Acquisition and Processing of Seismic Reflection Data

Induction motors are widely used in transportation, mining, petrochemical, manufacturing and in almost every other field dealing with electrical power. These motors are simple, efficient, highly robust and rugged thus offering a very high degree of reliability. But like any other machine, they are vulnerable to faults, which if left unmonitored, might lead to catastrophic failure of the machine in the long run. On-line condition monitoring of the induction motors has been widely used in the detection of faults. This paper delves into the various faults and study of conventional and innovative techniques for induction motor faults with an identification of future research areas.

The industry has been facing many issues that have limited the performance of marine seismic surveys with respect to bandwidth. Among them, there were mechanical and acoustic noise, source and receiver ghosts and signal attenuation with depth. The industry is aware that the importance of recording the full-range of frequencies (low as well as high) is widely accepted. The focus of exploration in Malaysia has started to shift to stratigraphic and deeper play, high-fidelity, while low frequency data provides better penetration for the clear imaging of deep targets, as well as providing greater, stability in seismic inversion. Among the broadband methods being applied worldwide are dual-sensor acquisition, variable depth and over-under configurations. Acquisition and processing techniques are demonstrated and benefits discussed. Comparisons include examples, diagnostics, and migrated processed data sets. Results indicate alternative solutions to the tuning effect of narrow band flat arrays and the broadband effect of slant-arrays.

The communication network in coal mine underground is the foundation of colliery distributed monitoring system and plays an important role in transferring information when the production is in gear and events happens in coal mine underground, which is the key to keep the safety information expedite. A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of an array of diverse micro-sensors, which is interconnected by a wireless communication network to provide plenty of sensing and monitoring services. It has the advantages of simple structure, flexible network, good efficiency and trustiness. Firstly, the paper brings forward a new project of the distributed monitoring system in coal mine underground based on WSN according to the analysis of special communication circumstance of coal mine underground. The WSN nodes do not need to communicate directly with the nearest high-power control tower or base station as other traditional wireless devices do, but only with their local peers. In a word, WSN forms a new kind of wireless networks with a new set of characteristics and challenges. Then the safety theories of communication of WSN in coal mine underground are dissertated and the key techniques are discussed, on the basis of which a distributed monitoring system in coal mine underground based on WSN is designed. Finally, the layout and functions of WSN of coal mine underground in the whole distributed monitoring system are mainly researched, including the peacetime datum collection and emergent application when events happens.

This paper presents a tutorial on Kalman filtering that is designed for instruction to undergraduate students. The idea behind this work is that undergraduate students do not have much of the statistical and theoretical background necessary to fully understand the existing research papers and textbooks on this topic. Instead, this work offers an introductory experience for students which takes a more practical usage perspective on the topic, rather than the statistical derivation. Students reading this paper should be able to understand how to apply Kalman filtering tools to mathematical problems without requiring a deep theoretical understanding of statistical theory.

Near-surface geophysical imaging of alluvial fan settings is a challenging task but crucial for understating geological processes in such settings. The alluvial fan of Ghor Al-Haditha at the southeast shore of the Dead Sea is strongly affected by localized subsidence and destructive sinkhole collapses, with a significantly increasing sinkhole formation rate since ca. 1983. A similar increase is observed also on the western shore of the Dead Sea, in correlation with an ongoing decline in the Dead Sea level. Since different structural models of the upper 50 m of the alluvial fan and varying hypothetical sinkhole processes have been suggested for the Ghor Al-Haditha area in the past, this study aimed to clarify the subsurface characteristics responsible for sinkhole development. For this purpose, high frequency shear wave reflection vibratory seismic surveys were carried out in the Ghor AlHaditha area along several crossing and parallel profiles with a total length of 1.8 and 2.1 km in 2013 and 2014, respectively. The sedimentary architecture of the alluvial fan at Ghor Al-Haditha is resolved down to a depth of nearly 200 m at a high resolution and is calibrated with the stratigraphic profiles of two boreholes located inside the survey area. The most surprising result of the survey is the absence of evidence of a thick (> 2–10 m) compacted salt layer formerly suggested to lie at ca. 35–40 m depth. Instead, seismic reflection amplitudes and velocities image with good continuity a complex interlocking of alluvial fan deposits and lacustrine sediments of the Dead Sea between 0 and 200 m depth.
Furthermore, the underground section of areas affected by sinkholes is characterized by highly scattering wave fields and reduced seismic interval velocities. We propose that the Dead Sea mud layers, which comprise distributed inclusions or lenses of evaporitic chloride, sulfate, and carbonate mineral as well as clay silicates, become increasingly exposed to unsaturated water as the sea level declines and are consequently destabilized and mobilized by both dissolution and
physical erosion in the subsurface. This new interpretation of the underlying cause of sinkhole development is supported by surface observations in nearby channel systems. Overall, this study shows that shear wave seismic reflection technique is a promising method for enhanced near-surface imaging in such challenging alluvial fan settings.

The Black Sea is an oval basin with an area of 423.000 km2, a volume of 534.000 km3 and a maximum depth of 2206 m. It is connected to Atlantic Ocean by Mediterranean Sea-Aegean Sea-Turkish Straits System (The Sea of Marmara and the straits of Bosphorus and Dardanelles) and it is also connected to Sea of Azov by the Kerch strait. The mean sea level at the Black Sea is about 55 cm higher than the level at the Aegean Sea. The maximum development of the Black Sea shelf is at the west of Crimean peninsula, where it is more than 190 km wide. Along the Turkish coast, Russian coast and south of the Crimean peninsula, the shelf exceeds 20 km in width in only a few places. The widths of about 40 km are found off the Bulgarian coast and south of the Sea of Azov. The Black Sea opened as a back-arc and/or intra-arc basin to the north of Pontide magmatic belt. It is seperated by the mid-Black Sea Ridge (comprising Andrusov and Archangelsky ridges). Western Black Sea Basin (WBSB) and Eastearn Black Sea Basin (EBSB) have different time and mechanisms of opening. The study area is located on the southern margin of the WBSB, on the fragment called Istanbul Zone (which is delimited by the Intra-Pontid suture in the south and by the WBSB to the north) and its offshore area. WBSB opened as a back-arc basin behind the southwards-moving Istanbul Zone and collided with the Sakarya Zone along the Intra-Pontide Suture during the Eocene. Istanbul Zone rifted off from its original location around the present Odessa Shelf during the early Cretaceous, and started to move southwards along the West Black Sea and West Crimean transform faults. The emplacement of the Istanbul Zone into its present position was possibly during the late Albian. Geophysical data have become increasingly important for rapidly developed tectonic research since 1960s. Seismic reflection method is the most effectively used geophysical method for investigation of the deep structure and the geological features beneath the sea floor. From the middle of 1990's to present, in spite of well-rounded but non-utilizable data of commercial two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) seismic studies of petroleum companies, the number of scientific studies and publications for academic purposes, revealing the geological structure beneath Turkish sector of the WBSB using marine seismic reflection data, has been increasing. Especially, there is a considerable amount of scientific articles focused on various subjects (such as mass wasting, sedimentation, sea-level fluctuations, BSR, Messinian events etc.) presenting detailed seismic sections and providing a good definition of the structural properties beneath the shelf and the continental slope of the southern part of the basin along Turkish margin. In tectonics, researchers search for ways to predict the time and location of damaging tectonic events such as earthquakes and tectonically induced events. To be neotectonically useful, the predictions must be precise enough to alleviate the loss of life and property. This quest for prediction techniques also involves the investigation of active tectonics. The earthquake occurred on October 15, 2016 (Ml=5.0) re-attracted attention to the tectonic activity of WBSB. This earthquake took place at 11:18 local time and lasted 7-8 seconds. It was felt in the cities of Istanbul, Kocaeli, Duzce, Sakarya, Zonguldak and even in the Bulgarian cities Varna and Bourgas. The epicenter of the earthquake was at a point 195 km north-east of Istanbul and 124 km north-west of Zonguldak. This earthquake with a shallow epicenter (11.4 km below the surface) was one of the rare instrumentally recorded strong earthquakes occured at the southern part of the WBSB. The Bartın Earthquake of September 3, 1968 (MS=6.6) is the strongest instrumentally recorded earthquake along the Turkish margin of Black Sea. This earthquake was the first seismological evidence of active thrusting occuring at the southern margin of the Black Sea and its fault-plane solution indicated a thrust mechanism which emphasized a different behaviour from the right-lateral strike-slip North Anatolian Fault. Focal mechanism derived from the solution of the moment tensor for the October 15, 2016 Black Sea earthquake, revealed another clue for the active thrusting at the WBSB with a very similar focal mechanism solution of Bartin Earthquake. The central and the deepest parts of the Black Sea was believed to be aseismic but, with the recent studies, the researchers showed that there are a significant number of earthquakes in the Black Sea, mostly of magnitude Mw=4.0 or smaller. They also revealed that the seismicity increases towards the margins of the Black Sea, with the largest events at the margins. The researchers also emphasized that, in southern Black Sea and the middle part, especially offshore of Bartın and Samsun, the earthquakes which have the reverse faulting component dominated solutions, are related with the compressional tectonic regime and the strikes of these earthquakes generally lie parallel to the basin. These earthquakes show that the region is not aseismic and produces earthquakes from time to time, though not very frequently. The folds are commonly accompanied by reverse faulting and many of these reverse faults are low angle and are called thrust faults. Some of the thrust faults and high-angle reverse faults may break the surface, but many others remain hidden within the cores of anticlines and are termed buried reverse faults. Buried active faults present a significant earthquake hazard-that large damaging earthquakes can occur on faults located entirely beneath or within folded rocks. The tips of such faults may be buried at depths of several kilometers, and when they rupture during earthquakes, uplift and folding occur at the surface. In this study, the fault structures that are considered to be formed by the effect of compressional tectonic regime and the structures formed by the activities of these faults beneath the shelf and slope areas between the region offshore Akçakoca-Cide at the southern part of the WBSB, revealed by using marine seismic reflection data. The marine seismic reflection data used in this study were collected by the collaboration of General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Cambridge University and Istanbul Technical University (ITU) in September, 1998. R/V MTA Sismik-1 was used to collect data on 14 seismic lines with a total length of 460 km. All necessary and some optional processes of typical marine seismic data processing sequence were applied to raw data to obtain time-migrated seismic sections. From the time-migrated seismic sections, to give examples for thrust fault structures and folds formed by the activities of these faults became possible. These images were beneficial to clarify the presence of the compressional regime effecting the study area. Available onland and offshore geological exploratory well data of Akçakoca-1, Akçakoca-2, Ereğli-1, Filyos-1, Bartin-1, Ulus-1, Amasra-1, Cakraz-1 and Gegendere-1 are obtained from General Directorate of Petroleum Affairs (PIGM) and used to correlate with seismic sections. Seismic markers of the time-migrated seismic sections were dated by referencing to Akcakoca-1 and Akcakoca-2 wells. Also in this study, the land-offshore geological sections prepared by means of the geological sections given by previous geological studies and the information about the continuation of the geological features from land to offshore in the study area was presented. These geological sections also give quite beneficial new evidences for the presence of the compressional tectonic regime in the study area. The important findings of this study were to give another clue for the presence of the compressional tectonic regime effecting the basin by using the outcomes of seismic reflection studies and to reveal the continuation of the thrust related geological features from land to offshore. The results obtained, agrees with the opinion that Black Sea is being compressed in N-S direction.

Induction motors are widely used in transportation, mining, petrochemical, manufacturing and in almost every other field dealing with electrical power. These motors are simple, efficient, highly robust and rugged thus offering a very high degree of reliability. But like any other machine, they are vulnerable to faults, which if left unmonitored, might lead to catastrophic failure of the machine in the long run. On-line condition monitoring of the induction motors has been widely used in the detection of faults. This paper delves into the various faults and study of conventional and innovative techniques for induction motor faults with an identification of future research areas.

Multi-channel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) is a seismic wave propagation method which involves the measurement of Rayleigh waves propagating along the surface of a medium. The method is non-intrusive, fast and practical and it has been successfully utilized for the in-situ evaluation of shear modulus and layer thicknesses of soils and, more recently, pavement systems. The method is also widely utilized as a tool for monitoring stiffness during construction, for maintenance inspections and even for the detection of voids and sinkholes. Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) is an electromagnetic method based on the measurement of the propagation velocity of a step voltage pulse along a probe inserted in the soil. Electrical properties of the soil, i.e. dielectric permittivity and bulk electrical conductivity, are determined and can be related to some geotechnical properties, e.g. the volumetric water content and potentially the soil density. Seismic wave propagation methods such as MASW are sometimes used in conjunction with electromagnetic methods, in an attempt to reduce the uncertainty associated with each individual method, and to provide an enhanced characterization of the investigated soil. It is still unknown however, whether they are mostly complementary methods or whether they share the assessment of common mechanical/geotechnical properties. In this work the potential and the limitations of the joint use of the MASW and TDR techniques were investigated through an in-situ near-surface programme measurement at two different soil sites, up to a depth of 1 metre. A Dynamic Cone Penetrometer test was performed and the Particle Size Distribution curve determined to extend the soil characterization, and where possible soil samples were taken at various depths in order to measure the dry density and the volumetric water content. The two techniques measured similar trends, augmenting the results obtained by each method and showing the potential for an enhanced and more complete assessment of the soil properties. In addition, bulk electrical conductivity was shown to be related to the shear modulus for the soils studied. Keywords: Multichannel Analysis of Seismic Waves (MASW), Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR), dry density, volumetric water content (VWC), Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP), phase velocity, shear wave velocity, dielectric permittivity, bulk electrical conductivity.

The Smart Driving Skill Evaluation (SDSE) System presented in this paper expedite the testing of candidates aspiring for a driving license in a more efficient and transparent manner, as compared to the present manual testing procedure existing in most parts of Asia and Pacific region. The manual test procedure is also subjected to multiple limitations like time consuming, costly and heavily controlled by the experience of examiner in conducting the test. This technological solution is developed by customizing 8051 controller based embedded system and LabVIEW based virtual instrument. The controller module senses the motion of the test vehicle on the test track referred to as zero rpm measurement and the LabVIEW based virtual instrument provides a Graphical User Interface for remote end monitoring of the sensors embedded on the test track. The proposed technological solution for the automation of existing manual test process enables the elimination of human intervention and improves the driving test accuracy while going paperless with Driving Skill Evaluation System. As a contribution to the society this technological solution can reduce the number of road accidents because most accidents results from lack of planning, anticipation and control which are highly dependent on driving skill.

Kashubin S., Petrov O., I. M. Artemieva, A. Morozov, and 9 more authors.

We present a seismic and density model for the crust and the uppermost mantle of the Arctic Ocean off-shore
Chukotka down to a 40 km depth along a 740-km long latitudinal (at ca. 77°N) “Arctic-2012” wide-angle/MCS
profile. Joint seismic and gravity modeling indicates significant differences in the crustal velocity and density
structure of the northeastern Vilkitsky Trough, the Mendeleev Rise, the Chukchi Basin, and the Chukchi Plateau.
The Vilkitsky Trough and the Chukchi Basin have a thin crust (23 km and 18 km, correspondingly), 6–8 km
thick sedimentary cover, 3–6 km thick upper/middle crust (with the smallest thickness of 3–4 km beneath the
Chukchi Basin), and 9–10 km thick lower crust. The uppermost mantle of the Chukchi Basin has a high density
(3.27–3.31 g/cm3) and a low velocity (Vp∼7.8 km/s), which we explain by 5–10% serpentinization of mantle
peridotite at a 22–35 km depth as a result of crustal hyperextension and seawater penetration.
The Chukchi Plateau and the Mendeleev Rise have a thick crust (28–29 km and 33–34 km, correspondingly),
underlain by a normal mantle (Vp∼8.0 km/s). The Chukchi Plateau has a 2‐4 km thick sedimentary cover, a
thick (15–18 km) upper/middle crust with low-Vp, low-density lenses interpreted as magmatic intrusions, and a
9–12 km thick lower crust. The Mendeleev Rise has a 3–7 km thick sedimentary cover (most of which is formed
by metasediments with a possible presence of volcanic rocks), a 7–8 km thick upper/middle crust, and a thick
(20 km) lower crust which includes a 3–4 km thick high-velocity (Vp∼7.3 km/s) underplated magmatic material.
The high density anomaly (at depths>35 km) below the Mendeleev Rise is interpreted as an eclogitic
body in the upper mantle lithosphere.
Seismic Vp and Vp/Vs structure of the crust along the “Arctic-2012” profile indicates its continental nature: a
3–18 km thick upper/middle crustal layer with Vp∼6.0–6.8 km/s and Vp/Vs∼1.70–1.73 typical of felsicintermediate
continental upper crust is present along the entire profile. Strong variability of the crustal structure
along the profile reflects its significant modification by metamorphism and magmatism, possibly related to the
High-Arctic Large Igneous Province and localized lithosphere extension beneath the Chukchi Basin.

Experimental data is subject to data loss, which presents a challenge for representing the data with a proper time scale. Additionally, data from separate measurement systems need to be aligned in order to use the data cooperatively. Due to the need for accurate time alignment, various practical techniques are presented along with an illustrative example detailing each step of the time alignment procedure for actual experimental data from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). Some example MATLAB code is also provided.

Multi-channel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) is a seismic wave propagation method which involves the measurement of Rayleigh waves propagating along the surface of a medium. The method is non-intrusive, fast and practical and it has been successfully utilized for the in-situ evaluation of shear modulus and layer thicknesses of soils and, more recently, pavement systems. The method is also widely utilized as a tool for monitoring stiffness during construction, for maintenance inspections and even for the detection of voids and sinkholes. Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) is an electromagnetic method based on the measurement of the propagation velocity of a step voltage pulse along a probe inserted in the soil. Electrical properties of the soil, i.e. dielectric permittivity and bulk electrical conductivity, are determined and can be related to some geotechnical properties, e.g. the volumetric water content and potentially the soil density. Seismic wave propagation methods such as MASW...

The cost of acquiring training data instances for induction of data mining models is one of the main concerns in real-world problems. The web is a comprehensive source for many types of data which can be used for data mining tasks. But the distributed and dynamic nature of web dictates the use of solutions which can handle these characteristics. In this paper, we introduce an automatic method for topical data acquisition from the web. We propose a new type of topical crawlers that use a hybrid link context extraction method for topical crawling to acquire on-topic web pages with minimum bandwidth usage and with the lowest cost. The new link context extraction method which is called Block Text Window (BTW), combines a text window method with a block-based method and overcomes challenges of each of these methods using the advantages of the other one. Experimental results show the predominance of BTW in comparison with state of the art automatic topical web data acquisition methods based on standard metrics.