Blind Spots

Despite the security community's emphasis on the importance of building secure software, the number of new vulnerabilities found in our systems is increasing. In addition, vulnerabilities that have been studied for years, such as buffer overflows, are still commonly reported in vulnerability databases. Historically, the common response has been to blame the developers for their lack of security education. This paper discusses a new hypothesis to explain this problem and introduces a new security paradigm where software vulnerabilities are viewed as blind spots in developer's heuristicbased decision-making processes. Humans have been hardwired through evolution to use heuristics when confronted with problems and tasks. Heuristics are simple computational models to solve problems without considering all the information available, like taking shortcuts. They are an adaptive response to our limited working memory because they require less cognitive effort, but can lead to errors. This paper's thesis is that as software vulnerabilities represent corner cases that exercise unusual information flows, security thinking tends to be left out from the repertoire of heuristics used by developers during their programming tasks. Leveraging this paradigm, this paper introduces a novel methodology for capturing and understanding security-related blind spots in Application Programming Interfaces (APIs). Finally, it discusses how this methodology can be applied to the design and implementation of the next generation of automated diagnosis tools.

Questions of completeness of grasp or certainty are being viewed with suspicion, while human action, mirrored in complete reality, confronts us with limits. Dealing with these issues (as with all others) is tinted by the selected categorial systems through which the empirical phenomena are being judged. The categorial structure of the currently paradigmatic approaches does indeed not allow certainty, especially not when dealing with completeness; this is why the 'modern' formulations of laws are not essentialist, but appear increasingly in stochastic terms. But they do not allow an access to the core of singularities (individual cases), and within these approaches it can not be decided whether the totality is inaccessible per se. - An approach is proposed that does not have these weaknesses. It operates through strictly universally applicable fundamental concepts, in which perspectivity and completeness of grasp can become compatible, and it provides also a clarification of the foundation of the presently paradigmatic approaches, which they cannot afford themselves (issue of ultimate justification). The result is a structure of precisely balanced categorial concepts with heuristic content, which complements the 'modern' formulations of laws and causation (ie reached on an external-empirical basis).
German original:
Fragen um Ganzheitserfassung oder Gewißheit werden beargwöhnt, während menschliches Tun, gespiegelt an der ganzen Wirklichkeit, uns vor Grenzen stellt. Der Umgang mit diesen Fragen ist (wie mit allen anderen) gefärbt von den gewählten Kategoriensystemen, durch die die empirischen Phänomene beurteilt werden. Die Kategorien der derzeit paradigmatischen Ansätze erlauben in der Tat keine Gewißheit, vor allem nicht im Umgang mit der Ganzheit; deshalb sind die 'modernen' Formulierung von Gesetzmäßigkeiten nicht mehr essenzialistisch, sondern zunehmend stochastisch geworden. Sie erlauben aber keine Einsicht in den Kern der Singularitäten (Einzelfälle) und es kann innerhalb dieser Ansätze nicht endgültig entschieden werden, ob die Ganzheit per se unzugänglich sei. — Wir legen einen Ansatz vor, der diese Schwächen nicht hat. Er verläuft in streng universell anwendbaren Grundbegriffen, in denen Perspektivität und Ganzheitserfassung kompatibel ist, und bietet auch eine Klärung der Basis der nun paradigmatischen Ansätze, die diese selbst nicht leisten können (Letztbegründungs-Problematik). Es resultiert eine Struktur von präzis ausgewogenen Leit-Ordnungen mit heuristischem Gehalt, welche die 'modernen' (d.h. auf äußerlich-empirischer Basis erreichten) Formulierungen von Gesetzmäßigkeiten und Ursächlichkeiten komplementär ergänzen.

In the early history of psychoanalysis, the work of Wilhelm Stekel (1868-1940) was by and large neglected, even though he wrote a considerable number of psychoanalytic studies, some of which should be considered to have had a major infl uence on Freud's early thought. Freud, in turn, had much greater infl uence on Stekel than is commonly believed. In this article, the authors aim to uncover some of these mutual infl uences, in particular in the fi eld of practice, by focusing on the elements of autobiography and self-analysis. The authors have identifi ed a number of covert autobiographical passages in the work of Stekel, and attempt to link one of these 'revelations' to an equally covert response to it by Freud. In the closing section of this article, the authors argue that Stekel's attempt to imitate Freud's self-analysis contributed to the fracture between the two of them.

In the early history of psychoanalysis, the work of Wilhelm Stekel (1868-1940) was by and large neglected, even though he wrote a considerable number of psychoanalytic studies, some of which should be considered to have had a major influence on Freud's early thought. Freud, in turn, had much greater influence on Stekel than is commonly believed. In this article, the authors aim to uncover some of these mutual influences, in particular in the field of practice, by focusing on the elements of autobiography and self-analysis. The authors have identified a number of covert autobiographical passages in the work of Stekel, and attempt to link one of these 'revelations' to an equally covert response to it by Freud. In the closing section of this article, the authors argue that Stekel's attempt to imitate Freud's self-analysis contributed to the fracture between the two of them.

ABSTRACT Animal rights and animal protection activists have long been critics of traditional wildlife management and its damage management counterpart. They claim that wildlife personnel have over-relied on lethal control of overabundant species. Lethal control, they argue, only resolves a problem for the short-term and therefore diminishes the need for people to change their behavior to achieve long-term success. Because effective nonlethal techniques are available, wildlife managers should be encouraging and even compelling the adoption of these techniques. Wildlife managers have endeavored to blunt the criticism by encouraging the use of these techniques. Insofar as those suffering the damage are satisfied, this new approach is to be welcomed. However, wildlife managers have not considered the consequences (both intended and unintended) of these alleged nonlethal management strategies. The consequences of this oversight affect ethics and philosophy. In ethics, wildlife managers must consider that the employment of nonlethal techniques raises questions of justice to the poor and disadvantaged who frequently cannot afford the costs of implementing nonlethal control. For example, the geese evicted from a wealthy community may take up residence in a poor one whose residents lack the financial ability to hire someone to haze the geese. In philosophy, wildlife managers should consider how the exaltation of nonlethal control would undermine the public’s support for consumptive uses of wildlife. In other words, if nonlethal control is so effective, why do we continue to have deer hunts? I will conclude the paper with suggestions as to how wildlife managers and wildlife damage management professionals should frame the debate so that consumptive wildlife management is duly protected.

In conventional technology, CMOS logic circuits are used. This technology suffer from high power issues due to long traffic delay and leakage current. After that, Hybrid logic-in memory architecture using Magnetic Tunnel Junction(MTJ) to overcome these limitations. Magnetic Tunnel junction is a non-volatile device to achieve high access speed and infinite endurance. Recently, 1-bit non-volatile full adder using MTJ have been proposed to build low-power high-density arithmetic/logic unit for processor. However, this method has partial non-volatile property because MTJ is used as one of their operands. For this purpose, extending 1-bit to multi bit structure offers full non-volatility. Synchronous 8-bit non-volatile full adder presented in this paper, the input signals are stored in MTJ instead of CMOS register. MTJ with CMOS logic circuits three possible structures are proposed with respect to different location of NV data. The design is simulated in 180nm CMOS technology using cadence EDA tool. Keyword-3-D integration, 8-bit flip-flop, 8-bit full adder, full non-volatility, STT-MTJ __________________________________________________________________________________________________