Cambridge

Gdp even net of obsolescence (ndp) has to be considered only as an expense (investment is an expense; consumption, export minus import, and change of stock, all these indicators are today expenses). As entrepreneur you will never manage your investments by looking only the expenses, it is clear you will make decision on gains. As a person, will you look at the expenses you do to acquire stocks or at the gains? Thus it must have been clear that you will never manage a country by costs, so why do governments use gdp (consumption plus investment spending) to drive their economy? Governments would manage gains: wealth created that is the full result you get from all these expenses. The net gain due to the today investment is the opportunity to invest, resulting from all future revenues received (salaries, taxes and free cash-flow) minus this today investment.
This is due to the classical way of macroeconomics: by managing one year (even several, but not all the future years), the macroeconomics makes the same mistake since about 100 years, when Simon Kuznets and John Maynard Keynes made the gdp the key indicator of any economy.
We will show that, each year, consumption plus the discounting sum of all revenues consumed resulting from the investment is no more than the wealth created, which is very different from the gdp.

In the face of an unprecedented surge in United Nations (UN) peacekeeping activity over the past three years—with now almost 100,000 military, police and civilian personnel deployed on four continents in 18 operations—there is a need for the UN to develop a ...

During the last two decades, Cambridge has experienced a surge of economic growth due to it being recognized as a world-class center for research and technology.  This has resulted in huge job growth and in-migration.  It has also been a town that has restrained housing development in order to maintain its attractive environment and quality of life.  The consequence of this combination of restricted development and economic expansion has been a rise in house prices and displacement of workers from the city into the surrounding areas. 

The aim of this thesis is to use gentrification theory as a framework to analyse these changes and to assess the impact of them on local residents.  The objectives of this are to establish which areas in Cambridge are experiencing socio-economic change regarding inflows and outflows of residents, what are the motivations of those wishing to live in the central city and what are the attitudes and perceptions of those residents who live in the areas experiencing such change.  On the basis of this the research will assess who loses from gentrification and what the policy implications of this are.

'People today do not work as hard as they did in the past.' How true is this of your society? My father, a professional engineer, works late into the night-leaving his desk only when the GrabFood delivery man comes with his supper. Compared to this modern-day worker, a caveman living 5,000 years ago might have shorter working hours due to the lack of electrical lighting at night; but, the caveman probably worked just as hard. He had to hunt, collect firewood, make wooden spears and stone tools, and spend hours just to make a fire. People in the past have to work hard to satisfy their basic (physiological) needs, whereas contemporary workers work hard to meet their basic and higher-order needs. Arguably, the contemporary worker might be working much harder due to the generally insatiable nature of his higher-order emotional and spiritual needs-thus, tipping the balance.

"The island of Sri Lanka, situated off the tip of southern India, is often perceived as the recipient of material culture diffused from more northerly regions. This article counters this model by suggesting that Sri Lanka may have played a pivotal role in the development of Brahmi, South Asia's earliest readable script. Sherds inscribed with this script, recently found at Anuradhapura, with dates of the beginning of the fourth century BC, now represent its earliest dated examples anywhere in the subcontinent. By analyzing the sherds' archaeological and scriptural context it presents a tentative mechanism for Brahmi's development and spread through South Asia and concludes by discussing the dynamic relationships between scripts, langtiage, material culture and ethnic division within Sri Lanka."

http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0959774300001608

The strategic context of new burhs created by the West Saxon King Edward the Elder at Buckingham, Newport Pagnell, Towcester and probably Aylesbury in the period 914 to 917, is examined to determine the ways in which the foundation of these burhs as new fortified settlements was associated with the formation of new burghal territories to maintain their strategic functionality. These were arguably divided into units of around 300 hides, here termed 'proto-hundreds', in the late ninth and early tenth-century programmes of burghal formation. These in turn were divided into vills or estates, in most cases as 5-and 10-hide units. These developments are compared with processes which can be inferred from similar evidence from neighbouring shires of Bedfordshire, Huntingdonshire and Cambridgeshire, where similar proto-hundreds of between 200 and 400 hides formed primary landscape divisions within their burghal territories. All these are argued as comprising elements of a major reorganization of the administrative landscape as part of the essential infrastructure of the formation of the burhs. These new cadastral redevelopments demonstrate the organizational precocity of the West Saxon state at this period. These proto-hundreds were subsequently divided into 100-hide units as a development which was arguably concurrent with the creation of the shires, formed by fusion of the earlier burghal territories, in probably the third quarter of the tenth century. The course of development of burhs and burghal territories, and of hundreds, wapentakes and shires, as new elements in the administrative landscape of late Saxon England, raises fundamental issues about the ways in which both the Mercian and West Saxon states set about organising themselves to put in place the administrative infrastructure which was needed to meet their strategic and social agendas, in different historical contexts. While the shires of central Wessex were established well before the ninth century, those of western and central Mercia were later developments. It is argued in this paper that a crucial factor in these developments in Mercia was

The scope of this article is Prescriptive Grammar.
Any English user may need a quick reference concerning conditionals in general. However, many users have an incorrect idea that, when we use past perfect in the if clause, it is ALWAYS incorrect to use “would or would not + base form of verb” in the main clause.
Therefore, the objective of this article is:
1. to define CONDITIONAL (IF) sentences in general and their BASICs; and
2. to correct the incorrect idea that, when we use past perfect in the if clause, it is ALWAYS incorrect to use “would or would not + base form of verb” in the main clause. We use this pattern in MIXED CONDITIONAL.
Whether we use “would/wouldn’t + have + past participle” or “would/wouldn’t + base form of verb” depends on whether the event is a Third Conditional or Mixed Conditional event.

This is an edited transcription of an oral interview published in Academia on June 17th. ‘Only Connect’ was a slogan coined by the novelist, E.M. Forster, in Howard’s End. My latest book, Self in the World (2022), has as a subtitle ‘Connecting life’s extremes’: self/world, individual/society, personal/impersonal, local/global, real/virtual, life/ideas, speech/writing. The interview in Rio de Janeiro, May 2011, takes some time to get to this point, but firmly establishes that my fixation with these pairs as an anthropologist is rooted in the contradictions of my schooling as a teenager. The first half of my professional history is focused on my early years as a student in Manchester, Cambridge and Accra. But the second half achieves greater depth with the development industry, the United States, studying money, building an online community, South Africa and reflections on the global condition of anthropology today. There are important gaps, such as Britain, the Caribbean, Africa and Europe, with no mention of prolonged mental illness, even if it is a known hazard of professional academic life. These topics are explored more fully in Self in the World.

Cambridge History of the Book in Britain: Chapter 8 - Urban production of manuscript books and the role of the university towns
By M. A. Michael
Edited by Nigel J. Morgan, University of Cambridge, Rodney M. Thomson, University of Tasmania
Book: The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain, 2008, pp 168-194

Este trabalho buscará apresentar o calendário judaico moderno além de caracterizá-lo. Trataremos de questões acerca do uso do calendário, do seu lugar social e da sua crítica. Explicaremos particularidades do calendário dito lunissolar além do uso de comparações baseadas numa tabela elaborada para questões didáticas. Trabalharemos com problematizações sobre linhas temporais, datações, etc., destacando duas cronologias em particular: The Jewish Time Line Encyclopedia de Mattis Kantor e a cronologia acadêmica apresentada pela coleção The Cambridge History of Judaism. Com isso, pretendemos não só lidar com o calendário judaico em si, mas também perseguir superficialmente as pretensões de Kantor ao usar como base de sua enciclopédia de linha temporal, o calendário judaico.

‘Only Connect’ was a slogan coined by the novelist, E.M. Forster, in Howard’s End. My latest book, Self in the World (2022), has as a subtitle ‘Connecting life’s extremes’: self/world, individual/society, personal/impersonal, local/global, real/virtual, life/ideas, speech/writing. The interview in Rio de Janeiro, May 2011, takes some time to get to this point, but firmly establishes that my fixation with these pairs as an anthropologist is rooted in the contradictions of my schooling as a teenager. The first half of my professional history gives is focused on my early years as a student in Manchester, Cambridge and Accra. But the second half achieves greater depth with the development industry, the United States, studying money, building an online community, South Africa and reflections on the global condition of anthropology today. There a important gaps, such as Britain, the Caribbean, Africa and Europe, with no mention of prolonged mental illness, even if it is a known hazard of professional academic life. These topics are explored more fully in Self in the World.

Saxon Sydney-Turner was a constant figure in the gatherings of the Bloomsbury Group, but has been largely forgotten because he went unpublished, and therefore unrecognized, as a contributing member in this historically important intellectual and artistic collective. This thesis explores the key role this poet and musician played in anonymously publishing the first book of Bloomsbury, and his influence on the development of Virginia Woolf as the writer whom we know today. The findings in this research and textual analysis present a direct challenge to the dismissive assumptions drawn about this enigmatic figure. This study seeks to analyze his biography in relation to the Bloomsbury Group, evaluate the anonymous and unpublished writings he produced throughout his life, and take a closer look at his musical side, particularly as he inspired Virginia Woolf to produce some of her most experimental texts. In showing the ways that Sydney-Turner was a figure of consequence in Bloomsbury, this thesis reveals the foundations of the relationships that are the essential component of any intellectual community.

While much is told of Isaac Newton’s role in the Scientific Revolution, less is known about his role in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. This English Revolution had tremendous implications for the future of rights and liberties in the Western world, and it was at the dawn of it that Newton rose to prominence as a scientist. As Lucasian Professor of Mathematics, Newton was conspicuously among the delegation called upon to respond to King James II’s meddling in the promotion of university professors. Understanding Newton’s influence and tact during the Glorious Revolution will offer insight into the role of academia in English revolutionary politics, as well as fill in some gaps in our comprehension of Newton’s life.

Microcosmographia Academica, di F.M. Cornford, storico della filosofia e filologo classico dell’Università di Cambridge, è una narrazione intelligente, ironica, disincantata e divertita della vita accademica di quell’Università fra la fine dell’800 e l’inizio del ’900. Il libro ironizza su un mondo caratterizzato da conservatorismo e intrinseca inerzia, scettico e incapace di riforma, mosso soprattutto dal pregiudizio, dalla paura e dall’avidità. Il capolavoro di Cornford sta nel riuscire a trasformare un tema in sé ristretto e polveroso in una commedia leggera e divertente, svelandoci dinamiche peculiari, ma anche sempre uguali in ogni luogo e ogni tempo, mosse dagli stessi impulsi e sabotate dagli stessi difetti. L’universalità e l’attualità dei contenuti permettono a questo libro di mantenere, a distanza di oltre un secolo, tutto il suo interesse, e di presentarsi al pubblico con intatta freschezza, in questa prima edizione italiana.

Le illustrazioni del libro riproducono alcune xilografie di Gwen Raverat (1885-1957), artista di Cambridge, nipote di Charles Darwin, e cugina di Frances Darwin, poetessa che nel 1909 sposò Francis M. Cornford. Nota soprattutto per i suoi lavori di incisione, fu attiva anche come designer teatrale, illustratrice di libri e critica d’arte. Fu fra i fondatori della Society of Wood Engravers inglese.

Scholar Meets Prophet:
Edward Granville Browne and Baha’u’llah (Acre, 1890)

Christopher Buck
Independent Scholar, Pittsburgh

Youli Ioannesyan
Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg

Baha’i Studies Review, Vol. 20 (2014, published 2018): 21–38.

(The original publication (print or PDF) may be ordered online from Intellect.)

ABSTRACT
Rediscovery of contemporaneous handwritten notes by Cambridge orientalist, Edward Granville Browne,1 of his historic meetings with Baha’u’llah, prophet-founder of the Baha’i Faith in Akka (St Jean d’Acre), Palestine, during his stay there – which lasted from his arrival on Sunday, 13 April 1890, to Browne’s departure on Sunday, 20 April 1890 – significantly adds to our knowledge of those spiritual and momentous events. Given the fact that Baha’u’llah was to become widely regarded as the founder of a new world religion, Browne’s published account of his 16 April 1890 audience with Baha’u’llah takes on added significance as a rare first-hand description by a distinguished contemporary from the West. Although well-known to those acquainted with Baha’i history, relatively little is known regarding the sequence of events. This article will draw from Cambridge manuscripts to add some new details, and will draw a fuller picture of what transpired by use of Browne’s correspondence with Russian academics, along with known Baha’i sources judiciously compared with Azali sources. Together, a composite account of that historic encounter between scholar and prophet, Browne and Baha’u’llah, will be offered.

Cesare Morelli made thirty-two arrangements of airs and recitative from Lully's operas, Cadmus et Hermione and Thesee, for his employer Samuel Pepys, in the early 1680s. These arrangements were created at a time when French music, including developments in early opera, was exercising strong influence on culture in England. This research presents a performing edition of these previously unpublished and unrecorded arrangements, with an accompanying recording, and places them in their musical and historical context, with a focus on the guitar. Detailed examination of the manuscript shows that Morelli's arrangements have many similarities to available sources of Cadmus and Thesee, but that there are significant differences. This raises questions about his own source material and his decisions as an arranger. The operatic productions that took place in France in the 1670s were grandly expensive and politically meaningful but Morelli's arrangements represent a contrasting reduction to the domestic sphere using minimal forces. Almost from the time of their composition, Lully's scores are not textually fixed; they are disseminated throughout European musical life, used and re-imagined by those who could obtain the music.

The Parnassus comedies appeared at Cambridge University between 1598 and 1601. Since they make multiple allusions to topical events, texts, and personalities, scholars have conventionally read them as personal satire, with characters representing luminaries such as the recent Cambridge graduate Thomas Nashe. This article, however, demonstrates that speeches given to several characters in the last two plays are previously untraced quotations from another Cambridge alumnus, Nashe’s antagonist Gabriel Harvey. While the plays evoke Harvey and Nashe, they do this because the two men’s post-Cambridge experiences illustrate the plays’ theme: the struggles of the scholar in the late-Elizabethan world.

This book tells the history of Cambridge from the earliest Roman and Anglo Saxon inhabitants through to the notorious Cambridge Spies, who actively spied for the Soviet Union in the 1950s. Told in an accessible manner, and illustrated throughout, the contents are:
1. Etheldreda: Born a Princess, Died a Saint
2. Vanquished by the Vikings: the sacking of Cambridge
3. Fire, Death and Murder at the Fairs: Stourbridge and Midsummer Fairs
4. Jousting Tournaments: history of jousts at Cambridge
5. The Black Death: death in Cambridge
6. Peasants' Revolt: attacks on Cambridge colleges during the revolt
7. Bloody Mary's Revenge on Cambridge
8. Burnt at the Stake: John Hullier, the Protestant Martyr
9. Bear-Baiting: cruel sport in Cambridge
10. Witches and Witchcraft: women killed for being witches
11. Bull-Baiting: more cruel Cambridge sports
12. The English Civil War: the fortification of Cambridge
13. Oliver Cromwell's Missing Head
14. Pressed for an Answer: Peine Forte et Dure
15. One in the Eye for Sir Isaac Newton
16. Highway Robbery: highway men in Cambridge
17. Branding: punishment for crimes
18. Bloody Burwell Fire: the death of 70 innocent people
19. Dick Turpin: his time hiding in Cambridge
20. Cockfighting: history of cockfighting at Cambridge
21. The Resurrection of Tristram Shandy - death of Laurence Stearne: grave robbers steal his body for dissection in the university
22. Cambridge Gallows: the tragedy of those hung at Cambridge
23. The Tragical Death of the Revd Samuel Reeve
24. The Chimneysweep Burglars: thefts from colleges
25. Elizabeth Woodcock and the Curse of the Three Tuns Inn
26. General Tom Thumb Causes a Riot
27. Sister Act: The Cambridge Arsenic Poisoners
28. The Three Tuns Inn: Den of Thieves
29. Burned Alive
30. Bloody Students: The Battle of Town and Gown
31. Fatal Bumps: death on the river Cam
32. Suffragette's Protest
33. The Great War: the role the university played in WWI
34. The Judases Who Betrayed from Within: the story of the Cambridge spies: Blunt, Burgess, Philby, MacLean, and others
35. The Enigma of the Second World War: the role Cambridge played in cracking the German enigma codes at Bletchley Park

Also attached are reviews of the book in the Cambridge News by Emma Higginbotham and a piece about Oliver Cromwell's Head, taken from the book.

This paper, developed from my Istvan Hont Memorial Lecture of 2015, considers the work of Alfred Marshall in Cambridge not from the perspective its eventual outcome, but instead from that of its slow and complex genesis, in the context of the Moral Sciences Tripos.  By placing Sidgwick's own political economy in the context of the response to Mill's utilitarianism, it is possible to understand rather better why Marshall sought to diminish the importance of Jevons's Theory of Political Economy (1871), while also seeing more clearly how Sidgwick's Methods of Ethics (1874) relates to contemporary political economy.

Cambridge is the centre of the greatest concentration of high technology firms in Europe. Economic activity in the sub-region has expanded over the last 50 years and there is intense and increasing pressure for further growth. But prior to the mid-nineties growth was highly constrained by policies dating back to the 1950s. (Holford and Wright, 1950)
In 1997, concerned about the constraints on growth in Cambridge, the University Department of Architecture brought together people from local government, planning, development and the business community to discuss the future of the region in a forum called Cambridge Futures. The Cambridge Futures initiative, and the public consultation, had a major impact on development in the Cambridge area. In particular it overcame local politicians’ perceptions that the public were opposed to growth and demonstrated that it was possible to engage a wide range of stakeholders in thinking strategically about the future.
This paper describes the results of the modelling exercise and findings of the public consultation. It also analyses the factors in Cambridge Futures’ success: leadership, ambition, evidence, participation and cooperation. This stakeholder and public engagement is relevant to other cities facing public opposition to change and the analysis of key success factors is relevant to other places trying to overcome barriers to high tech economic development.