ACHR

The paper describes the primary stages of the archaeological study of Krivoborsky settlement. It contains a topographical characteristic of the settlement on the terrain. The ceramic complex of the monument from the collection of Kirov regional local lore museum is introduced into scientific discourse. The ceramics is analyzed and classified into types. According to the results of comparative typological analysis, similar features are observed in relation to the ceramics from the Middle Kama, Lower Kama and Vetluga regions. A detailed analysis of the complex determined the time of its occurrence as the 6th century B.C. Stages of the operation of Ananyinsky (6th-3rd centuries B.C.), Azelinsky (3rd-5th centuries A.D.), Emanayevsky (5th-9th centuries A.D.) and Kocherginsky (9th-13th centuries A.D.) settlements were determined by analogy with the ceramics from other archaeological sites. The Ananyino period was subdivided into the following two periods: Middle (6th-5th centuries B.C.) and Late Ananyino (4th-3rd centuries B.C.).

Introduction: Various lesions afflict the skin ranging from non-specific dermatoses to inflammatory diseases to neoplastic changes in various components of the skin. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to evaluate cytology and histopathology examination for the diagnosis of bullous lesions of the skin and to correlate the clinical diagnosis with the histopathological findings. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study carried out in the Department of Pathology, over a period of two and half years. The study included 31 patients who presented with various types of bullous lesions. A detailed history and clinical examination was carried out in all the cases. Cytological (Tzanck smear) and histopathological examination was done for all the patients and the results were correlated with the clinical diagnosis. Results: The study group comprised of a total of 31 patients. Out of 810 new cases with various skin problems 31 cases were of blistering disorders. There were 17 males and 14 female patients in the study. The male: female ratio being 1.21:1. The patient age ranged from 1year to 68 years. The maximum number of cases observed were of immunological variety followed by unknown etiological type and lastly was the infective type and congenital variety. Pemphigus vulgaris was most common in the immunological group and more of female patients were affected. Tzanck smear examination was useful in most of the cases and supported the histological diagnosis. Conclusions: Cytological examination of skin lesions by way of Tzanck smears is a simple and reliable test for the presumptive diagnosis of pemphigus and pemphigoid groups of disorders. It is also helpful in the diagnosis of viral infections. Complete clinical details, cytology and routine histopathology, all together help in the diagnosis of most bullous lesions of skin. In some cases, additional studies such as immunofluorescence tests are required.

Recent data have shown that preservation of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) after traumatic nerve injury helps to improve functional recovery with surgical repair via matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3) blockade. As such, we sought to explore additional pathways that may augment this response. Wnt3a has been shown to inhibit acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clustering via β-catenin-dependent signaling in the development of the NMJ. Therefore, we hypothesized that Wnt3a and β-catenin are associated with NMJ destabilization following traumatic denervation. A critical size nerve defect was created by excising a 10-mm segment of the sciatic nerve in mice. Denervated muscles were then harvested at multiple time points for immunofluorescence staining, quantitative real-time PCR, and western blot analysis for Wnt3a and β-catenin levels. Moreover, a novel Wnt/β-catenin transgenic reporter mouse line was utilized to support our hypothesis of Wnt activation after traumatic nerve injury. The expression of Wnt3a mRNA was significantly increased by 2weeks post-injury and remained upregulated for 2months. Additionally, β-catenin was activated at 2months post-injury relative to controls. Correspondingly, immunohistochemical analysis of denervated transgenic mouse line TCF/Lef:H2B-GFP muscles demonstrated that the number of GFP-positive cells was increased at the motor endplate band. These collective data support that post-synaptic AChRs destabilize after denervation by a process that involves the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. As such, this pathway serves as a potential therapeutic target to prevent the motor endplate degeneration that occurs following traumatic nerve injury.

We have studied the modulation of expression and surface distribution of the molecular forms of the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) during myogenesis in vitro. We found one minor and two major N-CAM forms—180, 145 and 125 kDa respectively in primary cultures of ...

The cholesterol concentration at the cell surface of cultured chick myocytes was increased in order to determine the effects of high levels of cholesterol on the ion channel properties of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Single channel recordings and fluorescence polarization studies using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH) were performed under equivalent conditions for normal and cholesterol enriched myocytes. In cell attached patches from myocytes with a cholesterol to phospholipid molar ratio (c/p) of 0.24 and a microviscosity of 1.35 poise a single conductance of 51 pS was detected. The cholesterol enriched myocytes with a c/p of 0.52 and a microviscosity of 2.05 poise showed two conductances, a 54 pS and a 39 pS channel: both were blocked by alpha-bungarotoxin. The 39 pS channel was detected with the simultaneous appearance of a slow component of tau m (modulation time) for DPH fluorescence measured by phase demodulation. The 80% reduction in the open time constant (tau 2) of the 39 pS channel suggest an inhibition of the normal conformational state. The combined results suggest that cholesterol enrichment may induced a more heterogeneous lipid environment and that the two types of channel properties could result from the distribution of the receptors in different domains.

Background: Infertility is the inability of the couples to conceive after 12 months of unprotected intercourse. There are innumerable causes of infertility including lifestyle factors. This study was to determine the specific impact of major lifestyle factors on semen quality of couples with infertility problem in rural based population. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study on 250 male partners with infertility problem, conducted at Pathology department from August 2014 to May 2016. Semen analysis was carried out using WHO criteria and subjects were categorized based on history of lifestyle factors like alcohol, smoking, obesity, psychological stress and occupational exposure. Individuals in the age group of 15 to 45 years with exposure to a single lifestyle factor were included while those exposed to combined lifestyle factors with secondary infertility and chronic infections were excluded from the study. The data was analyzed using chi-square test. Results: The proportion of abnormal sperms were higher in individuals who were exposed to different lifestyle factors compared to unexposed ones with a p value of <0.00001. Oligozoospermia followed by asthenozoospermia was the most common sperm variable in alcoholics (86%), obese (68%) and those with occupational exposure (58%) and stress (60%). While asthenozoospermia was the most common variable in smokers (70%). Conclusion: The above findings showed that various lifestyle factors might be attributed to the risk of declining semen quality. The impact of environmental factors, alcohol and smoking on male infertility rates especially in rural population was a highlight in this study.

Introduction: Appendicitis is a very common surgical emergency and carries risk of 7% the diagnosis of appendicitis is largely clinical and appendicectomy is the treatment of choice. If there is any delay in diagnosing appendicitis which may lead to complications like perforated appendix, peritonitis, sepsis, increased morbidity and mortality. Aims and Objectives: To study the morphological features and to correlate the clinical diagnosis with the histopathological diagnosis of the appendicectomy specimens. Methods: All the appendicectomy specimens received at histopathology section of our department and SIMS Chellum Hospital were reviewed retrospectively over a period of 2 years from January 2013 to December 2014 and prospectively over a period of six months from January 2015 to June 2015 were included in this study. Results: A total of 149 specimens were analysed. 88 (59%) were males and 61 (41%) females. The histopathological examination showed acute inflammation in 97 (65%), chronic inflammation in 43 (28.8%), Gangrenous appendicitis in 6 (4.0%) and granulomatous in 1 (0.6%), Parasites were found in 1 (0.6%) and tumor like lesions in 2 (1.3%), were also seen in appendix. Clinico-pathological correlation for acute appendicitis was 69%, chronic appendicitis was 29% and for others (2%). Conclusion: Acute appendicitis was the most common histopathological finding encountered in our study. The malignant neoplasm seen here was mucinous adenocarcinoma but clinically presented as acute appendicitis. Therefore careful and systematic study of all the surgically removed appendicectomy specimens are very important.

Background: Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide. In India, cervical cancer is the most common woman-related cancer, followed by breast cancer. 80% of the new cervical cancer cases occur in developing countries, like India, which reports approximately one fourth of the world's cases of cervical cancer each year. Objective: The primary objective is to find out the prevalence of awareness amongst women living in rural and urban areas, about the utility of Pap smear in early diagnosis of cervical cancer. Methodology: This cross sectional study includes 200 women attending the OPD of Gynecology Department of Government Medical College, Bhavnagar, Gujarat from April 2015 to May 2016of age group of 15 to 60 yrs. Among them 100 women were from rural area and 100 were from urban area. Written consent was taken from each participant, after explaining the aims and objectives of the study. Data was collected using a questionnaire including demographic characteristics, knowledge about cervical cancer and knowledge about Pap smear screening and completed by an interview with these participants. Result: This study has shown that women in our region lack knowledge of cervical cancer and its prevention by early detection by Pap smear both in the rural as well as the urban areas. This study clearly conveys the message that the rural women's educational status need to be strengthened at all levels. Conclusion: In conclusion, our results show that there was inadequate knowledge and practice among certain women groups, especially those above 30 years old, married at young age, and those with low education level. Some women also had a positive attitude, although they needed to have reassurances that could reduce the barriers. A well-organized cervical cancer screening programme providing the Pap-smear test through primary health care services is recommended: this should include raising awareness of women regarding risk factors, and overcoming barriers to having the test such as fear and embarrassment.