"Although much literature on human trafficking focuses on sex trafficking, a great deal of human trafficking results from migrant workers, compelled - by economic deprivation in their home countries - to seek better life opportunities... more
"Although much literature on human trafficking focuses on sex trafficking, a great deal of human trafficking results from migrant workers, compelled - by economic deprivation in their home countries - to seek better life opportunities abroad, especially in agriculture, construction and domestic work. Such labour migration is sometimes legal and well managed, but sometimes not so – with migrant workers frequently threatened or coerced into entering debt bondage arrangements and ending up working in forced labour situations producing goods for illicit markets. This book fills a substantial gap in the existing literature given that labour trafficking is a much more subtle form of exploitation than sex trafficking. It discusses how far large multinational corporations are involved, whether intentionally or unintentionally, in human trafficking for the purposes of labour exploitation. They explore how far corporations are driven to seek cheap labour by the need to remain commercially competitive and examine how the problem often lies with corporations’ subcontractors, who are not as well controlled as they might be. The essays in the volume also outline and assess measures being taken by governments and international agencies to eradicate the problem.
Table of contents
Introduction - Antonela Arhin and Ato Quayson
Foreword: Corporate Liability for Violations of International Human Rights Law - Mohamed Y. Mattar
1. Trafficking for Labour Exploitation: Getting the Responses Right - Roger Plant
2. The Commodification of Human Smuggling and Trafficking - Louise Shelley
3. Child Labour Migrants or Victims of Labour Trafficking: A Segmental Approach - Antonela Arhin
4. Displacing Childhood: Labour Exploitation and Child Trafficking in Sport - Darragh McGee
5. Labor Migration, Human Trafficking and Multinational Corporations within the ECOWAS Region: challenges and opportunities - Ndioro Ndiaye
6. Adults or Children? The Case of Trafficking of Children for Purposes of Exploitative Labour in the Fishing Industry in Ghana - Daniel Kweku Sam
7. Doing Canada's Dirty Work: A Critical Analysis of Law and Policy to Address Labour Exploitation Trafficking - Bethany Hastie
8. Minimum Wage --An Ally in the Fight Against Human Trafficking for Labour Exploitation? - Anne Pawletta and Philipp Schwertmann
9. Responding to Labour Trafficking: Suggestions from Experiences of Local Service Providers - Amy Stevens, Romesh Hettiarachchi and Sung Hyun Yun
10. The Programmatic Approach to combating Trafficking in Human Beings - Ruud Hilgers""
Background: The body mass index (BMI) was described back in 1832 by Adolphe Quetelet and then was validated by Ancel Keys in 1972. BMI is the ratio of body weight expressed in kilograms, divided by height expressed in metres squared.... more
Background: The body mass index (BMI) was described back in 1832 by Adolphe Quetelet and then was validated by Ancel Keys in 1972. BMI is the ratio of body weight expressed in kilograms, divided by height expressed in metres squared. Methods: The aim of this review was to discuss the different criteria used for the assessment of BMI in adults and children, and to provide practitioners and researchers with the tools and information they need based on the established international BMI norms, in order to conduct an appropriate weight assessment. Results: Although the BMI score is calculated in the same way for children and adolescents as the one for adults, the criteria used for weight assessment are different, due to the fact that the BMI in children varies significantly with age. The BMI score in children and adolescents is compared against reference charts for children of the same age and gender, and it is thereby transformed into a percentile score. The assessment of each individual as obese, overweight, normal, underweight, severe thinness is then made based on this percentile score. Discussion: Even though the BMI is the most popular anthropometric index, its main drawback is that it does not distinguish between fat and muscle tissues, and, therefore, the BMI might be an inappropriate method for assessing body weight in some people. Conclusions: It is recommended that BMI is used in combination with other anthropometric parameters for more accurate results when assessing elite athletes, including child athletes.
"There has been little research into the psychological factors affecting footballers at different levels (Hanin et al, 2000), in particular, the mental toughness and hardiness of footballers. The aim of the present study was to... more
"There has been little research into the psychological factors affecting footballers at different levels (Hanin et al, 2000), in particular, the mental toughness and hardiness of footballers.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between mental toughness and hardiness of footballers and the level of football at which they perform.
Participants - 61 footballers (mean AGE=25.23 years; range 18-40 years; SD=5.55), from various clubs and 2 levels of performance.
Mental toughness was measured using the Psychological Performance Inventory (PPI; Loehr, 1986).
Hardiness was measured using the Personal views survey III- R (Maddi and Khoshaba 2001).
Elite footballers scored significantly higher than recreational footballers in overall mental toughness, hardiness and each individual subscale, (Golby & Sheard, 2004).
While the present study confirms that elite footballers have superior levels of mental toughness and hardiness than recreational footballers, future research might concentrate further on psychological skills training, coping strategies and psychological preparation strategies in a wider variation of sports specific to a wider range of athletes, from grass roots to international level.
"
It has been suggested that child safety discourses are creating an environment in which safety from abuse defines every act of adult-child touch as suspicious, resulting in adults who work with children being positioned as ‘risky’ and... more
It has been suggested that child safety discourses are creating an environment in which safety from abuse defines every act of adult-child touch as suspicious, resulting in adults who work with children being positioned as ‘risky’ and child-related settings becoming no-touch zones. Research on the impact of these discourses on coaches is limited and there have been few attempts to theorize coaches’ behaviours to better understand how child safety concerns impact on their practice. Focusing on coaches’ avoidance of child touch, this paper uses a Foucauldian perspective to explore coaches’ embodied disciplinary and emancipatory responses to child protection discourses in competitive youth swimming. It also discusses the implications of coaches’ apprehension about child touch on swimming practice and young athletes.
The purpose of this study is to provide an analysis of policies regarding alcohol use and smoking within the scope of Child Protection in Sport Programmes. Documents of international and national sports organisations have been reviewed... more
The purpose of this study is to provide an analysis of policies regarding alcohol use and smoking within the scope of Child Protection in Sport Programmes. Documents of international and national sports organisations have been reviewed using a document analysis technique. Findings of the research have been used in the study by way of a content analysis method. National and international sports organisations have set up various alcohol and cigarette policies with the intention of preventing child abuse in sports environments by being a role model to children, encouraging children not to acquire bad habits and thereby creating a healthier society. Consequently, policies regarding alcohol use and smoking will be recommended as part of the child protection scheme within the sports system in Turkey.
