantonese/Chinese code-switching and discuss various ways to analyse them. In order to properly understand these patterns and their variations, it appears that we need to look beyond concepts often discussed in the code-switching literature (e.g. "we-code" vs "they-code", the marked language vs the unmarked language, contextualization (cue), crossing, etc.) and even standard notions in sociolinguistics (e,g, identity) and pragmatics (e.g. speech act). The primary objective of this talk is to explore the relevance of stylistic/literary analysis in analysing these code-switching patterns.

The plays by Florentino, Guerrero, and Montano contain a considerable number of " non-English " lexical items that reveal much about the linguistic and socio-cultural landscape of the Philippines from the 1950s to the 1970s. These were grouped into twenty-one categories: exclamations; flora and fauna; food and culinary The first part of this chapter presents synopses of the plays. The second part presents the data and key findings of the study, where lexical items under each category were defined and described. Tables and figures are used in presenting them based on their source languages, the authors of the plays, and the decades these plays were first published. To understand more about how the lexical items were used in context, excerpts from the plays are also included, along with an analysis of their linguistic and sociocultural features. The third part of this chapter presents a discussion of the statements that are wholly or partially written in languages other than English, i.e. cases of intersentential and intrasentential switching, respectively. Tables are used to show the frequency of such occurrences in the plays, as well as the languages used in the statements. Excerpts from the plays are also included, to help understand more about how they were used in context.

The present study investigates the use and appearance of code-switching as a communicative
strategy used by a group of upper secondary students in Sweden. A total of six students
participated in this study in which three of them have Swedish as a first language and three
students have Swedish as a second language. All students were sound and video recorded
while speaking English together (without my presence or interference). The recordings were
analyzed using a revised conversational analysis (Norrby 2004) in order to detect the
appearance of and function for code-switching. The present study shows that the occurrence
of code-switching does not contribute to breakdown in communication. The reason for why
the communication did not break down is based on the fact that the code-switched language is
Swedish, which all the contestants comprehend to various degrees, and because the
participants were not aiming at pointing out each other’s mistakes (Gröning 2004). Codeswitching
is used for various different functions which all contribute to keeping the
conversation going in order to maintain the interactional goal. This study also indicates that
there is a connection between where the code-switched element occurs in the utterance and
function for code-switching.

The article makes an introduction to the modern linguistic landscape in the city of Chennai, India. The author discusses the coordination of language varieties, their status, and particular characteristics of their speakers. Special attention is paid to linguistic features of all the four Tamil variants spoken in the city: the phonetics of Colloquial Tamil in comparison with Literary Tamil, the vocabulary of Chennai Tamil slang, and the codeswitching in the Tamil – English mix, the so-called “Tanglish”. Preliminary results of the research concerning the role of Colloquial Tamil and Chennai Tamil slang in the daily life of the speakers are presented. 

Key words:  Tamil, sociolinguistics, Colloquial Tamil, Literary Tamil, diglossia, Tanglish, Chennai Tamil, Madras bhasha, code-switching, linguistic landscape, slang.

Using an ethnography of speaking approach, this article discusses the ideological aspects of language practices, as they are played out in a traditional Yupik (Eskimo) village in Chukotka, in the Far East of the Russian Federation. The article shows how local linguistic practices and language choices of individual speakers intersect with purist language ideologies, which frame certain beliefs about languages and ways of speaking, making them appear more normal and appropriate than others. Placing the " work of speaking " within the context of cross-cultural dynamics and purist language economies, this article challenges the basic assumption of linguistic purism about language and identity being intertwined.