Ampicillin

Listeria monocytogene is a well-recognized cause of bacteremia in immunocompromised individuals, including solid organ transplant recipients, but has been rarely reported following orthotopic liver transplantation. We describe a case of listeria meningitis that occurred within a week after liver transplantation. The patient developed a severe headache that mimicked tacrolimus encephalopathy, and was subsequently diagnosed with listeria meningitis by cerebrospinal fluid culture. The infection was successfully treated with three-week course of intravenous ampicillin. Recurrent hepatitis C followed and was successfully treated with interferon alfa and ribavirin. Fourteen cases of listeriosis after orthotopic liver transplantation have been reported in the English literature. Most reported cases were successfully treated with intravenous ampicillin. There were four cases of listeria meningitis, and the mortality of them was 50%. Early detection and treatment of listeria meningitis are t...

A simple spectrophotometric method is used for the resolution of the binary mixtures of ampicillin sodium and sulbactam sodium. In aqueous solution, zero-order spectra are subject to interference, so first-derivative spectrophotometry was used to enhance the spectral details allowing the determination of ampicillin sodium from the signal at the zero-crossing point for sulbactam sodium at 268 nm. In 0.1 N sodium hydroxide, sulbactam sodium was determined from the absorbance at 260 nm with negligible contribution from ampicillin sodium. Also, sulbactam sodium was determined without interference using first- and second-derivative spectra in 0.1 N sodium hydroxide at 276 nm (peak-height) and 262–284 nm (peak-to-peak), respectively. The method is rapid, simple, does not require a separation step and allows the determination of each drug without interference from the other. The proposed method has been applied successfully to the assay of these drugs in mixtures and in commercial injections.

Existe un marcado interés en la búsqueda de productos de elevada calidad para la alimentación humana, sin embargo los productos empleados para mejorar la calidad de los alimentos pueden dan lugar a la aparición de residuos que resultan altamente nocivos para la salud, motivando esto la utilización adecuada de métodos analíticos existentes, así como la implantación de nuevas tecnologías de análisis para su detección. La presencia de antibióticos en alimentos puede traer consecuencias indeseables tales como el desencadenamiento de procesos alérgicos, reacciones de hipersensibilidad,  desarrollo de organismos patógenos resistentes, por lo que su análisis es de vital importancia. En este trabajo se sintetizaron y evaluaron diferentes polímeros molecularmente impresos para la identificación de ampicilina, utilizando diversas proporciones de ácido metacrílico y metacrilato de metilo como monómeros funcionales, etilenglicol dimetacrilato como monómero entrecruzante y ampicilina como molécula molde, mediante polimerización por el modelo de impresión no covalente. Los polímeros desarrollados fueron caracterizados por espectroscopia FT-IR. Se evaluó la capacidad de los polímeros de retener la molécula molde, desarrollando cartuchos MISPE y analizando el extracto obtenido por HPLC. Se concluye que el polímero molecularmente impreso utilizando como monómero funcional al ácido metacrílico presentó la mayor afinidad por la molécula molde. En la medida en que se disminuyó la proporción del monómero entrecruzante, la capacidad de retención del polímero disminuye y el tiempo de análisis aumenta considerablemente. En la caracterización de los polímeros por espectroscopia FT-IR, se observa que existe una semejanza en la estructura de la red entre el polímero molecularmente impreso y el utilizado como blanco (polímero no impreso), asimismo se obtuvo la polimerización con el entrecruzante por la aparición del pico C-O en todos los polímeros estudiados y la disminución del enlace –C=C-.

Aim
The Lactobacillus is an industrially-important group of probiotic organisms that plays an important role in human health by inhibiting harmful and pathogenic bacterial growth, boosting immune function, and increasing resistance to infection. The aim of this study was to identify the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus based on their phenotypic features and genotypic features. This study also shows the importance of probiotic bacterium, and the effects of their antibiotic resistance to human.
Method
Six different brands were cultured on man, rogosa and sharpe (MRS) agar. The identity of the culture was based on the characteristics of the strains of Lactobacillus spp. which was characterized using their phenotypic features (cell morphology, Gram’s staining tests which are specific for Lactobacillus genus). The bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted by two different methods, boiled cell method and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method. Furthermore, the extracted DNA yields were compared to determine which gives the best yield. The bacterial genus was detected with using genus specific primers, specific to the Lactobacillus. All the isolates were further subjected to antibiotic resistance test using disc diffusion method against a total of 4 antibiotics (Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Vancomycin and Ampicillin) and the antibiotic resistant genes of tet(M) & erm(B), were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Results
Five isolates out of six samples (A to E) were found to exhibit multiple resistance against some of the most commonly used antibiotics. The isolates showed resistance toward tetracycline, erythromycin & vancomycin. Besides that, the isolates displayed a low-level of resistance toward ampicillin.
Conclusion
This study proves that antibiotic resistance is present in different species of probiotic strains, which may pose a food safety concern.

Frequent and indiscriminate use of existing battery of antibiotics has led to the development of multi drug resistant (MDR) strains of pathogens. As decreasing the concentration of the antibiotic required to treat Salmonellosis might help in combating the development of resistant strains, the present study was designed to assess the synergistic effects, if any, of nisin, in combination with conventional anti-Salmonella antibiotics against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the selected antimicrobial agents were determined by micro and macro broth dilution assays. In-vitro synergy between the agents was evaluated by radial diffusion assay, fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index (checkerboard test) and time-kill assay. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also performed to substantiate the effect of the combinations. In-vivo synergistic efficacy of the combinations selected on the basis of in-vitro results was also evaluated...

Previous work has shown that polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) has an accelerating effect on gastrointestinal transit and a modulating influence on drug absorption in humans. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of various excipients, PEG 400, propylene glycol, d-alpha-tocopheryl-polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate (TPGS) and Labrasol on gastrointestinal transit and drug absorption in four beagle dogs using scintigraphy. Each dog received, on five separate occasions, water (control) or a dose of excipient equivalent to 1 g PEG 400, 2 g propylene glycol, 1 g TPGS or 2 g Labrasol dissolved in water and administered in the form of two capsules. The model drugs ampicillin (200mg) and antipyrine (100mg) were co-administered in the capsules. The capsule solutions were radiolabelled with technetium-99m to follow their transit using a dual-headed gamma camera, and blood samples were collected to determine drug pharmacokinetics. On a separate occasion, the drugs were dissolved in sa...

To evaluate the efficacy of intrapartum prophylactic administration of ampicillin-sulbactam in reducing intraamniotic infection and postpartum endometritis in patients with meconium-stained amniotic fluid (AF).Patients with intrapartum meconium-stained AF were randomized to receive either ampicillin-sulbactam or normal saline (placebo) intravenously at the time of diagnosis of meconium and every 6 hours until delivery. The outcomes of the two groups were compared with respect to intra-amniotic infection and postpartum endometritis.During the study period, 332 patients with meconium-stained AF were approached for participation, and 120 patients met inclusion criteria and were enrolled. Patient demographics, labor, and delivery characteristics were similar. Ampicillin-sulbactam reduced the incidence of intraamniotic infection from 23.3 to 6.7%, (P =.02; relative risk [RR] 0.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.22–0.98). The incidence of postpartum endometritis was also reduced, but the difference was statistically nonsignificant (8.3 versus 16.7%, P =.16; RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.30–1.33).Prophylactic intravenous ampicillin-sulbactam significantly reduces intra-amniotic infection in patients with meconium-stained AF.