Avrupa'da Türkçe Televizyon

Avrupa ülkelerine 1950'li yıllardan sonra Türkiye ile imzalanana işçi göçü anlaşmalarıyla birçok kişi göç etmiştir. Buralara kısa süreli gidişler yerini kalıcı yerleşmelere bırakmış ve oralarda yaşayan Türk çocukları, zaman içerisinde giderek ana dili ve kültürlerine uzaklaşma tehlikesiyle ile karşılaşmıştır. Birçok akademik çalışma, ana dili edinim ve öğrenim sorunları yaşayan çocukların ikinci dili (L2) öğrenmede güçlükler çekeceğini ve dolayısıyla bu durumda akademik başarının da olumsuz etkileneceğini vurgulamaktadır. Çalışmanın verileri söz konusu göçlerin yaşandığı ülkelerden biri olan Hollanda'nın Rotterdam şehrinde çeşitli okullarda öğrenim gören on dört çocuğun açık uçlu iki soruya verdikleri cevapları içeren yazı kâğıdı örneklerinin çözümlenmesinden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma kapsamında doküman incelemesi yöntemi esas alınmıştır. Veri çözümleme aşamasında yanlışlar, Corder'ın (1973) ifade ettiği yanlış çözümlemesi basamakları ve çözümleme sürecinde ortaya çıkan kodlara göre kategorilendirilmiştir. Dokümanlarda yapılan kelime sayımı neticesinde 3053 kelimelik bir veri setinden toplamda 2676 yanlış tespit edilmiştir. Yanlışların daha çok ana dili bilgi eksikliği (%80.79), ikinci dilden ana diline kelime transferi (% 6.05), ikinci dilin söz dizimine göre yazma (%4.93) ve karma dil kullanımı (% 2.8) başlıklarında toplandığı görülmektedir. Ayrıca yazmada yapılan harf veya hece eksiltme-arttırmanın (%5.36) duyduğu gibi yazma neticesinde ortaya çıktığı değerlendirilmiştir. Yazı örneklerinden hareketle yanlış sayısının oldukça fazla olduğu, yazma becerisini de kapsayan ana

This study is aiming to research the present and past situation of Turkish language TV broadcasts from European countries as Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland and Austria.
The first Turkish language TV broadcasts in Europe were aired subsequently after Turkish workers migration started in the early 1960`s. The first TV program aimed towards Turkish workers in Europe was aired in 1965 by the German WDR broadcasting network in form of the multilingual setting “Their home our home/Ihre Heimat unsere Heimat (Sizin Vatanınız Bizim Vatanımız)”. In the following years, public TV stations other countries started to set similar examples.
The TV channel “Avrupa Türk Televizyonu” (ATT) which started broadcasting in Ludwigshafen on September 17th 1984 was the first purely Turkish station in Europe. This step was followed by the channel TD1, that started broadcasting in 1985 from West-Berlin. A positive correlation between the density of Turkish population and the frequency of Turkish TV broadcasts can be established when studying the development of such enterprises. As more than half of Europe’s Turkish population is living in Germany, most of Turkish TV broadcasts were aired from there. Following Germany, broadcasts concentrate in the Netherlands, France and Belgium. In Austria, Switzerland, the UK and Sweden, the number of Turkish TV broadcasts has been much lower. In 1990, Turkish state television TRT founded the channel TRT-INT, resulting in a growing audience in Europe being able to follow TV channels directly from Turkey. Following that development, Turkish TV programs became the main medium of news and entertainment for Turks in Europe. Nowadays, Turkish TV viewers all over Europe are able to choose between about 500 Turkish TV stations.
As of December 2018, Turkish TV stations broadcasting via traditional channels or the internet in Europe are numbering fourteen, out of those, only five are viewable via cable TV or satellite TV. As TV channels situated in Turkey have established a near monopoly on the advertisement market, Turkish TV stations located in Europe itself often could not keep up and were forced to close down. Therefore, Turkish TV stations in Europe are focusing on internet broadcasting, as that medium is bearing much lower costs. Furthermore, it has been observed that TV stations broadcasting in Turkish language tend do prefer the more functional IPTV than internet TV. 
Nowadays, with about five million Turks living in Europe, the migrants have started the transformation process from “guest worker” to “citizen”. While Turks have been becoming a present factor in fields like politics and economy, media has becoming an important factor for the continuity and evolvement of the Turkish language among the third generation of Turkish immigrants.
This study is limited to Turkish TV broadcasts from eight different European countries, the Balkans are not covered within its scope. From a methodological point of view, primary and secondary literary sources have been used together with person to person interviews. Especially the interviews have revealed many new and previously uncovered findings regarding the development of Turkish internet TV broadcasts from abroad.