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Mark Atkinson

Mark Atkinson

It is evident that schools require effective leaders and managers if they are to achieve success and provide a world class education for their learners. As addressed by The Ministry of Education and Training, Vietnam (MOET, 2012) ‘the... more
It is evident that schools require effective leaders and managers if they are to achieve success and provide a world class education for their learners. As addressed by The Ministry of Education and Training, Vietnam (MOET, 2012) ‘the system of education and finance management is still weak. There is a shortage of primary education managers and they lack high qualification...’This study aims to provide empirical evidence by critically analysing leadership models and styles that are most likely to achieve the best outcomes and to which leadership can be understood in an international school context. Senior and Middle leadership members were interviewed and observed; qualitative data was then triangulated to ensure validity and reliability. Data suggests that the institution operates most successfully under a transformational vision built on values and beliefs, supported by a strong participative and collaborative leadership style.
"There has been little research into the psychological factors affecting footballers at different levels (Hanin et al, 2000), in particular, the mental toughness and hardiness of footballers. The aim of the present study was to... more
"There has been little research into the psychological factors affecting footballers at different levels (Hanin et al, 2000), in particular, the mental toughness and hardiness of footballers.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between mental toughness and hardiness of footballers and the level of football at which they perform.

Participants - 61 footballers (mean AGE=25.23 years; range 18-40 years; SD=5.55), from various clubs and 2 levels of performance.
Mental toughness was measured using the Psychological Performance Inventory (PPI; Loehr, 1986).
Hardiness was measured using the Personal views survey III- R (Maddi and Khoshaba 2001).

Elite footballers scored significantly higher than recreational footballers in overall mental toughness, hardiness and each individual subscale, (Golby & Sheard, 2004).

While the present study confirms that elite footballers have superior levels of mental toughness and hardiness than recreational footballers, future research might concentrate further on psychological skills training, coping strategies and psychological preparation strategies in a wider variation of sports specific to a wider range of athletes, from grass roots to international level.
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"There has been little research into the psychological factors affecting footballers at different levels (Hanin et al, 2000), in particular, the mental toughness and hardiness of footballers. The aim of the present study was to... more
"There has been little research into the psychological factors affecting footballers at different levels (Hanin et al, 2000), in particular, the mental toughness and hardiness of footballers.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between mental toughness and hardiness of footballers and the level of football at which they perform.


Participants - 61 footballers (mean AGE=25.23 years; range 18-40 years; SD=5.55), from various clubs and 2 levels of performance.
Mental toughness was measured using the Psychological Performance Inventory (PPI; Loehr, 1986).
Hardiness was measured using the Personal views survey III- R (Maddi and Khoshaba 2001).


Elite footballers scored significantly higher than recreational footballers in overall mental toughness, hardiness and each individual subscale, (Golby & Sheard, 2004).
While the present study confirms that elite footballers have superior levels of mental toughness and hardiness than recreational footballers, future research might concentrate further on psychological skills training, coping strategies and psychological preparation strategies in a wider variation of sports specific to a wider range of athletes, from grass roots to international level."