Boiling point

The global clean and improved cooking solutions sector has evolved significantly in recent years. Clean and improved cooking solutions are also beginning to generate attractive market opportunities for local and international private enterprises in the provision of cooking appliances, fuels, and financing. This report covers all clean and improved cooking solutions that can improve on the fuel efficiency and emissions performance of traditional cooking technologies such as the three stone fire, open U-shaped clay or mud stoves, metal bucket charcoal stoves, and unvented coal stoves. Under the definition of improved cooking solutions the report includes all cook stoves that improve fuel efficiency without reducing particulate matter emissions to the low levels necessary for optimal health and environmental outcomes as defined by World Health Organization (WHO) household air pollution guidelines and the International Standards Organization International Workshop Agreement (ISO IWA) gu...

The mutually optimized combinations of vertex-degree weighted path indices and the vertex-degree vertex-distance weighted elements of the Universal matrix were applied in the way of TI new = ∑k N ×PN(a N ,b N ,...) + k ij ×u ij (a ij ,b ij ,c ij). They were correlated to the boiling points of octanes. Using the mutually optimized combination of vertex-degree weighted path indices P2(a 2 ,b 2 ,c 2), P3(a 3 ,b 3 ,c 3 ,d 3), and P4(a 4 ,b 4 ,c 4 ,d 4 ,e 4) there was observed R = 0.99950. When in addition to P2(a 2 ,b 2 ,c 2), P3(a 3 ,b 3 ,c 3 ,d 3), and P4(a 4 ,b 4 ,c 4 ,d 4 ,e 4) also P1(a 1 ,b 1) or u 72 (a 72 ,b 72 ,c 72) or u 76 (a 76 ,b 76 ,c 76) or u 62 (a 62 ,b 62 ,c 62) or u 74 (a 74 ,b 74 ,c 74) or u 52 (a 52 ,b 52 ,c 52) have been applied, then the goodnesses of up to R = 0.99988, S = 0.098, IC = 98.5% have been observed. The mutually optimized combinations of vertex-degree weighted path indices and the vertex-degree vertex-distance weighted elements of the Universal matrix are promising indices also for other physicochemical properties of octanes.

This paper reports the simultaneous catalytic esterification and acetalisation of a bio-oil with methanol using a commercial Amberlyst-70 catalyst at temperatures between 70 and 170°C. The bio-oil was prepared from the pyrolysis of mallee woody biomass in a fluidised-bed pyrolysis reactor under the fast heating rate conditions. Our results show that the conversion of light organic acids and aldehydes to

This paper reports the simultaneous catalytic esterification and acetalisation of a bio-oil with methanol using a commercial Amberlyst-70 catalyst at temperatures between 70 and 170°C. The bio-oil was prepared from the pyrolysis of mallee woody biomass in a fluidised-bed pyrolysis reactor under the fast heating rate conditions. Our results show that the conversion of light organic acids and aldehydes to