Central Park

Le présent travail porte sur la traduction des registres de langue dans le roman Central
Park de Guillaume Musso. Il vise à mettre en évidence les difficultés que pose la
traduction des registres de langue dans un texte narratif et montrer les stratégies
employées par le traducteur pour transmettre les registres de langue présentés dans le
roman original dans le texte cible. Pour atteindre cette visée il faut tout d’abord répondre
à la problématique suivante : quelles stratégies de traduction permettront au traducteur
de bien traduire les registres de langue afin d’éviter toute perte de significations fond et
forme confondus ? Cette recherche s’inscrit dans une approche traductologique aura une
analyse basée sur la méthode de stylistique comparée élaborée par Vinay et Derbelnet.

The industrialization of New York and its rise to economic dominance brought about a major restructuring of street life and unleashed an array of contradictory everyday urban cultures. In a still under-regulated environment, the commoning of public space became a key sociospatial capital that helped the working classes resolve their reproduction in a way the elite found disturbing and far removed from the civic order they were trying to instil. This article draws on recent theorizations of the commons/enclosure dialectic to develop a comparative analysis of the cultures of public space use vis-a-vis the practices prescribed by Central Park in its attempt to reform everyday spatialities. The park is understood here as an early episode in the project of imposing new social relations through the enclosure of public conduct—a first effort to tame the urban commons and prevent the subaltern appropriation of public space. Following a preliminary discussion of the economic and social determinants and configuration of the material cultures of public space use in Manhattan, the article studies the park’s strategies as a special type of enclosure, consisting not of the usurping of common land for private profit but of the mobilization of public space to shift behaviors from one regime of publicity to another.
Key words: Central Park, urban commons, urban enclosure, public behavior, regimes of publicity, public space use.

Gramsci’s and Foucault’s readings of power provide critical illuminations for understanding the linkage of state formations to urbanization and the spatial production of subjectivity. This article uses Central Park to illustrate how a combination of their insights helps to elucidate the emergence of pedagogical spaces and environmental hegemonies. I first propose a conceptual framework drawing on diverse parallels and tensions in Gramsci’s Quaderni del carcere and Foucault’s investigations in the 1970s, reassessed here from the vantage point of the implicit debate with Marxism in La société punitive. Urbanization and the built environment are theorized as material apparatuses of a form of capillary power that reconfigures the relations between state, civil society and individual subjects, striving to forge common senses of space that buttress political hegemony. This analytical toolkit is then applied in a political reappraisal of Central Park, exploring the role of design in the pedagogy of subaltern spatialities and the normalization of a consensual regime of publicity. The discussion pays special attention to the park’s assemblage of liberal and disciplinary spatial techniques, its connection to broader agencies beyond core state apparatuses, and their effect on the advent of an integral state formation.

Los debates contemporáneos sobre el eclipse del espacio público suelen ofrecer una visión idealizada de su pasado, impidiendo una correcta reconsideración del papel que las técnicas urbanísticas han tenido en la producción y evolución del mismo. Contribuyendo al desarrollo de una historia crítica que subsane estas lagunas, Central Park se presenta aquí como un dispositivo gubernamental ideado para sustituir el régimen de uso del espacio público habitual en las calles de Manhattan a mediados del siglo XIX, por un nuevo conjunto de prácticas espaciales definidas y monitorizadas por el Estado. Tras una descripción de las formas de apropiaciones espontáneas de la calle por parte de las clases populares, se analizan los distintos niveles proyectuales en los cuales se articulaba esta estrategia de domesticación del espacio público: del propio diseño espacial y concepción de la red de lugares del parque, a la regulación normativa del uso y comportamiento de los visitantes, al ejercicio activo de vigilancia y castigo de conductas y sujetos indeseables.
Palabras clave: espacio público, conflicto social, historia urbana.

Contemporary debates on the eclipse of public space usually provide an idealized interpretation of its past, avoiding a proper consideration of the role of planning techniques in the evolution thereof. Contributing to the development of a critical history that helps correct these lacunae, this article presents New York’s Central Park as a governmental device aimed at replacing the mid-nineteenth-century public space use regime on Manhattan streets with a new set of spatial practices, defined and monitored by the State. I begin by describing the spontaneous appropriation of the streets in the period and the contradictions it generated. Then, I study the different levels of articulation of the park’s strategy, from the design of the place network itself, to the normative regulation of the visitors’ behavior and use of space, to the active surveillance and punishment of undesired conducts and subjects.
Keywords: public space, social conflict, urban history.

An Obelisk for New York City
Cassandra Vivian
In 1820 England received a fallen obelisk lying at Alexandria as a gift from Mohammad Ali. A few years later France received one of the two obelisks standing in front of Luxor Temple. Within ten years the French removed their obelisk from the front of Luxor Temple and, as seen by American Mendes Cohen, sailed it down the Nile and on to Paris in 1832. England did not transport their obelisk until 1877 while Ulysses S. Grant was in his last year as president. When it was final in London, a New York newspaper said that the Khedive promised the U.S. an obelisk too, specifically Cleopatra’s Needle in Alexandria, the twin to the one in London. It wasn’t true, but through diplomatic efforts and for better or worse, it became true. This is how.

The present paper attempts to grasp the class-consciousness and meaning inherent in parks in the mid-to-late nineteenth century and contemporary New York City by studying the examples of early Central Park and the High Line.
It discusses the planning of Central Park for anticipated patterns of use by an emerging elite in New York City, foreshadowing the economic inequalities of the Gilded Age, and sets these findings against the High Line Park in the light of contemporary gentrification. Furthermore this paper contends that both Central Park and the High Line Park take up complex middle roles between allowing for all residents’ recreation in the democratic venture of a ‘people’s park’ and, on the other hand, driving out poorer residents and visitors before, during, or after the park’s creation (by eviction or displacement due to gentrification, or due to other reasons) and thereby highlighting the city’s rising socio-economic imbalance. This analysis is supported by evidence found in the two parks’ planning, design, patterns of use, and park rules (written or unwritten). Moreover, theoretical frameworks of power structures and the metaphor of parks as ‘stages’ where performances of society and class take place, following Heath Massey Schenker, underline the analysis. Finally, the paper discusses possibilities of finding a middle way between green gentrification and the (financial) recreation of all social classes.

 

Sanayileşme  sonrası  kentlerde  ortaya  çıkan  sorunlara  birçok  çözüm  arayışında bulunulmuştur.  XIX.  yüzyılda  bu  arayış  sonuçlarından  biri  olarak  kentte  yaşayanların açık  alan  ihtiyacını  karşılamak  ve  kent  içerisinde  kırsal  alanlar  üretmek  amacıyla  kent parkları  inşa  edilmeye  başlamıştır.  ABD’nin  New  York  Kenti’nde  yapılan  Central  Park da,  bu  dönemde  kent  parkı  olarak  yapılan  ilk  parklardan  olmuştur.  Kent  içerisinde toplumun  ve  fiziksel  çevrenin  koşullarının  iyileştirilmesinde  önemli  bir  araç  olan Central  Park’ın  olumlu  yönlerinin  yanı  sıra,  politik  bir  araç  olması  ve  meydana  geliş süreciyle  de  ön  plana  çıkmaktadır.  Bu  araştırma,  ABD,  New  York  Kenti  ve  Central Park’a  ait  yazını  inceleyerek,  Central  Park’ın  tarihini,  kente  olan  etkisini  ve  kentleşme üzerindeki  rolünü  incelemeyi  amaçlamaktadır.  Bu  amaç  doğrultusunda  makalenin  ikinci bölümünde  New  York’ta  Central  Park’ı  meydana  getiren  süreç;  üçüncü  bölümünde Central  Park’ın  New  York  Kenti  üzerindeki  etkileri;  dördüncü  bölümünde  ise  Central Park’ın,  başta  ABD  olmak  üzere,  dünya  üzerindeki  kentleşmeye  olan  katkısı incelenmektedir.  Sonuç  bölümünde  ise,  yapılan  incelemelere  dayanarak  Central  Park’a yönelik çıkarımlar yapılmaktadır.

presentation at workshop on The American City: Joint Workshop of the Seminars “Progressivism and the American City“ (Ruth Mayer, Hannover) and “Urban Landscapes of Modernity“ (Svenja Fehlhaber, Osnabrück). Leibniz Universität Hannover. 16. Januar 2016.

Between 1817 and 1898, New York City evolved from a vital Atlantic port of trade to the center of American commerce and culture. With this rapid commercial growth and cultural development, New York came to epitomize a nineteenth-century metropolis. Although this important urban transformation is well documented, the critical role of select Union soldiers turned New York engineers has, until now, remained largely unexplored. In Designing Gotham, Jon Scott Logel examines the fascinating careers of George S. Greene, Egbert L. Viele, John Newton, Henry Warner Slocum, and Fitz John Porter, all of whom studied engineering at West Point, served in the United States Army during the Civil War, and later advanced their civilian careers and status through the creation of Victorian New York.

These influential cadets trained at West Point in the nation’s first engineering school, a program designed by Sylvanus Thayer and Dennis Hart Mahan that would shape civil engineering in New York and beyond. After the war, these industrious professionals leveraged their education and military experience to wield significant influence during New York’s social, economic, and political transformation. Logel examines how each engineer’s Civil War service shaped his contributions to postwar activities in the city, including the construction of the Croton Aqueduct, the creation of Central Park, and the building of the Brooklyn Bridge. Logel also delves into the administration of New York’s municipal departments, in which Military Academy alumni interacted with New York elites, politicians, and civilian-trained engineers. Examining the West Pointers’ experiences―as cadets, military officers during the war, and New Yorkers―Logel assesses how these men impacted the growing metropolis, the rise of professionalization, and the advent of Progressivism at the end of the century.