Antibiotic Sensitivity

Garlic has been used throughout all of recorded history for culinary and medicinal reasons. The portion of the plant most often consumed is an underground storage structure called a head. The antimicrobial effects of Allium sativum (garlic) against some bacterial isolates were investigated using the agar diffusion well method. Standard methods were used to carry out the investigation. Photochemical analyses of the ethanolic extracts showed the presence of many secondary metabolites such as saponins, tannins, alkaloid steroids and glycosides. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of the agent (garlic) was determined for both the aqueous and ethanolic extract. The ethanolic extract was more effective than the aqueous extract, inhibiting all the test organisms. While the aqueous extracts was effective against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Garlic extracts are strictly broad-spectrum with immune boosting phytonutrients from Allium 'family'. Further research will need to be done to carry out the purification of the active ingredients which have potential for combating human disease. Also, toxicological studies need to be evaluated.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of Shigella species in Libyan children with diarrhoea and in controls and susceptibility of the isolates to antibiotics.
Methods: between September, 1992 and August, 1993, stool specimens from 157 children with diarrhoea (cases) and 157 age- and sex-matched controls were examined for the presence of Shigella. The children aged between a few days and 3 years.
Results: Shigella spp. were isolated from 9(5.7%) cases and 2(1.3%) controls (odds ratio,4.7; P =0.03) with Shigella flexneri type2 the predominating serotype. Most (56%) of Shigella strains from cases were isolated in autumn. The prevalence of shigellae were significantly higher in children older than one year of age and were not isolated from children less than six months old. All (100%) cases were on artificial feeding, 78% used untreated water for drinking. Blood and
mucus were observed in the stool of 56% of cases. Clinical examination revealed 67% with fever and 33% with vomiting. One patient diagnosed as septicaemic and another one as having
generalized convulsions. All isolates were sensitive to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, and norfloxacin. Drug resistance to 3 or more drugs was found in 45% of the isolates.
Conclusions: Because most of the isolates were resistant to trimethoprim-sulphamehtoxazole (64%), this antibiotic should no longer be considered the drug of choice in the treatment of Shigella-associated diarhoea in Libya. The present study shows that Shigella-associated diarrhoea in children is still a public health problem in Libya and proper measures to combat it should be taken.

The bacteriological quality of mola fish (Amblypharyngodon mola) from three local fish markets as fresh and as frozen from three departmental chain shops of Dhaka metropolis were analyzed. The microbial quality parameters varied with different sources and the quality was found to be poor for local market fish samples. In total 24 samples were considered for bacteriological quality analysis and 10 pathogenic isolates for antibiotic sensitivity test to 12 antibiotics. The total bacterial count ranged from 1.8 ± 0.25 × 104 to 6.5 ± 0.75 × 106 cfu/g for fresh and 5.5 ± 0.55 × 103 to 7.0 ± 0.80 × 105 cfu/g for frozen mola. The highest total coliform count of mola was 8.0 ± 0.55 × 104 and 6.1 ± 0.40 × 103 cfu/g for local market and departmental chain shop, respectively. All fresh and frozen samples were observed having high quantity of E. coli above 102 cfu/g. Furthermore, Salmonella-Shigella was identified in 67% samples (75% of fresh and 58% of frozen samples) varied from 0.9 ± 0.00 × 102 to 5.3 ± 0.30 × 103 cfu/g whereas Vibrio spp. was confirmed in 79% samples (83% of fresh and 75% of frozen samples) of which 90% samples exceeded 102 cfu/g. Similar pattern was observed in Staphylococcus spp. with 83% of fresh and 58% of frozen samples (63% of total samples) beyond 103 cfu/g. In case of antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the indicator and pathogenic isolates, all of them were resistant to amoxicillin and penicillin. Most of the isolates were sensitive to bacitracin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and streptomycin. The findings proved that mola fish under this study was more or less contaminated and local fish market samples were highly privileged with food borne pathogens which confirmed the unhygienic condition of the market as well as the presence of antibiotic resistance bacteria in mola fish may threat to public health safety.

Aim: This study was designed to evaluate the potential of the use of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as an alternative to conventional antibiotic sensitivity test. Materials and Methods: Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (total = 36) from clinical cases presented to Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex of College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (CVAS), Navania, Udaipur, were characterized by morphological, cultural, and biochemical methods. Then, the isolates were further subjected to molecular characterization by PCR targeting S. aureus-specific sequence (107 bp). Phenotypic antibiotic sensitivity pattern was analyzed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method against 11 commonly used antibiotics in veterinary medicine in and around Udaipur region. The genotypic antibiotic sensitivity pattern was studied against methicillin, aminoglycosides, and tetracycline targeting the gene mecA, aacA-aphD, and tetK by multiplex PCR. Results: There was 100% correlation between the phenotype and genotype of aminoglycoside resistance, more than 90% correlation for methicillin resistance, and 58.3% in the case tetracycline resistance. Conclusion: As there is a good correlation between phenotype and genotype of antibiotic resistance, multiplex PCR can be used as an alternative to the conventional antibiotic susceptibility testing, as it can give a rapid and true prediction of antibiotic sensitivity pattern.

Aim of this study was to evaluate the antibiotic resistance and sensitivity pattern in various orthopedic infectious cases. Study conducted upon patients present with orthopedic infection and post operative surgical site infection present in orthopedic in-patient during August 2016 to October 2016. Bacterial culture investigation was carried out to identify the specific organism present. Antibiotic sensitivity profile was obtained by "Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion" method from hospital microbiology lab. Relevant data was collected from patient medical report and was analyzed to get the final outcome. A total of 16 infectious cases were confirmed and reported during the study period. Of these 16 cases, male preponderance (15) with age group 21-30 years (05). Out of 16 cases, 13 were surgical site infection, 02 osteomyelytis and only 01 septic arthritis case. Most frequently isolated organism was Staphylococcus aureus (07) followed by Eschericia coli (04) (43.75%). Maximum isol...

Background and Aim: Aeromonas hydrophila is a major cause of bacterial infections affecting a wide range of warm water fishes worldwide. In Malaysia, A. hydrophila isolations from diseased fishes were previously reported; however, with limited information. The present study investigates the antibiotic susceptibility and pathogenicity of A. hydrophila isolated from farmed red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) in Malaysia.

Background and Aim: Milk is a chief source of many nutrients. However, we must also bear in mind that it is a potential source for many cases of food poisoning. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of cow mastitis and evaluate the presence of enterotoxins and antibiotic resistance patterns in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from milk and contact humans in El-Behira Province, Egypt. Materials and Methods: A total of 680 milk samples from 170 cows and 86 human samples consisting of 43 hand swabs and 43 nasal swabs were analyzed. The milk samples were subjected to the California mastitis test. Results: The general occurrence was 23.1% (157/680) where 48 quarters had clinical mastitis and 109 had subclinical mastitis. Subsequently, S. aureus was isolated in Baird-Parker agar where typical and atypical colonies were selected and submitted to coagulase and complementary tests. Out of 48 samples of mastitic milk studied, 16 (33.3%) showed contamination by S. aureus whereas...

Due to their inappropriate and indiscriminate use in treating mastitis, most antibiotics are now ineffective. The aim of the study was to determine the antibiotic sensitivity profile of identified bovine mastitis pathogens. Twenty-seven out of 38 isolates were revived from a previous work and were identified for antibiotic sensitivity. Gram-negative isolates were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Brevundimonas diminuta, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumanii, Vibrio metschnikovii, Flavimonas oryzihabitans and Pantoea agglomerans. Gram-positive isolates were Streptococcus agalactiae, Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus sp. group C or G, and Corynebacterium renale. Enterobacteriaceae isolates were resistant to Beta lactams, Erythromycin, Nitrofurantoin, Novobiocin, and Clindamycin but were sensitive to Fluroquinones. Miscellaneous Gram-negative isolates were sensitive to Colistin and Ofloxacin but were resistant to Beta lactams, Novobiocin, and Clindamycin. Str. agalactiae isolates were sensitive to Cefaclor, Ofloxacin, and Gentamicin but were resistant to Cloxacillin and Trimethoprim. Gram-positive isolates were sensitive to Oxytetracycline, Ofloxacin, Erythromycin, and Gentamicin. Mastitis treatment guided by antibiotic sensitivity testing is a promising course of therapy likely to succeed. The regimen can be further improved by a combination of non-antibiotic therapeutic methods, responsible use of suitable antibiotics, good sanitation protocols, and organized recording of data.

Lactobacillus acidophilus comes under the genus Lactobacillus which comprises of large group of beneficial bacteria that have similar properties and all produce lactic acid as an end product of the fermentation process. Previous studies shows that L.acidophilus has its own significant importance as it improves gastrointestinal function, boosts immune system, decreases the frequency of vaginal yeast infection and helps in reducing serum cholesterol levels. The present study is directed towards isolation and identification of antagonistic L. acidophilus from different regions of Allahabad. A total of 50 curd samples were collected from different regions of Allahabad. After careful examination of morphological and biochemical characteristics, all 74 isolates of different Lactobacillus species were found to be present in which 7 strains of L. acidophilus were found. Further these 7 strains were subjected to antagonistic test against selected bacterial pathogens and results revealed that all strains of L.acidophilus were found to be good antagonistic activity against selected bacterial pathogens. This study concluded that curds contain strains of L.acidophilus which shows good antagonistic property; thus revealing that it is safe and beneficial for consumption.

Background and Aim: Aeromonas hydrophila is a major cause of bacterial infections affecting a wide range of warm water fishes worldwide. In Malaysia, A. hydrophila isolations from diseased fishes were previously reported; however, with limited information. The present study investigates the antibiotic susceptibility and pathogenicity of A. hydrophila isolated from farmed red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) in Malaysia. Materials and Methods: A. hydrophila was biochemically identified and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility tests. The isolate was then intraperitoneally injected into red hybrid tilapia, and the mortality, clinicopathological changes, and LD50 were determined up to 240 h post-infection (hpi). Results: The isolate demonstrated multiple antibiotic resistances (MAR) toward amikacin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, amoxicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, and streptomycin, with a MAR index of 0.5. The experimental infection of A. hydrophila at 105 CFU/mL in t...

Water is essential to life, but many people do not have access to clean and safe water and many die of waterborne bacterial infections. There is increasing evidence that consumption of raw fresh produce is a major factor contributing to human gastrointestinal illness due to the potential for contamination with pathogenic microorganisms. The risk of disease transmission from pathogenic microorganisms present in irrigation water is influenced by the level of contamination; the persistence of pathogens in water, in soil, and on crops; and the route of exposure. Laharpur water reservoir of Bhopal is built with the objective to irrigate local farms, but the water is highly polluted and it is unsuitable for irrigation. In the present study presence of enteropathogenic aeromonads was observed in the water of reservoir, it was identified as Aeromonas hydrophila, this water not suitable for

Background and Aim: Aeromonas hydrophila is a major cause of bacterial infections affecting a wide range of warm water fishes worldwide. In Malaysia, A. hydrophila isolations from diseased fishes were previously reported; however, with limited information. The present study investigates the antibiotic susceptibility and pathogenicity of A. hydrophila isolated from farmed red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) in Malaysia.