Code Mixing

Code-mixing, which denotes switches between languages as well as a phenomenon reflecting grammars of both languages in interpersonal interactions simultaneously, is a universal language-contact phenomenon present in both individual bilingualism and societal bilingualism, and individual differences exist in both frequency and complexity of code-mixing out of multifarious factors. The present corpus-based longitudinal study investigates impacts of the variable of language dominance on Cantonese-English bilingual children's code-mixing. Spontaneous speech data with critical case sampling were collected from the Hong Kong Bilingual Child Language Corpus, where code-mixing identified in participants' utterances were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Bilingual children in the current study are discovered to code-mix more frequently and in a more complicated fashion in their weaker language with more intra-sentential switches in the dominant language involving incorporation of language structures of the dominant language with higher syntactic complexity as well as semantic value into utterances of the weaker language. In light of the correlation between language dominance and code-mixing, patterns of code-mixing can plausibly be capitalized upon to formatively assess kindergarten toddlers' bilingual development.

This monograph examines some of the aspects of language differentiation, code-switching and vocabulary acquisition in children exposed to multiple languages and briefly presents empirical observations of how the meaning of words is construed in multilingual environments.  The study observes two sibling toddlers (ages 5½ and 3½) growing up exposed to Slovak, German, English, Spanish and Italian.  Short dialogs between the children and the caregivers illustrate features of code-switching, code-mixing and borrowing as well as bilingual vocabulary acquisition, specifically identification of meaning, interference, transfer and borrowing, translation equivalents and errors bilingual children make in vocabulary usage.

Sociolinguistics is a linguistic branch that studies the relationship between language and society. In this entire world, every people have their personal language style when they have interacted with other people. With the language variation that people have, they are able to mix some languages on their single utterance. When one language is mixed with the other language, in the sociolinguistics study it is called code-mixing. By applying code-mixing in social life, it has been widely used by a lot of people over the world. One Indonesian YouTuber named Gita Savitri Devi does code-mixing in some of her videos. Therefore, this research focused on code-mixing appears in Gita Savitri Devis’s YouTube channel video. This research aimed to find out the types of code-mixing that emerge in Gita Savitri Devi’s YouTube video. This research used a descriptive qualitative method and the writers are the main instrument. This research applied the documentation method in collecting the data. This...

The present research explores the features of code-switching in Hanif's (2011) English fictional novel Our Lady of Alice Bhatti. The research explores code-switching by applying the Whorfian Hypothesis (Linguistic Relativity and Determinism) through textual analysis of Hanif's novel (2011). One of the distinguishing features of the novel is the use of two distinct languages (English and Urdu) which majorly cause the implementation of various features of code-switching and code-mixing. The researchers have employed the qualitative research approach during data analysis. The study examines how language influences ideas and identity with the use of code-switching. A comprehensive study or analysis of the relevant literature has also presented in a comprehensive way leading towards a theoretical framework of preferred Whorfian Hypothesis (Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis) in the field of sociolinguistics. The results and findings of the also proves that the writer of the novel consciously/unconsciously utilizes the technique of code-switching of code-mixing to highlight/promote the native/local identity (ies) and cultural values through the code-mixed language. The study would be helpful for the reader to develop an appropriate understanding of code-switching in language varieties.

The majority of characters in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake are multilingual, which is one of the reasons why an estimated total of 50 distinct languages (not counting regional variants of English) feature in the novel. Finnegans Wake on the whole is written in English, or as it has been said 'a kind of English':  the omniscient narrators and all characters possessing English as their L1 language, so to speak. However, within the space of a sentence (or even within a single word), speakers regularly include lexis from a variety of different languages: from one or two, to seven in total, together with English. Code-switching is the reason why Finnegans Wake is so difficult: obviously the majority, or indeed every conceivable reader of the novel, is not going to be multilingual to the extent of knowing 50 specific languages. Therefore, language barriers exist copiously on every page.
I have decided to study Irish and Bulgarian code-switching (more or less exclusively) in the section of Finnegans Wake known as "Buckley and the Russian General" in Book 2 chapter 3 of the novel. This 15 paged section contains the most diverse variety of languages in the book, with 35 distinct codes being spoken in the text.
There are multiple motives for code-switching in Finnegans Wake: all of which we will analyse within a lengthy dialogue between two men called Butt and Taff. It is difficult to definitively determine their level of competence in each language; however, it is possible to surmise why they use them in each instance of code-switching.  I conclude that (amongst other reasons) Butt and Taff's choice knowledge of both languages is dictated by their social identities as soldiers, (well experienced with foreign language having had many international tours of duty), as well their national identities as Irishmen living in Dublin in the 1940's (with reference to the 'politicisation' of the Irish language at this time).

Twitter is a social media platform that various languages combine in written discourse worldwide. Twitter in Thailand is not an exception in code-mixing of Thai and English language. There have been various studies on code switching and code mixing but not in the Thai Twitter context. Hence, it is necessary to understand how Thai-English code-mixing is used on Twitter, the motivations, and influences on Thai Twitter users' productive and receptive skills in the English language. This study administered a descriptive-survey research method to 127 Thai Twitter users. Poplack's (1980) framework was used to analyze the data, and Hoffmann's (1991) framework was used to classify the motivations. The results showed that the top three English words used on Thai Twitter include 1) ignore, 2) sexual harassment, and 3) ignorant, ignorance, and bully. It was also found out that the motivations behind the use of these vocabularies are emphasis, convenience, and English language development. Moreover, code-mixing notably influences Thai Twitter users' receptive and productive English language skills. These findings can contribute to the quest for the understanding of Twitter's influence on Thai society.

Le langage communautaire en alternance constitue, le reflet d’une interférence socioculturelle et un moyen de communication spécifique, partagé par les membres de cette
communauté. Notre étude vise à démontrer, dans un premier temps que des faits de nature sociale, contribuent à modifier le comportement linguistique de certaines communautés et, par conséquent, à agir localement sur les systèmes des langues qui constituent le discours.

Le langage communautaire en alternance constitue, le reflet d’une interférence socioculturelle et un moyen de communication spécifique, partagé par les membres de cette
communauté. Notre étude vise à démontrer, dans un premier temps que des faits de nature sociale, contribuent à modifier le comportement linguistique de certaines communautés et, par conséquent, à agir localement sur les systèmes des langues qui constituent le discours.

The present research explores the features of code-switching in Hanif’s (2011) English fictional novel Our Lady of Alice Bhatti. The research explores code-switching by applying the Whorfian Hypothesis (Linguistic Relativity and Determinism) through textual analysis of Hanif’s novel (2011). One of the distinguishing features of the novel is the use of two distinct languages (English and Urdu) which majorly cause the implementation of various features of code-switching and code-mixing. The researchers have employed the qualitative research approach during data analysis. The study examines how language influences ideas and identity with the use of code-switching. A comprehensive study or analysis of the relevant literature has also presented in a comprehensive way leading towards a theoretical framework of preferred Whorfian Hypothesis (Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis) in the field of sociolinguistics. The results and findings of the also proves that the writer of the novel consciously/unconsc...

This tendency is noticed when people use many ways of language variations to communicate or express their thought, ideas, and feelings. One example of these variations is code mixing. Code mixing is insertion of a piece of word other than that of your lang have no specific purpose or intention when doing communication. Code mixing is different from borrowing. Code mixing usually happens while people communicate in oral or written and in informal situation. In the case of code mixing, people sometimes mix two languages, particularly between national and a foreign language like English. However, code mixing does not only exist between the languages, there Keywords: code mixing, indonesian and english in indonesian I INTRODUCTION The tendency of people to change and to modify words or utterances in order to simplify or make new styles of language is one of phenomena in communication that can be found in the course of a single communication episode. This tendency is noticed when peo ways of language variations to communicate or express their thought, ideas, and feelings. One example of these variations is code mixing. Code mixing is insertion of a piece of word other than that of your language, and you have no specific purpose or intention when doing that (en. Wikipedia.Org/ wiki/ code-mixing). Language can change while the speaker wants to change to be understood by hearer. He or she needs to ABSTRACT This tendency is noticed when people use many ways of language variations to communicate or express their thought, ideas, and feelings. One example of these variations is code mixing. Code mixing is insertion of a piece of word other than that of your language, and you have no specific purpose or intention when doing Code mixing is different from borrowing. Code mixing usually happens while people communicate in oral or written and in informal situation. In the case of code mixing, etimes mix two languages, particularly between national and a foreign language like English. However, code mixing does not only exist between the languages, there is also the mixing between national and regional languages. The researcher use research. It was found that there were three forms of code mixing used in advertisement in They were words, phrases and sentences which were put in the middle of the sentence of advertisements. Meanwhile, the use of code mixing in advertisements had many functions based on the purposes of communication, as we knew; advertisement was an advertiser's way to communicate to the consumer, reader in this case. So, in this research it was found that there were three functions of the use of code They were greeting, informing, and rejecting. indonesian and english in indonesian, advertisement

This study is intended to find out (1) why do the students use code mixing in their communication at twitter status (2) what factors influence the students in using code mixing in twitter status (3) what types of code mixing that students produce in their status. The technique used is qualitative research through content analysis. The data were gathered by doing observation, documentation, and interview. Researchers focused on code mixing used by students at Eighth Semester of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University. To analyze data, the researchers used matrix descriptive of Miles and Huberman consisted of data reduction, data display, and drawing conclusion/verification. Data reduction was used to collect data from observation, documentation, and interview. Last, conclusion was used to describe all of the data. The result of this research was form of code mixing used by the students, including insertation, alternation, congruent lexicalization. Then, the factors cause code mixing due to the psychological factors from the students.

In this paper I focus on the more heavily turkicized varieties of Cappadocian, viz. the Central Cappadocian dialects of Axo and Misti, the Southwest Cappadocian dialects of Aravan, Ghurzono and Fertek, and the Southeast Cappadocian dialects of Ulağaç and Semendere. The aim of the paper is to illustrate an extreme case of language contact on the basis of more extensive evidence from both secondary and primary sources

All English teachers try so hard to make their students understand of the English material. Many teachers use code mixing when they explain during the teaching learning process. Code mixing also able use when give the instruction to the students. This study is aimed to investigate students’ understanding of English explanation material by using code mixing English-Indonesian in teaching learning process. The participants were English education students-5, 6th semester of UINSU. This study used Qualitative Research as the type. The data were collected by using Google form sent on WhatsApp group of English Education Department-5, 6th Semester of UINSU. The data analysis technique used interactive analysis model proposed by Miles and Huberman. From the first that I asked, the participants know the meaning of code mixing and it’s familiar for them. The result of this study indicates that the participants argued, code mixing can help teachers to make the students understand and develop because the teacher does not use English full during the teaching learning process, it can make the students confused, and also do not use Indonesian full because it can’t increase their English skill. By using code mixing the teacher trains the students' knowledge of English vocabulary and the teacher can add new vocabulary when explaining, if students do not understand the word, the teacher can explain it. If students hear it often, they will memorize and be familiar with the vocabulary. But, not only positive impacts, code mixing also have some negative impacts. The participants argue that the use of code mixing as often as possible will make students accustomed to mixed languages and can make student confuse in arranging sentence structures and grammar that are good and correct, both in English sentences and Indonesian sentences.
Keywords: Code mixing, junior high school students, teaching learning process

Multilingualism is very much in the air now. Poetic language being inherently receptive to the minute changes in the society could not but reflect this tendency of modern life in its structure and vocabulary. The phenomenon of multilingualism as one of the aspects of poetic speech is the subject of this article. Various types and functions of multilingualism are considered. Special attention is paid to multilingualism as an artistic strategy in the contemporary British poetry.

ABSTRAK Percampuran kod merupakan satu fenomena biasa dalam kalangan penutur yang mengamalkan lebih daripada dua bahasa. Terma ini digunakan secara meluas di dalam bidang linguistik terutamanya bidang Pemerolehan Bahasa Kedua dan Kedwibahasaan. Terdapat dua jenis percampuran kod iaitu percampuran kod dalaman atau 'inner code-mixing' dan percampuran kod luaran 'outer code-mixing'. Sebuah negara yang penduduknya berbilang kaum seperti Malaysia, fenomena percampuran kod ini tidak dapat dielakkan. Malah menjadi satu kelaziman dalam pertuturan dan penulisan. Oleh yang demikian, adalah amat perlu untuk mengkaji fenomena ini. Sorotan karya menyarankan bahawa fenomena percampuran kod ini menggambarkan tahap kreativiti seseorang dalam penggunaan bahasa. Selain daripada itu, fenomena ini juga menunjukkan tahap pengetahuan dan penguasaan bahasa seseorang. Justeru, makalah ini akan membincangkan amalan percampuran bahasa dalam novel 'The Wedding Breaker' karya Evelyn Rose dan bagaimana percampuran bahasa mempengaruhi makna dan komunikasi sebenar. Makalah ini juga meneroka makna sosio-budaya yang terkandung. Kata Kunci: percampuran kod, bahasa rojak, 'outer code-mixing', percampuran kod luaran, kedwibahasaan Pengenalan Percampuran kod merupakan pertukaran bahasa daripada satu bahasa ke satu bahasa yang lain dalam bentuk lisan atau penulisan. Dalam istilah biasa, percampuran kod juga dikenali sebagai bahasa rojak. Perkara ini merupakan fenomena biasa dalam masyarakat yang mengamalkan lebih daripada dua bahasa. Kajian tentang percampuran bahasa akan dapat meningkatkan pemahaman seseorang individu tentang sifat, proses dan kekangan bahasa (Myers-Scotton, 1993; Boeschoten, 1998; Azuma, 1998), dan juga hubungan penggunaan bahasa, nilai individu, strategi komunikasi, sikap dan fungsi bahasa dalam konteks sosio-menyatakan bahawa percampuran kod berfungsi sebagai petanda konteks apabila digunakan dalam pertuturan dan penulisan. Manakala Bokamba (1989) pula menyatakan bahawa percampuran kod ialah percampuran perkataan, frasa dan ayat daripada dua sistem nahu yang berbeza melangkaui sempadan ayat dalam sesuatu pertuturan. Sementara Numan dan Carter (2001) pula mejelaskan bahawa fenomena penutur mencampur bahasa dalam pertuturan yang sama ini dikenali sebagai percampuran kod. Nomura (2003) menyatakan bahawa percampuran kod yang berlaku semasa pertuturan adalah disebabkan penutur ingin mencari perkataan dan frasa yang sesuai digunakan. Percampuran kod yang juga dikenali sebagai bahasa rojak merupakan satu bentuk komunikasi serta penyampaian maklumat dan sering berlaku dalam komunikasi tidak formal. Percampuran kod juga bergantung kepada hubungan antara fungsi dan peranan bahasa. Peranan merujuk kepada individu yang menggunakan bahasa. manakala fungsi bahasa merujuk kepada apa yang ingin dicapai atau disampaikan oleh penutur dalam percakapannya. Peranan juga bergantung kepada ciri-ciri khusus penutur seperti latar belakang sosial, tahap pendidikan dan kawasan setempat. Hamers dan Blanc (2000) menjelaskan bahawa percampuran kod terbahagi kepada tiga jenis: 'inner code mixing'; 'outer code mixing'; dan 'extrasentential code mixing'. 'Outer code mixing' atau percampuran kod luaran juga dikenali sebagai Intersentential merupakan percampuran dua jenis bahasa seperti mencampurkan bahasa Melayu dan bahasa Inggeris dalam satu pertuturan. 'Inner code-mixing' atau pencampuran kod dalaman juga dikenali sebagai Intrasentential ialah percampuran dialek dalam satu pertuturan. Manakala, 'Extrasentential code mixing'

Tasks with a high involvement load would induce a higher success rate of retention and recall of target words for learners. A high task-based involvement load is defined by the need to focus on target words, the mental search for target word meanings by guessing from context, and to select and decide on the word meanings that are most appropriate in context. This study investigates the efficacy of codeswitched reading, a high involvement load task, in raising the lexical retention-retrieval performance of EFL learners, who were late Chinese-English bilinguals. An experimental group (n = 78) was learning vocabulary from reading codeswitched texts. A comparison group (n = 76) was reading graded readers without lexical glossing. An immediate retrieval test was conducted without prior notice followed by a delayed retrieval test a week later. Independent-samples t-test results show that the EFL learners in the experimental group significantly outperformed the comparison
group in lexical retention-retrieval. The experimental group's recall scores were higher
than those of the comparison group. The higher involvement load of codeswitched reading tasks and the visual salience of codeswitched target words accounted for the higher retention-retrieval scores of the experimental group than those of the comparison group.

Punjabi is spoken as a mother tongue by a vast majority of people in Pakistan. English being the language of media, science and technology has strong impact on the native languages in Pakistan because code-mixing is a common phenomenon and even uneducated people employ words of English language due to multiple reasons such as the influence of media or class-consciousness. The regional languages also influence English in this process of borrowing and code-mixing because the borrowed words go through a make-up caused by the phonetic features of the regional languages. The study explores the ways in which the pronunciation of certain English words uttered by uneducated native Punjabi speakers in Pakistan differs from Standard English pronunciation. 195 borrowed English words have been suggested along with the transcription of deviant as well as British and North American pronunciation. It can clearly be observed that uneducated native Punjabi speakers pronounce these words in a signifi...

Code-mixing and code-switching of two languages is a common phenomenon in a bilingual community, and whether this is beneficial or not for second language teaching is one of the most controversial issues in bilingual literature. This case study is exploratory in nature and it targets business students’ attitudes towards teachers’ code-switching/code-mixing to L1 and its influence on their overall L2 learning. Quantitative as well qualitative research design is adopted for the present study. Study has incorporated Closeended and open-ended questionnaire to collect the data and from the findings of the research, it concludes that, business students have a positive attitude towards teachers’ code-switching/code-mixing and this phenomenon has a positive effects on L2 learning of the business students.

Diglossia is a language situation that does not always take place between two dialects of the same language; speaking two different languages in two different encounters is also considered diglossia. This study examines the use of language among Arabic-speaking Australians in Sydney. After analyzing ten authentic doctor-patient examination sessions in a clinic in Sydney, this study reveals that Arabic-speaking Australians are diglossic as they speak Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), Regional Arabic Dialects (RADs), and English depending on the technicality of the discussion. This study also reveals that the level of education, the number of years spent in Australia, age, and prestige play a significant role in determining high (H) and low (L) varieties among Arabic Speaking Australians. This study also reveals that educated Arabic-speaking Australians speak English as their preferred language in technical conversations regardless of their age of arrival to Australia. The uneducated Arabs who arrived in Australia before the age of 20 either speak English or RADs in technical discussions. The uneducated Arabs who arrived in Australia after the age of 20 either speak RADs or MSA in their technical discussions. This study also reveals that code switching is relatively popular among Arabic-speaking Australians who arrived in Australia after the age of 20. Code-mixing is popular among Arabic-speaking Australians who were either born in Australia or arrived in Australia before the age of 20. In these situations, code-switching is used as an indication of social prestige and code-mixing is used to express group identity.

Purpose
The study represents the first attempt to analyze intrasentantial code switching in an indigenous language from the Caucasus (the Nakh-Daghestanian language Sanzhi Dargwa) in contact with Russian. It also tests borrowing / code switching hierarchies that target parts of speech.

Methodology
The study applies the Matrix Language Frame Model developed by Myers-Scotton to data from Sanzhi.

Data and analysis
The analyzed data consist of around 6,000 tokens of natural texts (monologues) produced by six male speakers and recorded in the main settlement of the Sanzhi speech community in Daghestan (Russian Federation). The data have been gathered for a language documentation project. The original data is compared to published data from other languages in contact with Russian. The Sanzhi data is analyzed by means of the Matrix Language Frame Model, focusing on intraclausal code switching.

Findings
The Sanzhi data can largely be analyzed within the Matrix Language Frame Model, confirming thus the ‘Uniform Structure Principle’ posed by Myers-Scotton. However, there are also a few instances of code switching in which Embedded Language and Matrix Language cannot be identified, which prevents application of the model. Furthermore, the study replicated findings on borrowing / code switching hierarchies for parts of speech, i.e., the preference for insertions of nouns and other parts of speech from the open classes in comparison with the relative scarcity of inserted pronouns or adpositions (closed classes).

Originality
This is the first attempt to apply the Matrix Language Frame Model to code switching between a Caucasian language and Russian and constitutes a new approach to the study of language contact in the Caucasus and, more generally, to the impact on Russian on minority languages in the Russian Federation.

Implications
The results suggest that the Matrix Language Frame Model could also be applied to other languages in contact with Russian and with a similar sociolinguistic profile like Sanzhi.

This study is intended to investigate the use of code mixing and code switching by the lecturer A and D in their activities in the classroom. In this study, the researcher used Hoffman and Muysken theories. The findings of this study were expected to give some useful insights to English department students in order to get better understanding of the use of code mixing and code switching. The research design of this study is descriptive qualitative and the data of this study is in form of lecturers’ activities. The results showed that there was one type of code mixing and one kind of code switching which were used by the lecturer A. Namely: Insertion code mixing (60%), and Inter-sentential switching (100%). Then, there were two kinds of code mixing and three kinds of code switching which werre used by the lecturer B. Namely: (1) Insertion code mixing (70%), alternation code mixing (30%). And then, (1) inter-sentential switching (30%), (2) intra-sentential switching (30%) and (3) embl...

Code mixing in the contact of cognate languages. Against the material of Polish-Eastern-Slavonic language contact.
The article is an attempt to find an adequate theoretical approach to characterize the phenomenon of code switching and code mixing in Polish-Eastern-Slavonic language contact. To analyse the situation bilingual Eastern-Slavonic groups in Poland (Russian, Belarussian and Ukrainian minorities) and Polish minority in the East (Russia, Belarus, Ukraine but also Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania and other former Soviet Republics) one needs to define the phenomena of bilingualism and code mixing (as well as code switching). It is also important to find and characterize similarities and differences between examples of code mixing described in P. Auer’s, P. Muysken’s, R. Franceschini’s and other authors’ works on one side, and in Polish-Eastern-Slavonic bilingualism on the other.

Vershina is a village near Irkutsk (Siberia) founded by voluntary Polish settlers in the beginning of the 20th century. People coming from various parts of Little Poland brought with them Polish culture, Roman-Catholic religion and a mixture of Polish dialects which they preserved until now in foreign surroundings. However, their Polish dialect has been evolving under the influence of the Russian language and nowadays there are many borrowings and loan translations (calques) in it. The other phenomenon observed in the speech of the descendants of Polish settlers in Siberia is code-switching. There are three main types of code-switching and code-mixing in the collected material: insertion, alternation and congruent lexicalization. The author names examples of each of the types and tries to give characteristics of the code-switching as a linguistic and social phenomenon.

Wieś Wierszyna w pobliżu Irkucka zostałą założona przez polskich dobrowolnych osadników na początku XX w. Przybysze z różnych regionów Małopolski przynieśli ze sobą polską kulturę, religię rzymsko-katolicką, a także mieszankę gwar małpolskich, która do dziś przetrwała w obcym otoczeniu. Ich polszczyzna zmieniała się pod wpływem języka rosyjskiego i obecnie w ich gwarze jest wiele zapożyczeń i kalk. Szczególnym zjawiskiem, jakie można zaobserwować w mowie wierszynian, jest przełączanie kodów. W zgromadzonym materiale wyróżnione zostały trzy typy przełączania i mieszania kodów: wtrącenia, alternacja i kongruentna leksykalizacja. Autor przedstawia ich przykłady oraz próbuje scharakteryzować przełączanie kodów jako zjawisko lingwistyczne i społeczne.

This study determined and analyzed the conversational styles and language attitudes of urbanized adult Aetas of Brgy. Aglalana, Dumarao, Capiz, Philippines based on the accommodation processes and style shifting dimensions used in their conversation with the non-Aetas.
The qualitative-quantitative method was used to gather the data needed. A recorded conversation of the Aetas and non-Aetas was used as the primary research instrument. Ten adult Aetas and three non-Aetas participated in the conversation which lasted for 42 minutes. The Jeffersonian Transcription Notation was used as a guide for transcribing the conversation.
It was revealed that the Aetas were convergent and responsive in their responses which made them very accommodative. Upward convergence was the most dominant mode of accommodation in the conversation of the Aetas and non-Aetas. On the other hand, it was Responsive Style-shifting that dominated the total number of responses all throughout the conversation.
It was concluded that the conversational styles of the Aetas are influenced by urbanization; yet, their conversational styles reflect their culture. The accommodation processes and style-shifting dimensions employed by the Aetas may account the way they interpret their roles in their community and act meaningfully with the people they are interacting with.
The researcher recommends to future researchers to focus not just in the conversational styles of the Aetas but also in their linguistic behaviors and/or in their native language as used in their day-to-day living with their families, relatives, peers, and other members of their community. Moreover, this study could serve as a reference for future related researches.

This opinionated research article is about politeness and impoliteness in verbal interactions within Indonesian interpersonal context. Accounts on politeness, camaraderie, distant language, close language, code-switching, and code-mixing are elaborated to come to the concept of impoliteness, i.e. rude situations and awkward situations. The interpersonal context here partly elaborates the types of hearer in the aspects of power and solidarity in Brown and Gilman’s theory (1968), the hearers of which are divided into superiors and close people in this article. Elements of both the Indonesian distant and close languages are presented, and how rude situations and awkward situations happen due to incompetence or ignorance of the two variants is illustrated. Illustrations of the Indonesian two variants and code-mixing of the two are given to highlight the rude and awkward situations. All this worldview on the teaching of Indonesian to non-native-speakers, i.e. pondering a global BIPA, sho...

(Updated version of a term paper I wrote for the Languages and Society: Variation and Diversity course, taught by Dr. Stefan Grondelaers. If you find any ERRATA, please let me know!)

Chiac is a language variety of Maritime Canada, specifically southeastern New Brunswick, characterized by strong English influence on an Acadian French substrate. It has been described by Young (2002), King (2008), Papen (2014) and Perrot (2014), among others; it is variously defined as a mixed language, mixed code, or contact variety. The present study investigates differences between the Chiac of older speakers and that of younger speakers from a sociolinguistic perspective. Speech was collected from videos on YouTube and the documentary Éloge du Chiac Part 2 (Cadieux, 2009). Quantitative and qualitative analysis was performed on a number of phonetical/phonological, lexical, and syntactic features. It is concluded that the speech of younger people does not differ significantly from that of older people, except in the pronunciation of the phoneme /r/. This difference appears to be a result of pressure from standard (Quebec) French, rather than English.

We present a system for automating Semantic Role Labelling of Hindi-English code-mixed tweets. We explore the issues posed by noisy, user generated code-mixed social media data. We also compare the individual effect of various linguistic features used in our system. Our proposed model is a 2-step system for automated labelling which gives an overall accuracy of 84% for Argument Classification, marking a 10% increase over the existing rule-based baseline model. This is the first attempt at building a statistical Semantic Role Labeller for Hindi-English code-mixed data, to the best of our knowledge.

Part of the Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education Commons Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Sahibzada, A. K. (2020). World Englishes approaches to the teaching of writing: A survey of Afghan university English teachers [Master's thesis,

Lidjali, Jein. 321 410 051.The Use of Code Swicthing and Code Mixing on Twitter.English Department, Faculty of Letters and Culture, State University of Gorontalo. It was supervised by Dr. Suleman Bouti, S.Pd, M.Hum and Fahria Malabar, S.Pd, MA This study to find out some sectors, frist is the application of Poplack theory about types of code switching which is divided into tag switching, inter-sentential switching and intra-sentential switching. Second is the application of Muysken theory about types of code mixing which is divided into insertion, alternation and congruent lexicalization. Third is the factors of students use code switching and code mixing on twitter. The data is taken from students tweet on twitter from 1stoctober 2014 to 11th January 2015 and the writer trascribes all the data into corpus. Method of this study is qualitative method. The technique of analyzing data is descriptive analysis. The finding that have been transcribe into corpuse will be described and disc...

This study considers the analysis of mistakes in written works made by Hungarian-Serbian bilinguals whose dominant language is Hungarian.
The corpus consists of 125 written works in Serbian written by students of the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh grade of elementary school. The material was collected in June 2007 in the "Sonja Marinković" and "Vuk Karadžić" elementary schools in Zrenjanin. The students from "Sonja Marinković" Elementary School are Hungarian-Serbian bilinguals who learn Serbian as the majority language at school. The students of "Vuk Karadžić" Elementary school are Serb monolinguals who are not influenced or are minimally influenced by the Hungarian language. This group of students represents the control group. This group is introduced to eliminate mistakes made even by Serbian native speakers at a certain age which are not the consequence of a direct influence of any other language.
During the analysis, mistakes were selected from every written work and were classified according to language levels (orthographic, phonetic, morphological, syntactic, lexical). Afterwards they were compared with the works of bilingual students. This way it was possible to segregate mistakes that appear as the direct influence of the Hungarian language.
By analyzing the mistakes it was determined that the influence of the Hungarian language on the acquisition and the usage of Serbian by the Hungarian-Serbian bilinguals is evident on every language level. Mistakes that were caused by the interference of the two languages are: mixing of Hungarian and Serbian letters, substitution of phonemes a/o and j/lj in writing, interpolation of vowels on the phonetic level, mistakes in gender, number and case, incorrect usage of the reflexive pronoun "se", leaving out the object and mistakes in vocabulary between two languages.
However, there are mistakes caused by other factors too, such as insufficient knowledge of the language norm, differences in language systems, informal acquisition, lack of contact and insufficient usage of written Serbian language.

Present study sets out to investigate the phenomenon of code-mixing in the Pakistani multilingual and bilingual society. Since the Independence in 1947 there has been somewhat harmonious coexistence of English and Urdu, the state language, in Pakistan, which is a monolingual country at national level. But substantial command over English is considered as a linguistic passport to the arena of globalization and competitive professional job market, especially the non-government ones. It is also considered as necessary element for socio-economic upward mobility. The growing of multinational companies along with the private ones in the recent years has acted as a socio economic factor underlying the increasing consciousness in learning English. This job related factor has given English language the status of a career oriented language with a colonial touch of aristocracy and high prestige. So there is an increasing trend among Pakistani professionals to learn English not only for mutual ...

This research examines the code mixing in YouTube video content. Researchers use youtube video Daniel Mananta’s because every video content he always uses a code-mixing which is his trademark and sees from background of his life. For this situation, researchers apply code-mixing on Daniel Mananta's youtube content. The this research is to determine the type of code mixing and the code mixing factors contained in Daniel Mananta's youtube conten.analysis to be conducted to Hoffman (1991).   Researchers used qualitative descriptive method techniques according to Sudaryanto (2015).  The technique of collecting data by observation and listening to conversations in the content then records the mixed code contained in the content. From this study, researchers found 23 types of intra-sentential information, 6 intra-lexical data, and 1 type including changes in articulation or speech. Researchers found that there are factors that influence code mixing such as discussing certain point...

Code-mixing was mixing the other language elements into the structure of language. The purpose of this study was to describe the shape, type, and function of the use of code-mixing in the speech of President Indonesia, Mr. Ir.H . Joko Widodo.  This study used qualitative research. Based on data analysis, obtained descriptions of the use of code mixing form of words, phrases, words and clauses, description of the forms of code mixing, and t he purposes of why Joko Widodo mixes the Java language into Indonesia . The achievements of this research are expected to be additional source of code mixing study and it is meant to conduct and develop such a research in the code mixing field. Keyword : Code Mixing, Speech

The code mix used in the Tajwid Nazom Batu Ngompal book is a distinct characteristic that makes the book unique and interesting. The book is presented in the form of rhymes so that the mixed code has a function as rhyme poems in rhymes. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The data from this research are verbal data in the form of writing. The data source is derived from archives or documents, namely the book of Tajwid Nazom Batu Ngompal. Research data in the form of writings in the form of mixed code use. Data collection is carried out by studying archives or documents, take notes. Data were analyzed using interactive analysis techniques. Based on the results of data analysis collected from the book of Tajwid Nazom Batu Ngompal in the form of mixed language codes that are used in the form of good verbs, adjectives, nouns, phrases, clauses, repetitions and idioms. The dominant form of code mixing used in the book is mixed code of nouns and adjectives. Keyword...

Desde Procópio (2010), temos pesquisado documentações coloniais referentes à língua portuguesa e espanhola no Brasil colônia. Dentre nossas constatações, está o acentuado multilinguismo  presente no processo de produção textual. Em Procópio (2013), olhamos panoramicamente para os textos relacionados às colônias portuguesas na Ásia, para comparar com os resultados que temos vindo alcançando no Brasil colonial. Desse modo, selecionamos um texto representante do cenário multilinguístico vivenciado nas colônias: uma carta do almirante holandês Wybrant Warwyck escrita em português, em 1604, e direcionada ao sultão de Ternate. Com este estudo, objetivamos analisar o multilinguismo na documentação colonial portuguesa na Ásia. Inicialmente transcrevemos semipaleogracamente o texto, depois analisamos aplicando o conceito Code-Mixing, processo pelo qual itens lexicais e características gramaticais de duas línguas aparecem em uma sentença (Muysken, 2000); e classificamos os dados conforme língua e morfossintaxe. Na análise, verificamos que dos 922 tokens, 84% são itens portugueses, 14% espanhóis, e 1% em francês e  italiano, respectivamente. Observamos que a mixagem ocorre mais  entre substantivos e pronomes, concentrando-se nos  sintagmas nominais. A mistura de código ocorreu com inserção  lexical direta de um termo ou traço morfológico ‘estrangeiro’ ao  português. Tais processos ocorreram também somente entre as  línguas ‘estrangeiras’. Concluímos que o processamento do  Code-Mixing é desafiador, pois se trata de um fenômeno sociolinguisticamente complexo e diversificado.