Advanced Encryption Standards

Abstract — Genetic algorithm based Cryptanalysis has gained considerable attention due to its fast convergence time. This paper proposes a Genetic Algorithm (GA) based cryptanalysis scheme for breaking the key employed in Simplified- AES. Our proposed GA allows us to break the key using a Known Plaintext attack requiring a lower number of Plaintext-Ciphertext pairs compared to existing solutions. Moreover, our approach allows us to break
the S-AES key using also a Ciphertext-only attack. As far as we are concerned, it is the first time that GAs are used to perform this kind of attack on S-AES. Experimental results prove that our proposed fitness function along with GA have drastically reduced the search space by a factor of 10 in case of Known plain text and 1.8 in case of Ciphertext only attack.

Index Terms — Cryptanalysis, Genetic Algorithm, Plaintext, Ciphertext, Simplified-AES.

International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS), Vol. 13, No. 10, October 2015

https://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
ISSN 1947-5500

Today's world is growing rapidly over internet technologies. Steganography play an important role in the field of information security [1]. Video and images are very common choice for hiding data. In Visual cryptography we upload an image and embed encrypted data into color component using LSB audio steganography .The advantage of video cryptography is that, large amount of data can be hidden inside and the fact that it is a moving stream of images [2]. The data security approach when combined with encryption and steganography techniques for secret communication by hiding it inside the multimedia file. The data is hidden in horizontal and vertical components of the moving objects. The file such as images, audios and videos contains collection of bits that can further be translated into images, audios and videos. The file composed of insignificant bit and unused areas which can be used for overwriting of other data. This paper explains the algorithm using video steganography for enhancing data security. Key frame extraction technique is new in video steganography and is used.

— Any algorithm is evaluated based on its confusion and diffusion property determining its strength to withstand the intruding attacks. AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), using 128-bit key size has the number of rounds processed over plaintext to obtain unbreakable ciphertext. The key factor that determines the security of the algorithm is the processing of four different stages in each round during encryption and decryption. The algorithm has confusion property implemented in the form of S-Box (Substitution Box) which works in a static manner in each round. This may prove to be the loophole where an attacker may analyze the static S-Box processing and may get successful in determining plaintext by implementing reverse S-Box during the transmission of encrypted data. In this paper, authors propose a solution to strengthen the S-BOX implemented in the stage of "SubBytes" by implementing novel approach of "SMX (Sum Modulus XOR) Algorithm" with a gain of added complexity with reduced processing time.

A construction method of í µí±† 8 S-boxes is given in [6]. These í µí±† 8 S-boxes are generated by the action of symmetric group í µí±† 8 on AES S-box and these are 40320 in number. In this paper, we bounce a new method for the construction of 8 × 8 S-boxes. Instead of symmetric group í µí±† 8 , an action of symmetric group í µí±† 16 is performed on AES S-box. Accordingly, 16! (20922789888000) new í µí±† 16 S-boxes are generated. We analyze the strength of the proposed S-boxes by Balance property, Nonlinearity test (NL), Bit Independence Criterion (BIC), Linear Approximation Probability (LP), Strict Avalanche Criterion (SAC) and Differential Approximation Probability (DP). In addition, by Majority Logic Criterion (MLC) an application of these new S-boxes is observed for image encryption. Furthermore, we evaluate the results of these analyses with AES, APA, Gray, í µí±† 8 AES, Skipjack, Xyi and Residue prime S-box to know the rank of our proposed S-boxes comparative to other S-boxes. The generated S-boxes are also used to construct í µí±š 16! (í µí±š ≤ 16!)secret keys that are applied to AES in order to make it more secure.

In this research work, a fast and lightweight AES-128 cypher based on the Xilinx ZCU102 FPGA board is presented, suitable for 5G communications. In particular, both encryption and decryption algorithms have been developed using a pipelined approach, so enabling the simultaneous processing of the rounds on multiple data packets at each clock cycle. Both the encryption and decryption systems support an operative frequency up to 220 MHz, reaching 28.16 Gbit/s maximum data throughput; besides, the encryption and decryption phases last both only ten clock periods. To guarantee the interoperability of the developed encryption/decryption system with the other sections of the 5G communication apparatus, synchronization and control signals have been integrated. The encryption system uses only 1631 CLBs, whereas the decryption one only 3464 CLBs, ascribable, mainly, to the Inverse Mix Columns step. The developed cypher shows higher efficiency (8.63 Mbps/slice) than similar solutions present in literature.

The International Journal of Computer Networks & Communications (IJCNC) is a bi monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of Computer Networks & Communications.The journal focuses on all technical and practical aspects of Computer Networks & data Communications. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced networking concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) has been the focus of Cryptanalysis since it was released in the 2001, November. The research gained more important when AES as declared as the Type-1 Suite-B Encryption Algorithm, by the NSA in 2003(CNSSP-15). Which makes it deemed suitable for being utilized for encryption of the both Classified & Un Classified security documents and system. The following papers discusses the Cryptanalysis research being carried out on the AES and discusses the different techniques being used establish the advantages of the algorithm being used in Security systems. It would conclude by the trying to assess the duration in which AES can be effectively used in the National Security Applications.

Security is one of the vital concerns especially in the current period with an extensive rise in the usage of the internet. So, an effective text encryption algorithm is of greater need for achieving an immense amount of privacy. In this context, we propose a secure text encryption algorithm using an enhanced version of Diffe-Hellman and AES. By improving the Diffie-Hellman key exchange Algorithm can help in generating a secret key that is highly secure and this key is used in the AES algorithm to perform the encryption and decryption operations on a text. The proposed algorithm is implemented in Java and the results are discussed along with a possible explanation.

Cloud computing has grown very quickly to become a promising business idea in the IT industry due to its characteristics such as cost reduction, flexibility, convenience, and scalability. The wide spread of Cloud Computing was accompanied by research fields in many aspects such as performance, storage, retrieval speed, backup and restore, security and privacy and other aspects related to it, which are still searched for today. Security and Privacy of data in Cloud Computing is of utmost importance to all its users, regardless of the nature of the stored data. In this paper, we propose a system that is secure and computationally efficient. The system focuses on three algorithms are AES (Advanced Encryption Algorithm), Blowfish algorithm and MD5 algorithm to build our proposed system. The principle goal guiding the design of any encryption algorithm must be security against unauthorized attacks and our proposed system is more security than any algorithm else. However, for all practical applications, cost of implementation and performance are also major concerns.

With the strong stimulation of computer networks, computer users increasingly important to find better ways to protect personal and confidential information. A common way to ensure that such information is unreadable string encryption of sensitive data to prevent unauthorized access and viewing. Steganography is the process of hiding confidential data in the media files such as audio, images, videos etc. The point is to plan a steganography calculation which conceal the message behind the picture as well as give more security than others. In the proposed system, the data is encrypted using Advance Encryption Standard and divided using arithmetic division method. In this approach, the data will be stored in the form of divisor, quotient & remainder. The location key is also distributed, encrypted and stored in different frames. Along with this pixel, pattern matching is also used to avoid distortion of the video frame. This system will be difficult to crack since the location key is divided as well as encrypted and stored in different video frames along with this the secret message is stored in the form of a quotient, a divisor and a remainder. Even if the system is attacked the chance of the intruder to predict the pattern will be difficult as the secret data is embedded with dual protection.

Dalam penerapan konsep IoT ini ternyata banyak kasus yang ditemukan pada perangkat IoT yaitu menjadi target kejahatan siber, dengan terhubungnya perangkat kedalam jaringan internet maka disitu akan timbul kerentanan dalam jaringan IoT, maka dari itu disitulah menjadi tantangan terbesar untuk IoT ini Dengan didapatkan permasalahan seperti itu, maka dikembangan sistem keamanan dengan merancang sistem keamanan pada jaringan IoT dengan mengadopsi algortima advanced encryption standard (AES) dan MD5. Penerapan algortima AES diimplementasikan pada saat terjadi pengiriman data dari perangkat IoT ke server, dengan melakukan enkripsi-dekripsi agar saat proses pengiriman data tetap terjaga kerahasian dan keabsahannya. Sistem keamanan diuji dengan menggunakan skenario serangan DoS. Pengujian dilakukan untuk mengetahui performasi QoS dan CPU usage pada sistem yang dirancang. Hasil dari pengujian didaptakan delay sebesar 0,26284968s pada sistem keamanan tanpa adanya serangan, selisih delay anatara yang menerapkan sistem dan tanpa sistem dengan serangan DoS tools ApacheJMeter sebesar 10% dan dengan DoS tools LOIC sebesar 4%. Sedangkan untuk hasil dari peningkatan CPU usage mendapatkan selisih antara 9% pada sistem yang dirancang dengan serangan DoS dan tanpa serangan DoS.

Kata kunci : Internet of Things (IoT), Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), MD5, DoS

— Data security has become one of the most important concerns in the recent times. This has led to an increase in the importance of cryptography of the electronic data. Cryptography is the process of protecting digital information. Though there are numerous encryption systems used in security systems by various organizations, for the wider use, a particular encryption method is used as a standard. The internationally accepted and acclaimed algorithm is Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). Here in this design we are implementing the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) with a key length of 128 bits using Verilog hardware description language (HDL).

The increased of the use of computer & communications system by IT industries has increased the risk of theft of proprietary information. Cryptographic control (Encryption) is a primary method of protecting system resources. Control is inversely proportional to the Risk ( C=K/R) & mean while control is directly proportional to the quality of standard( S ). Control will be optimize the risk as well as improve the IS standard. Control is directly proportional to mitigation & mitigation is directly proportional to standard. Encryption Key length (E) is inversely proportional to the Risk. This paper contributes to the development of an optimization model that aims to determine the optimal cost to be invested into security model & mechanisms deciding on the measure component of operating system resources (i.e. Processor, Memory and Encryption). Furthermore, the model & mechanism optimize the cost, time & resources is supposed to reduce the system risks.

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Algorithm has been extensively applied in the present financial applications. Sub-channel attacks are one of the main problems occurred n the AES Algorithm. Asynchronous AES Architecture is one of the leading solutions of the sub-channel attacks due to its natural properties. The AES architecture with the enhanced mix column to be proposed with reduced number of transistor counts.. Then, the Verilog A modeling is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed AES Architecture. Finally, the VLSI Implementations of the AES Processor is implemented with CMOS technology 0.25 µm. By using the net list generations, the proposed AES Architecture is analyzed regarding the VLSI design environment. The simulation results of the proposed structure are performed with the minimum number of transistor counts as well as power utilizations. Moreover, the proposed CMOS technology based AES Algorithm is integrated into the backend based chip technology.

Sebuah pesan teks (SMS) Short Massage Servicec tidak terlalu diperhatikan tingkat keamanannya, banyak penguna pesan teks (SMS) tidak memperhatikan tingat kriminalitas yang timbul akibat kurangnya fasilitas yang melengkapi sistem keamanan SMS itu sendiri. Dalam tingkat itu pula menimbulkan banyaknya kriminalitas digital, berupa bocornya pesan – pesan rahasia yang tidak semestinya dikonsumsi publik, serta berkurangnya konfidensial publik.

ABSTRAK Advances in computer science and technology have affected every aspect of human life, including education. Information and data can be easily and quickly sent to consumers via a computer network. Data and information can be easily and quickly accessed by users through a computer network. Of course, this is dangerous if unauthorized persons have access to the data transmitted and cause a data breach or leakage. Security issues are one of the most important aspects of information systems. In particular, technological advances in data security systems to maintain data security have grown rapidly. Scientific disciplines such as encryption and steganography are being developed to maintain data security. (Program et al., 2016) In the implementation of not only one security technique, but can be done in combination in the security of information data. This research aims to create data security by applying cryptography to text messages, document files, and images online with advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithm calculation methods. AES is a cryptographic algorithm that can be used to eat data where the algorithm is a symmetric chipertext block that can encrypt and decrypt information. The result of the study is that users can encrypt text messages, document files, and images so that the security of the information data can be maintained because of security. (Ikbal, 2007)

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Algorithm has been extensively applied in the present financial applications. Sub-channel attacks are one of the main problems occurred n the AES Algorithm. Asynchronous AES Architecture is one of the leading solutions of the sub-channel attacks due to its natural properties. The AES architecture with the enhanced mix column to be proposed with reduced number of transistor counts.. Then, the Verilog A modeling is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed AES Architecture. Finally, the VLSI Implementations of the AES Processor is implemented with CMOS technology 0.25 µm. By using the net list generations, the proposed AES Architecture is analyzed regarding the VLSI design environment. The simulation results of the proposed structure are performed with the minimum number of transistor counts as well as power utilizations. Moreover, the proposed CMOS technology based AES Algorithm is integrated into the backend based chip technology

This study was conducted to determine the authenticity of a certificate quickly. Certificate forgery problem is one of the important aspects of a study that has been done. In this case, it is related to the importance of the authenticity of the certificate as proof of someone that has already passed in the study or education. In general, certificate requires legalization process for stating its authenticity or by contacting the person or institution that published the certificate. This process takes a long time and inefficient. Therefore, this study will use the hash function by using the MD5 algorithm as the value of the integrity of the certificate and utilizing AES algorithm as security in the database. In this study, MD5 can produce a digital fingerprint of the existing certificate information that has value digital integrity to prove the authenticity of a certificate. But the integrity is not enough to secure the data certificate. Therefore, this study will implement the AES algorithm to maintain the security of this integrity value.

Developing a good database system and providing security control for the database has always been a big challenge. Encryption technique has previously been proposed to provide users with confidentiality in terms of outsource storage. However, a number of these encryption algorithms are weak, enabling adversaries to compromise data simply by compromising an algorithm. A response to this challenge was made by developing a new hybrid encryption model using features of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES). A comparison was made on our new hybrid encryption model with existing encryption models. The new model improved the security of information stored in a database. The results demonstrated that the new model offers a highly secured approach that provides users and organizations with data confidentiality and integrity. It also provided acceptable overhead performance and supports query processing.

Image usage over the internet becomes more and more important each day. Over 3 billion images are shared each day over the internet which raise a concern about how to protect images copyrights? Or how to utilize image sharing experience? This paper proposes a new robust image watermarking algorithm based on compressed sensing (CS) and quantization index modulation (QIM) watermark embedding. The algorithm capitalizes on the CS to compress and encrypt images jointly with Entropy Coding, Arnold Cat Map, Pseudo-random numbers and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). Our proposed algorithm works under the JPEG standard umbrella. Watermark embedding is done in 3 different locations inside the image using QIM. Those locations differ with each 8-by-8 image block. Choosing which combination of
coefficients to be used in QIM watermark embedding depends on selecting a combination from combinations table, which is generated at the same time with projection matrices using a 10-digits Pseudorandom number secret key SK1. After quantization phase, the algorithm shuffles image blocks using Arnold’s Cat Map with a 10-digits Pseudo-random number secret key SK2, followed by a unique method for
splitting every 8x8 block into two unequal parts. Part number one will act as the host for two QIM watermarks then goes through encoding phase using Run-Length Encoding (RLE) followed by Huffman Encoding, while part number two goes through sparse watermark embedding followed by a third QIM watermark embedding and compression phase using CS, then Huffman encoder is used to encode this part.
The algorithm aims to combine image watermarking, compression and encryption capabilities in one algorithm while balancing how those capabilities works with each other to achieve significant improvement in terms of image watermarking, compression and encryption. 15 different images usually used in image
processing benchmarking were used for testing the algorithm capabilities and experiments show that our proposed algorithm achieves robust watermarking jointly with encryption and compression under the JPEG standard framework.

Two existing cryptosystems are being combined and proposed. It is the enhanced combination of KED (Key Encryption Decryption), a cryptosystem that uses modulo 69 and the AES (Advance Encryption Standard) cryptography. The strength of the KED is that the keys are being used by the sender and the receiving end. The AES is easy to implement and has good defense against various attacks such as hacking.

The increased of the use of computer & communications system by IT industries has increased the risk of theft of proprietary information. Advanced Encryption Standard (Encryption) is a primary method of protecting system resources. AES is inversely proportional to the Risk( C=K/R) & mean while control is directly proportional to the quality of standard( S ). AES Control will be optimize the risk as well as
improve the IS standard. Control is directly proportional to mitigation & mitigation is directly proportionalto standard. Encryption Key length(AES-E) is inversely proportional to the Risk. This paper contributes tothe development of anoptimization method that ais to determine the optimal cost to be invested intosecurity method, model & mechanisms deciding on the measure component of operating system
resources(i.e. Processor, Memory, Encryption). Further more, the method & mechanism optimize the cost,time & resources is supposed to reduce the system risks. Java based codeing would be update the value ofProcessor, Memory & Encryption key dynamically as per business requirement and availability of
technology & resources. Proposed Java based program is going to be optimizing risk and maximizing the performance.

Providing security to Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) is one of the essential and demanding task in recent days, due to the mobility of nodes. Typically, the malicious or attacker nodes intend to access the data packet for interrupting the communication by misbehaving. So, the data packets must be protected and the communication nodes can be authenticated while enabling the transmission. For this purpose, various authentication based security mechanisms are developed in the traditional works, but it lacks with the limitations of increased network overhead, delay, and energy consumption. To solve these issues, this paper aims to develop a new Hybrid Authentication based Secure Data Transmission (HA-SDT) framework for increasing the security of MANET. It comprises the stages of node authentication, optimal path selection, data encryption, and transmission. Initially, each node in the network can be registered with the Certificate Authority (CA) and, it can be authenticated based on the hash function. After that, the optimal path between the source and destination is identified by the use of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. Correspondingly, an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm is used to convert the original data into a cipher data with the private and public key pair. Then, the route establishment and packet transmission are performed by using the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol. This framework improves the overall performance and security of network with reduced energy consumption, delay ratio, and loss of packets. The experimental analysis is performed to evaluate the proposed framework based on the measures of Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), average time consumption, memory consumption, and throughput. Also, it is compared with the existing security mechanisms for proving the superiority of the proposed technique.

The leading causes of death worldwide are chronic illnesses suchlike diabetes, Heart Disease (HD), cancer as well as chronic respiratory malady. It is remarkably intricate to diagnose HD with disparate symptoms or features. With the augmentation in popularity of smart wearable gadgets, a chance to render an Internet of Things (IoT) solution has turned out to be more. Unfortunately, the survival rates are low for the people suffering from sudden heart attacks. Consequently, a patient monitoring scheme intended for heart patients utilizing IoT centered Deep Learning Modified Neural Network (DLMNN) is proposed to assist in the HD diagnosis, and medication is given accordingly. This proposed technique is executed via ‘3’ steps: I) Authentication, ii) Encryption, and iii) Classification. First, by utilizing the substitution cipher (SC) together with the SHA-512, the heart patient of the specific hospital is authenticated. Subsequently, the wearable IoT sensor device, which is fixed to the patient’s body, concurrently transmits the sensor data to the cloud. This sensor data is encrypted and securely transmitted to the cloud utilizing the PDH-AES technique. After that, the encrypted data is finally decrypted, and by employing the DLMNN classifier, the classification is done. The classified outcomes comprise ‘2’types of data: i) normal and ii) abnormal. It denotes the patient’s heart condition and if the outcome is abnormal, an alert text is passed to the physician for treating the patient. The investigational outcomes are estimated and the DLMNN for HD diagnosis shows improvement as compared to existing algorithms. Additionally, the proposed PDH-AES used in support of secure data transmission results in the highest level of security i.e. 95.87%, and it is achieved in the lowest time for encryption along with decryption when weighted against the existent AES.

Dynamic Portable center points in military circumstances, for instance, a forefront or a debilitating area are subject to encounter the evil impacts of unpredictable framework system and nonstop assignments. Intrusion tolerant framework (DTN) advances are getting the opportunity to be productive game plans that allow remote devices passed on by officers to compare with each other and access the arranged information or summon constantly by abusing external stockpiling center points. Unquestionably the most troublesome issues in this circumstance are the execution of endorsement techniques and the methodologies update for secure data recuperation. Figure content methodology characteristic based encryption (CP-ABE) is a promising cryptographic response for the passageway control issues. In any case, the issue of applying CP-ABE in decentralized DTNs presents a couple security and insurance challenges with regards to the property foreswearing, key escrow, and coordination of qualities issued from particular forces. In this paper, we propose a protected data recuperation arrangement using CP-ABE for decentralized DTNs where different key forces manage their qualities unreservedly. We demonstrate to apply the proposed instrument to securely and viably manage the private data scattered in the aggravation tolerant military framework.

In latest years, due to the fast expansion and development of information technology, securities of confidential information come to be critically vital in digital data broadcasting. During the transmission through insecure communication networks stream ciphers and block ciphers are usually developed to secure the confidentiality of digital information. Substitution boxes (S-boxes) are major core components of modern symmetric cryptosystems and consequently achieve an acute part in security of data. S-boxes bring nonlinearity to cryptosystems and distinguish the only nonlinear portion in numerous algorithms. Basically S-boxes are fulfilled the criteria of confusion in data. The constitution of a substitution box determines the ability of the cipher for creating confusion in data. In this paper, we proposed a compact procedure to construct a number of distinct transformed S-boxes utilized in process of encryption. In this research article, we also introduce an innovative scheme to develop 131028 new S-boxes having equal but high nonlinearity and great confusion creating capabilities. The presented methodology for the formation of different transformed S-boxes is based on the Mobius transformation. To inspect the encryption aptitudes of all newly designed S-boxes, we appraised nonlinearity, bits independence criterion, linear and differential approximation probability and made comparison with renowned S-boxes from literature.

As the advancement in technology ,banking industry is facing several changes. Customer is now at the driving seat of new financial industry scenario as the whole control is now in the hands of customer. Due to the prospering technology, traditional banking has totally changed. Banks need to establish a new customer driven environment with innovation in business models .Being a most trending technology many organizations wants to adopt clouds as a cost effective strategy ,to provide innovative client services and to increase and manage IT efficiency .But banking industry still have some issues such as security ,privacy ,compliance and authenticity which somewhere produces an obstacle to adopt this flexible and agile technology. So there is a need for some mechanism which can provide a secured cloud environment in banking industry. This paper presents a mechanism to secure the cloud in banking industry by combining some algorithms viz; Password Based Key Derivation Function (PBKDF2),Argon2, AES-256 and IDA algorithm. This paper also shows features of clouds and security challenges of clouds in banking industry.

Encryption algorithms play a dominant role in preventing unauthorized access to important data. This paper focus on the implementations of Data Encryption Standard (DES) and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithms on Microblaze soft core Processor and also their implementations on XC6VLX240t FPGA using Verilog Hardware Description language. This paper also gives a comparison of the issues related to the hardware and software implementations of the two cryptographic algorithms. Keyword: Advanced encryption standard Data encryption standard FPGA Microblaze 1. INTRODUCTION Data encryption Standard (DES) [1]-[3] is adopted in 1977 by NIST (National Institute of Standards & Technology as Federal Information Processing Standard 46 (FIPS PUB 46). DES encrypts the data of 64 bits using 56 bit key length into 64 bit cipher text. Figure 1 shows the general description of the DES algorithm for encryption. The encryption is carried out by first doing the initial permutation and then it is followed by 16 rounds consisting of permutation and substitution functions. Finally the intermediate output pass through the inverse initial permutation. For generating the 16 48-bit keys that are used in each of the 16 rounds, the 64-bit key is used as the input to the algorithm. It is then passed to the initial permutation (PC1). The sub key is produced by circular left shifts and permutation function2 (PC2).The 64-bit plain text after initial permutation is divided into left (L) and right (R) halves of 32-bit quantities. The right half is first expanded using expander and then xored with key (Ki). It is then passed through the s-boxes and the output is then permutated and xored with the left half to produce the right half for the next round. The left half is swapped with the right half to produce the left half for the next round. The decryption process uses the same encryption algorithm but the sub keys are applied in reverse order.In July 1998 DES has been proved insecure, when Electronic frontier Foundation (EFF) has announced that it has broken DES.The search for the more secure algorithm has given birth to a new encryption algorithm called Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) (FIPS PUB 197) [4] developed by Dr Vincent Rijmen and Dr. Joan Daemen .It is also called Rijndael algorithm named after its developers.

Password protection is a major security concern the world is facing today. While there are many publications available that discuss ways to protect passwords and data, how widely user from around the world adhere to these rules are unknown. The novelty of this study is that this is the first time a review is done on software tools that can be used to crack Advanced Encryption Standards. Firstly, the study does a review on top 10 software tools that are available to crack Advanced Encryption Standards. After which an analysis on two software tools was performed to see how long each software tool took to crack a password. The result of the study gives Advanced Encryption Standard researcher, Network security researcher, and the general public helpful information on how to strengthen advanced encryption standards and strengthen passwords that are hard for the software tools discussed above to crack.

Hardware implementation of cryptographic algorithms are widely used to secure wireless networks. They guarantee good security performance at low processing and energy costs. However, unlike traditional implementations, they are vulnerable to side channel attacks. Particularly, fault attacks have proved their efficiency in cracking hardware implementation of some robust symmetric and asymmetric encryption algorithms. In this paper, we develop an FPGA version of the attack proposed by Piret and Quisquater in [?] against the AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) algorithm. Through temporal and spatial analyses of the rounds that have been affected by the fault injection process, we adapt the aforementioned attack to our context. The results obtained in this paper can serve to design a more secure FPGA implementation of AES.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4689099