CTL

PAIKEM adalah  singakatan dari Pembelajaran Aktif, Inovatif, Kreatif, Efektif, dan Menyenangkan. PAIKEM adalah salah satu model pembelajaran yang mentitikfokuskan pada siswa untuk berperan aktif saat proses pebelajaran berlangsung. Model pembelajaran ini mengilustrasikan proses pembelajaran yang menyenangkan dan peserta didik dilibatkan langsung untuk berpartisipasi selama proses pembelajaran tersebut. Oleh karena itu, guru  dituntut untuk menciptakan ide-ide yang menarik minat belajar siswa. 
Untuk mengebangkan pemahaman dan keterampilan siswa, PAIKEM memungkinkan siswa untuk melakukan kegiatan yang beragam. Supaya lebih menarik, guru dapat menggunakan sumber dan alat bantu yang tersedia, termasuk lingkungan sekitar.

Technology for the production of syngas from coal and its subsequent conversion to synthetic crude oil has existed for a number of years with somewhat limited commercial implementation. This indirect coal liquefaction process was analysed to provide a preliminary assessment of its economic feasibility in Australia. Analysis was enabled through Aspen Plus simulation of coal preparation, gasification, syngas conditioning, Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis and syncrude refining processes. This model was run with four Australian thermal coals as feedstock, specifically selected as their individual characteristics represent a wide range of coal types and because they have previously been subject to pilot scale gasification trials. Simulation results showed that coal type significantly affects the volume of FT liquid fuels produced, with production ranging from 21,000bbl/day to 43,000bbl/day. High carbon content coals yielded the highest fuel volumes and lowest relative CO2 production, although this is still significant at 3.9 kg CO2/kg fuel produced.
Economic analysis of the modelled process was facilitated by simulation data, commodity price predictions and capital cost estimates for a reference CTL plant of similar size. Analysis showed that, for all the scenarios considered, the project offered a large, negative net present value and low internal rate of return ranging from 2.3% to 7.4%. This indicates that the process under consideration is not viable under the current market conditions in Australia. Breakeven prices required for crude oil to yield a viable process varied between $120- $160/bbl depending on the coal feedstock. Process economics were shown to be most sensitive to product prices received, therefore crude oil prices would significantly affect the project viability. Results also showed that high carbon content coals offer the lowest breakeven fuel prices and highest returns, as the price premium for their higher heating value is more than offset by the additional fuel production achieved. However, none of the coals trialled offered a viable Australian CTL process and this appears to remain the case unless sustained increases in crude oil prices are experienced.

This report examines the feasibility of potential technologies that could enable coal-based fuels to meet the requirements of the DoD consistent with section 526 of the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 (Public Law 110-140). The report also discusses research on those technologies that are most promising for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, capture of carbon, and other approaches that could enable coal-based fuels to be procured under section 526 of the EISA 2007.

Sistem pembelajaran konvensional hanya menekan pada transfer of knowledge yang berimplikasi pada pembelajan di kelas dan buku pelajaran, dengan demikian sistem hapalan berorientasi dalam pendekatan ini. Sehingga siswa yang belajar hanya mengenal teori dan jauh dari realitas yang di ajarkan. Berdasarkan pengalaman di atas maka berbagai macam model pembelajaran di terapkan oleh para ahli guna membuat siswa secara langsung mengenal dunia yang mereka pelajari. Dengan demikian lahirlah apa yang kita kenal saat ini dengan pembelajaran kontekstual atau Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) yang berakar pada pendekatan konstruktivisme. Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) adalah suatu pendekatan pembelajaran yang menekankan kepada proses keterlibatan siswa secara penuh untuk dapat menemukan materi yang dipelajari dan menghubungkannya dengan situasi kehidupan nyata sehingga mendorong siswa untuk dapat menerapkannya dalam kehidupan mereka. Dari konsep tersebut, minimal tiga hal yang terkandung di dalamnya. Pertama, CTL menekankan kepada proses keterlibatan siswa untuk menemukan materi, artinya proses belajar diorientasikan pada proses pengalaman secara langsung. Proses belajar dalam konteks CTL tidak mengharapkan agar siswa hanya menerima pelajaran, akan tetapi proses mencari dan menemukan sendiri materi pelajaran Kedua, CTL mendorong agar siswa dapat menemukan hubungan antara materi yang dipelajari dengan situasi kehidupan nyata, artinya siswa dituntut untuk dapat menangkap hubungan antara pengalaman belajar di sekolah dengan kehidupan nyata. Hal ini sangat penting sebab dengan dapat mengorelasikan materi yang ditemukan dengan kehidupan nyata, bukan saja bagi siswa materi itu akan bermakna secara fungsional akan tetapi materi yang dipelajarinya akan tertanam erat dalam memori siswa, sehingga tidak akan mudah dilupakan. Ketiga, CTL mendorong siswa untuk dapat menerapkannya dalam kehidupan, artinya CTL bukan hanya mengharapkan siswa dapat memahami materi yang dipelajarinya, akan tetapi bagaimana materi pelajaran itu dapat mewarnai perilakunya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Materi pelajaran dalam konteks CTL bukan untuk ditumpuk di otak dan kemudian dilupakan akan tetapi segala bekal mereka dalam mengarungi kehidupan nyata. Dari ketiga kandungan CTL di atas model pembelajaran ini bertujuan untuk membuat siswa lebih anteraktif dalam pembelajaran, karena mereka ukan lagi sebagai objek

Development of safe and effective cancer vaccine formulation is a primary focus in the field of cancer immunotherapy. The recognition of the crucial role of dendritic cells (DCs) in initiating anti-tumor immunity has led to the development of several strategies that target vaccine antigens to DCs as an attempt for developing potent, specific and lasting anti-tumor T cell responses. The

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes are potential candidates for subunit vaccine design for various diseases. Most of the existing T cell epitope prediction methods are indirect methods that predict MHC class I binders instead of CTL epitopes. In this study, a systematic attempt has been made to develop a direct method for predicting CTL epitopes from an antigenic sequence. This method is based on quantitative matrix (QM) and machine learning techniques such as Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN). This method has been trained and tested on non-redundant dataset of T cell epitopes and non-epitopes that includes 1137 experimentally proven MHC class I restricted T cell epitopes. The accuracy of QM-, ANN- and SVM-based methods was 70.0, 72.2 and 75.2%, respectively. The performance of these methods has been evaluated through Leave One Out Cross-Validation (LOOCV) at a cutoff score where sensitivity and specificity was nearly equal. Finally, both machine-learning methods were used for consensus and combined prediction of CTL epitopes. The performances of these methods were evaluated on blind dataset where machine learning-based methods perform better than QM-based method. We also demonstrated through subgroup analysis that our methods can discriminate between T-cell epitopes and MHC binders (non-epitopes). In brief this method allows prediction of CTL epitopes using QM, SVM, ANN approaches. The method also facilitates prediction of MHC restriction in predicted T cell epitopes. The method is available at http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/ctlpred/.

Rail-mounted boom type bucket wheel reclaimers and stacker-reclaimers are primary means of materials handling at stockyards. Therefore, the selection of the best possible equipment type (model) is of crucial importance for the decision-makers. The authors ...

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against the HIV Gag protein are associated with lowering viremia; however, immune control is undermined by viral escape mutations. The rapid viral mutation rate is a key factor, but recombination may also contribute. We hypothesized that CTL responses drive the outgrowth of unique intra-patient HIV-recombinants (URFs) and examined gag sequences from a Kenyan sex worker cohort. We determined whether patients with HLA variants associated with effective CTL responses (beneficial HLA variants) were more likely to carry URFs and, if so, examined whether they progressed more rapidly than patients with beneficial HLA-variants who did not carry URFs. Women with beneficial HLA-variants (12/52) were more likely to carry URFs than those without beneficial HLA variants (3/61) (p < 0.0055; odds ratio = 5.7). Beneficial HLA variants were primarily found in slow/standard progressors in the URF group, whereas they predominated in long-term non-progressors/s...

: This report examines the feasibility of potential technologies that could enable coal-based fuels to meet the requirements of the DoD consistent with section 526 of the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 (Public Law 110-140). The report also discusses research on those technologies that are most promising for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, capture of carbon, and other approaches that could enable coal-based fuels to be procured under section 526 of the EISA 2007.

BACKGROUNDProstate cancer is currently the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men in the US. Immunological approaches may provide an alternative option for prevention and treatment of prostate cancer.Prostate cancer is currently the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men in the US. Immunological approaches may provide an alternative option for prevention and treatment of prostate cancer.METHODSTo develop vaccine against prostate cancer using mouse model, we constructed three recombinant adenoviruses expressing prostate-specific membrane antigen (rAd/PSMA), prostate stem cell antigen (rAd/PSCA) and six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate (rAd/STEAP), that were specifically up-regulated in the transgenic murine prostate cancer.To develop vaccine against prostate cancer using mouse model, we constructed three recombinant adenoviruses expressing prostate-specific membrane antigen (rAd/PSMA), prostate stem cell antigen (rAd/PSCA) and six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate (rAd/STEAP), that were specifically up-regulated in the transgenic murine prostate cancer.RESULTSMale C57BL/6 mice were immunized by intravenous injection of these recombinant adenoviruses and subsequently by subcutaneous injection of dendritic cells pulsed with TRAMP-C1 tumor lysate. After subcutaneous challenge with TRAMP-C1 cells, tumor growth was significantly delayed in the immunized mice compared to the control group. Surprisingly, significant numbers of STEAP-specific CD8 T cells were detected in the peripheral blood and the spleen of immune mice using MHC I tetramers, and injection of rAd/STEAP alone followed by pulsed DC was sufficient to inhibit tumor growth. Therapeutic vaccination also significantly delayed the growth of pre-established tumors.Male C57BL/6 mice were immunized by intravenous injection of these recombinant adenoviruses and subsequently by subcutaneous injection of dendritic cells pulsed with TRAMP-C1 tumor lysate. After subcutaneous challenge with TRAMP-C1 cells, tumor growth was significantly delayed in the immunized mice compared to the control group. Surprisingly, significant numbers of STEAP-specific CD8 T cells were detected in the peripheral blood and the spleen of immune mice using MHC I tetramers, and injection of rAd/STEAP alone followed by pulsed DC was sufficient to inhibit tumor growth. Therapeutic vaccination also significantly delayed the growth of pre-established tumors.CONCLUSIONOur results suggest that STEAP is a good immunologic target antigen against prostate cancer and our vaccination regimen successfully elicits anti-tumor CTL responses and suppresses tumor growth. More studies will expedite the development of this vaccine toward clinical application. Prostate 69: 938–948, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Our results suggest that STEAP is a good immunologic target antigen against prostate cancer and our vaccination regimen successfully elicits anti-tumor CTL responses and suppresses tumor growth. More studies will expedite the development of this vaccine toward clinical application. Prostate 69: 938–948, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.