Circulation of Knowledge

The Second World War gave a strong impulse to the development of translation and interpreting services in the Soviet Union. Military translators/interpreters were expected to engage in frontline propaganda, ad hoc language teaching and reconnaissance, without special preparation. Under constant ideological pressure, they had to come up with creative solutions for concrete problems. On the base of the prosopographic research and semi-structured interviews with three prominent representatives of the aforementioned school, this book describes different biographical and professional trajectories of military translators/interpreters during and after the Second World War. Their backgrounds are as diverse as they are distinct: German and German-Jewish migrants, romantic philological students and poets from the legendary Institute of Literature Studies in Moscow (IFLI), bilingual descendants of diplomatic families and outstanding students and teachers from university departments of German Studies. The translational competences and methodological insights acquired during the war contributed to the establishment of a Soviet school of translation/interpreting and German Studies.
Key-words: Circulation of knowledge, military translation and interpreting services, Second World War, prosopography

This article aims to reassess the figure of Garcia da Orta and his work, Colóquios dos simples e drogas da Índia (Goa, 1563), a dialogue between Oriental and Western knowledge, by addressing aspects of the author’s origins and education in the Iberian Peninsula. As a member of the Jewish community and the son of refugees, Garcia da Orta was accustomed to frontiers. He was a traveling convert particularly well-prepared for cultural interchange and mediation. As a physician trained in the Humanist universities of Salamanca and Alcalá de Henares he was familiar with philological projects based on translation and transculturalism. We thus present the Colóquios as a polyglot materia medica (by analogy with the Polyglot Bible), and his motto painting naked truth as the vindication of an experience which can only be gained away from the center on the periphery.

Academic thought circulates on a time-space continuum: authors, ideas and methods are discovered, discussed, discarded, praised, rewritten, refracted, transformed, transposed and translated. The contributors of this anthology develop cross-disciplinary approaches to study and understand translation of academic thought. They critically engage with the relationship of translation and meaning formation, context and style, as well as with the social and discursive positioning of translators in academic fields and beyond. Furthermore, the agents negotiating intellectual exchange are placed in specific political and historical contexts as well as respective scholarly frameworks of economics, philosophy, sociology and related fields.

Cet ouvrage collectif résulte d’une coopération entre historiens, philosophes et juristes belges, français et allemands menée à l’occasion d’une journée d’études organisé par le centre de recherches Contextual Research in Law de la Vrije Universiteit Brussel et le Centre d’Histoire du Droit et d’Anthropologie Juridique de l’Université Libre de Bruxelles. Il vise à combler un vide historiographique relatif à l’étude du phénomène de la migration des professeurs allemands de droit dans les universités belges au XIXème siècle. Il apporte également un éclairage sur les circulations des savoirs juridiques ainsi que sur l’enseignement du droit dans une perspective transnationale et comparatiste. Il présente à la fois quelques figures typiques (Warnkönig, Ahrens) de la circulation académique, mais aussi l’importance des séjours d’études dans la formation des juristes.

Il livre une réflexion plus large sur les circulations transnationales à travers les époques en matière d’enseignement du droit ainsi que sur le recrutement des professeurs étrangers tant en Belgique qu’en Europe, avec des incidences sur le monde entier dans le contexte impérial et colonial.

Avec les contributions de Raphaël Cahen, Jérôme De Brouwer, Pieter Dhondt, Wolfgang Forster, Jean-Louis Halpérin, Maxime Jottrand et Christoph-Eric Mecke.

Part of the "Shortlists" series from Asia Art Archive. Shortlists offer thematic selections from AAA’s Collection, including overviews and annotations by invited contributors. The following Shortlist by Display Distribute focuses on zine and independent publishing cultures in East and South East Asia, and departs from a Western-dominated narrative by locating alternative trajectories in the region, as developed through their practice-based perspective called the “Semi-Autonomous Zine.”

Travail de recherche qui propose une analyse historique des réseaux et de la mobilité scientifiques entre le Mexique et la France. Il s’appuie à la fois sur une étude d’histoire de la science et de relations internationales à travers une approche originale centrée sur leur volet scientifique. Son objectif est d'expliquer comment se sont développés les échanges scientifiques entre les deux pays, depuis les premières missions de professeurs durant l'entre-deux-guerres, jusqu'à l'époque de la nouvelle mondialisation qui a commencé en 1989. Il permet l’observation de plusieurs processus qui se sont établis dans un lapse de temps comprenant sept décennies : le réajustement progressif d'une relation initialement conduite et impulsée  par la France ; l'institutionnalisation d'une coopération bilatérale qui s’est établie à travers l’action décisive de certaines personnes, la conclusion d’accords-cadres, la mise en route de programmes (inter)nationaux et l’influence de nombreux organismes de  recherche ; enfin, comment la coopération scientifique franco-mexicaine est passée du domaine culturel au domaine économique, au cours des décennies où est née la « technoscience ». La thèse se termine par une analyse des réseaux académiques actuels entre la France et le Mexique, et de leurs antécédents, à travers une enquête réalisée auprès de chercheurs mexicains et français, responsables de projets conjoints en partenariat. 
Pour ce faire, elle s’appuie sur des archives, essentiellement diplomatiques, relatifs à la coopération scientifique entre les deux pays. L’étude de ces documents permet de mettre en évidence le renforcement institutionnel des acteurs ayant assuré sa promotion. Ils laissent également apparaître une relation, davantage constructive, équitable et basée sur la recherche d’intérêts. À travers ce fil directeur, ce travail permet, en définitive, d'observer comment la modernisation d'un pays émergent, en l'occurrence le Mexique, favorise le changement de son image et de ses rapports de force, et comment un pays européen comme la France adapte sa diplomatie afin de maintenir son influence et sa présence. À une époque où les échanges sont de plus en plus nombreux, intenses et diversifiés, les résultats de cette recherche montrent les différentes étapes d’échanges scientifiques entre les deux pays, et identifient les caractéristiques et les conditions d’une coopération scientifique bilatérale. Une analyse diachronique de ce terme permet de distinguer trois étapes ou niveaux d'échanges scientifiques. La première, entre assistance technique et la création de formes de coopération embryonnaire, est caractérisée par des missions
essentiellement protocolaires et très éparses jusqu'au début de l'institutionnalisation (1930-1975) des échanges bilatéraux. Le second niveau interroge la redéfinition d’une coopération ascendante et progressive, de plus en plus intégrée à des applications économiques et centrée sur des missions d’experts et des actions de formation (1975-1989). La dernière, qui a débuté en 1989, après plusieurs années de restructuration des outils de coopération en raison d'une crise économique particulièrement grave au Mexique, marque un rééquilibrage des relations bilatérales francomexicaines et la multiplication des réseaux universitaires, ainsi qu'une circulation plus intense et élargie des connaissances entre les deux pays dans tous les domaines scientifiques.

https://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/Uruk_%E2%80%93_Altorientalische_Metropole_und_Kulturzentrum/titel_6819.ahtml
Uruk is the only other site apart from Babylon where all major categories of Babylonian astral science are represented in cuneiform tablets. Although the number of tablets from Uruk with astral science is small compared to Babylon, they are especially relevant for reconstructing the context, development and transmission of astral science during the first Millennium BCE. This is because most tablets from Uruk were excavated scientifically, unlike those from Babylon. Hence we know, albeit to varying degrees of precision, at which locations and in which stratigraphical layers they were found - information that is essential for the present investigation. In Uruk, the full range of Babylonian astral science is best represented in the Late Seleucid library of the Rēš, temple of the skygod Anu. Since this library and the scholars associated with it have been the subject of detailed investigations, the focus is shifted here to libraries from the preceding Neo Babylonian, Achaemenid and Early Seleucid periods. Three libraries in Uruk that predate the Rēš have yielded tablets with astral science: the library of the Eanna temple, that of Anu-ikṣur and his family and that of Iqīšâ and his family, two private libraries located in the same house. While all three have been surveyed elsewhere in the literature, the present contribution attempts to trace the development and the transfer of Babylonian astral science in and between these libraries in more detail.

http://www.brepols.net/Pages/ShowProduct.aspx?prod_id=IS-9782503588032-1

Science moderne, science globale remet en question la croyance selon laquelle la science moderne a été créée uniquement en Occident pour être ensuite diffusée ou imposée ailleurs. À travers six études de cas présentées chronologiquement sur la construction du savoir à un moment clé de son histoire – en botanique, cartographie, arpentage terrestre, linguistique, formation scientifique et administration coloniale – ce livre démontre l'importance cruciale des rencontres interculturelles dans l'émergence des sciences qui nous entourent aujourd’hui.

En s’appuyant sur des travaux en histoire impériale et coloniale et en science studies, cet ouvrage revisite les thèmes qui sont au cœur de ce dernier domaine, comme par exemple la réplication, le calibrage, la traduction ou encore la confiance interpersonnelle, et révèle ainsi leurs natures complexes dans des contextes multiculturels et coloniaux, entre Indiens et Européens. Il suit praticiens, compétences, instruments, ouvrages, idées et pratiques à travers les continents et les cultures, et souligne le rôle primordial de la circulation dans la construction et la reconfiguration des notions et des pratiques scientifiques. S’affranchissant du cadre diffusionniste et de la dualité centre/périphérie implicite dans bien des travaux qui cherchent à replacer la science moderne dans un contexte mondial, il permet de porter un regard nouveau sur la coproduction du global et du local. Science moderne, science globale présente enfin un modèle heuristique pour les spécialistes d'autres zones de contact, périodes et domaines de connaissances, ainsi que pour les études transnationales et mondiales.

Cet ouvrage est la traduction française de *Relocating Modern Science : Circulation and the Construction of Knowledge in South Asia and Europe, 1650-1900* (Palgrave, 2007), complété d’une postface qui présente quelques-uns des travaux que l’auteur a menés depuis, dans le prolongement des thèses du livre.

This dissertation studies the emergence of literary history and criticism in the Americas during the eighteenth century. It focuses upon the study of 1.) Natural history as a matrix of literary history and criticism; 2.) The geopolitical functions of literary history and criticism in the periodical press; and 3.) The recovery of manuscripts as a residual product of modernity. Texts associated with a hegemonic Enlightenment, such as “Disertación sobre el derecho público universal” by Francisco Javier de Uriortúa, are analyzed. Next, we study modern historical-critical thought as emphasized in the periodical press of Bogotá and Quito. Finally, the circulation of manuscripts is studied as an indicator of the participation of Spanish American authors in discussions about the Enlightenment. For the latter, the dissertation analyzes the development of theories of good taste in El Nuevo Luciano de Quito by Eugenio Espejo and in the Plan elementál del buen gusto en todo genéro de materias by Manuel del Socorro Rodríguez de la Victoria. The study challenges the epistemological conflict provoked by the handwritten condition of a considerable portion of scholarship from the eighteenth century, in which the projects of an American modernity become subjugated by the power of European print.
Keywords: Eighteenth-century Spanish-America, Literary criticism, Intellectual and cultural historiography, Periodical press, Manuscript circulation, Francisco Javier Eugenio de Santa Cruz y Espejo (1747-1795), Manuel del Socorro Rodríguez de la Victoria (1758-1819)

This research presents an overview and historical analysis of academic networks and scientific mobility between Mexico and France. Its objective is to explain how the scientific exchanges between both countries have been developed, from the earliest missions of university professors during the interwar period to the era of the new globalization that began in 1989, with a double focus on the history of science and international relations (from an unusual perspective in science). It tries to emphasize several processes that are manifested in a lapse of time of seven decades: the progressive readjustment of a relationship initially pioneered and promoted by France; the institutionalization of a bilateral cooperation established through key actors, framework agreements, (inter)national programs and various research organizations; and how the Mexican-French scientific cooperation passed from the cultural field to the economic, throughout the decades in which the so-called techno-science was born. It ends with an analysis of the current academic networks between France and Mexico, and their antecedents, using a survey carried out among Mexican and French researchers. 
Through the analysis of archives related to cooperation for scientific exchange between both countries, institutional strengthening is shown, as well as the interests pursued by both nations and their more proactive and equitable relations. On the other hand, this study proposes to observe how the modernization of an emerging country, in this case Mexico, promotes changing its image and power relations, and how a European country like France adapts its diplomacy in order to maintain its influence. At a time when exchanges are increasingly intensified, numerous and diversified, the results of this research show the different stages of scientific exchanges between the two countries, and seeks to define the items and conditions of bilateral scientific cooperation. A diachronic analysis of this term makes it possible to distinguish at least three stages or levels of scientific exchanges. The first, between technical assistance and forms of embryonic cooperation, is characterized by essentially formal and very occasional missions until the beginning of institutionalization (1930-1975). The second teaches us a bottom-up and incremental cooperation, increasingly linked to economic cooperation (1975-1989) and focus on


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training. The latter, which began in 1989 after a decade affected by restructuring of the cooperation instruments due to a huge economic crisis, marks a rebalancing of the FrancoMexican bilateral relationship and the multiplication of academic networks, as well as a more intense, and also extended to all scientific areas, circulation of knowledge between both countries.
Keywords: 
Scientific cooperation / Cultural Diplomacy / Academic Networks / Circulation of knowledge / Institutionalization / Internationalization / Soft power / Technoscience.

Please download the published version of the article from https://brill.com/view/journals/mqyj/23/1/article-p1_1.xml

Huang Zhong’s 1536 Hai yu is a short text about foreign countries and products connected to the sea. To compile his book, the author mainly used information based on what seafarers told him in his native place Nanhai, Guangdong, making the text a unique source for Chinese maritime history during the early sixteenth century. In the Ming dynasty, at least three different versions were circulating, all of which are now lost. Luckily, all three editions were preserved in congshu of the late Ming and Qing dynasties. The Hai yu was read and quoted by later scholars, especially those from the Jiangnan area, who valued the book for its expertise on products and animals.

Through the analysis of two full text databases of Chinese texts and gazetteers, this article examines the history of reading of Huang Zhong’s book, as well as the circulation of knowledge and the changes and adaptions Huang Zhong’s knowledge went through.

Observar a Chile desde la distancia, es el ejercicio y meta que muchos/as investigadores/as chilenos/as nos hemos propuesto al decidir salir de nuestro país a realizar estudios de postgrado o investigaciones al extranjero, al trazar redes y desde la distancia no dejar nunca de mirar Chile y de observarlo. Así como también de contribuir - desde nuestros diferentes campos de conocimiento y desde nuestras particulares preguntas y objetivos- al análisis y la solución de las diversas problemáticas que enfrenta el país; ya sea en el ámbito de la educación, el medio ambiente, el patrimonio, la memoria, la identidad, la cultura, la salud, el urbanismo, las tecnologías, las relaciones sociales, la pobreza, la desigualdad o la política. El presente libro reúne diversas investigaciones originalmente presentadas en el II Encuentro de Investigadores/as “Observando a Chile desde la distancia” (Barcelona 23 y 24 de mayo, 2013), las cuales fueron sometidas a una rigurosa evaluación con referato ciego, proceso en el cual han contribuido renombrados/as investigadores/as de todo el mundo, especialistas en las diversas materias que esta publicación aborda.

This article reconstructs the rhetoric of persuasion in “*Jīn Téng” of the Tsinghua collection of manuscripts. “*Jīn Téng” has well-known transmitted counterparts in the Shàngshū and the Shǐjì, but in comparison with these texts, it largely omits explicit comment on the role of the Duke of Zhōu after the death of King Wǔ. By taking this difference seriously and analysing the art of narrative in the text, this article reconstructs the social use of the text in the politico-philosophical discourse of the Warring States period. By drawing on theoretical work by Mieke Bal and Jan Assmann on narratology and memory production, this structural analysis of “*Jīn Téng” further enables new insights into the circulation of knowledge, as well as into the production and circulation of texts at the time.

" History begins with writing, " because writing is the most important and reliable tool for transmitting knowledge to future generations. It has made use of various materials for this very purpose for centuries and one of these materials is paper. The transmission of paper to the Islamic world and its subsequent vast production allowed books to become widespread and made paper the most important medium for written transmissions. We do not have a great deal of first-hand information on how books were prepared other than the compilation process which we know due to the presence of some compilers' anecdotes regarding the characteristics of the compilation which is an aspect of its meaning. However, producing a book as a commodity is just as important as compilation in the sense of reproduction and circulation of knowledge. This article introduces the accounts of ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Tirmidhī, a copyist who was fully engaged in the copying stage of book production. The intellectual and scientific life of the period will be discussed based on his list, which was recorded on the last page of a copy of the Mathnawī written in Samarqand in 1417. Several questions will also be raised for future studies.

The sixteenth century marks a watershed in the study of the natural world, and animals within it. Never before did so many Europeans devote so much ink to describing animals, their physical characteristics, their utility, and the environment in which they lived. Reading, observation, correspondence, illustration, and conversation represented key moments in this process of knowledge production. While the first four aspects have received sustained attention from intellectual historians and historians of science, much less emphasis has been placed on the key role of the spoken word in shaping early modern natural knowledge. This article examines the significance of oral discourse in transmitting natural knowledge within the social setting of seventeenth‐century Rome and among Italian natural historians more broadly. It focuses on the way in which the study of unusual animals such as the whale (and by extension ambergris, the substance that it allegedly produced) was shaped by the oral testimony of those who saw it first‐hand, often with little distinction being made between the social and professional status of different informants. While the oral testimony of a learned missionary may have trumped that of others, ultimately pride of place was given to first‐hand experience over second‐hand written accounts. Personal acquaintance also played an important role. On the whole, the examples analyzed in this article aim to illustrate the plurality of means and voices that actively contributed to the making of early‐modern natural knowledge of animals. Within the inductive method that characterized early modern natural history, conversation and hearsay thus played an active and significant role that historians of science have mostly underestimated.

In the history of psychiatry in Spain, the first half of the nineteenth century has been considered
a period of uncritical reception of the theories of Philippe Pinel and Jean Étienne Esquirol. In this article
I strive to problematise the diffusionist assumptions of this thesis, studying the participation of local agents
in the circulation and reception of medical knowledge. Through a comparative analysis of the paratexts and
the modifications made to the translations of the works of these authors, I intend to expose how the theories
of Pinel and Esquirol were unified in the Spanish case. Through a concrete analysis of the modification
of the diagnoses of melancholy, hypochondria, mania and hysteria, I intend to expose the variations that
were applied to medical knowledge in its reception in Spain in order to adapt it to the frameworks of local
medicine. Lastly, I intend to expose the methodological advantages offered by conceiving the translations of
works and books as cultural products whose meaning is constructed in its place of reception, and not in the
place of original publication

the article deals with the multiplicity of relationships between literature and nation. Above all, the Francophone and Germanic cases are examined to explore how literature has played a founding role in the constituition proesses of modern nations, notably in the absence of national political structures. This differs  from other contexts in which literature has become an important attribute of a political constitutes nation.

This article explores the contradictions between speeches on the ideology of racial tolerance, often anchored on a Luso-tropicalist elaboration, on the one hand, and, on the other, the discrimination, the naturalization of hierarchies and the existence of an extreme social inequality, based on the issue of race, which find their roots in the colonial period. It analyses the way the Brazilian case has evolved from a, not necessarily, racist description towards discriminatory formulations. The issues raised by the attribution of “colour” categories on the records of a civil registration office and on demographic censuses in Brazil for an entire century have led to reflect on the evolution of the Brazilian social (and racial and national) thinking. The article approaches several formulations, in different historical contexts, some of which have survived and emerged now and again, disguised under new contexts, mainly the ones that undergo less scrutiny, questioning or punishment. The aim is to attract attention to the effects that myths from the past can have on present times, and contribute to the study of the circulation of ideas among authors of several continents.

In the eighteenth century, intrigue, libertinage and criminality changed the social norms of politeness and education thereby creating nonconformist social behaviours. An explicit, but certainly not unique, manifestation of these new trends is represented by the city of Venice and its adventurer par excellence, Giacomo Casanova (1725-1798). Ecclesiastic, writer, soldier, spy, alchemist, gambler and diplomat, he was engaged in a network of social relationships which are documented in his Histoire de ma vie (History of My Life), one of the most authentic sources of the customs and norms of European social life during the eighteenth century. Like London, Paris and Vienna, Venice became a centre of social mobility, geographically located as the threshold of the Levant. At the crossroads of Eastern and Western empires, Venice promoted social interactions with Levantine representatives who wisely exploited these social connections to their own advantage. They behaved like shrewd men of business, even like fraudsters, whose "Levantine" attitudes may define a sociability of intrigue. A number of impostors, spies, merchants, sometimes also men of culture, thus contributed to redesigning the sociability of the eighteenth century. By transgressing social norms, they aimed to express their own political activism and socio-cultural views, and to display their eccentric manners. Such dissident behaviours deeply affected British sociability whose gentleman ideal often remained difficult to reach. Liberty, individualism and eccentricity as embodied by Casanova became new social values subverting the function of some eighteenth-century taverns, coffeehouses and clubs. By mastering the arts of discourse, seduction, and disguise in Italian coffeehouses and elsewhere in Europe, we may wonder how Casanova and other Levantine agents influenced traditional spaces, forms and models of sociability. Wealthy young aristocrats, inspired by Italian fashion and style, were instrumental in making these subversive and deviant behaviours socially acceptable. Their conduct at times compromised official relationships and may have jeopardized social and political stability. The "Levantine" sociabilities eventually fostered encounters between the private and public spheres, the East and the West, and between different social classes. This conference will encourage discussions and exchanges between international scholars on how national models of sociability and traditional Enlightenment values may have been affected and reconfigured by the Levantine practices of intrigue, libertinage and criminality. Through the multiple facets of Casanova (trickster, libertine, social climber, gambler, political agent …) and his European travels and networks, this conference will also address the circulation of knowledge and fashions between Europe and the East and the evolution of sociability thanks to various media: commerce, diplomacy, travel, letterwriting, translation, leisure and other sociable practices. This interdisciplinary conference is organized by the Department of Modern Languages, Literatures and Cultures, "G. d'Annunzio" University (Chieti-Pescara, Italy), in collaboration with the GIS Sociabilités (add https://www.univ-brest.fr/gis-sociabilites) and as part of the scientific events of the EU project DIGITENS (https://www.univ-brest.fr/digitens/).

Le 15 mai 1789 commençait la longue pérégrination dans les mines d'Europe qui conduisit six naturalistes napolitains, entre aventures et mésaventures, en Hongrie, en Allemagne, en Transylvanie, en Saxe en passant par l’Irlande, l’Écosse, les Orcades, les Hébrides, les Shetland et l'Islande.
Les historiens des sciences ont fait allusion à cette expédition, certains pour souligner la nouveauté de l'initiative organisée par le roi Bourbon qui voulait ainsi stimuler les industries et les manufactures du Royaume pour les pousser à l'autonomie productive, d'autres pour approfondir la production scientifique des individus qui composaient le groupe ou bien pour y retrouver l'origine de certaines collections des musées napolitains.
Le voyage minéralogique de 1789, voulu par Ferdinando IV et né d’une des nombreuses “utopies” du XVIIIe siècle, reliait la recherche scientifique au développement économique du Royaume. Le gouvernement des Bourbons cherchait, par l'extraction et par la transformation des métaux, à encourager de nouvelles activités industrielles grâce à l'expérimentation de nouvelles techniques d'étude et d'exploitation des ressources naturelles du territoire. Un projet certes ambitieux, mais destiné à se heurter aux méfiances, aux jalousies personnelles, aux difficultés économiques sans parler de l'inertie bureaucratique de l'administration et des intérêts de « l’ancien » monde académique.
Au cours de ce «tour européen», les six jeunes savants produisirent de véritables archives, constituées de mémoires, de rapports, de comptes et de lettres de changes qu'ils envoyaient périodiquement à Naples aux autorités dont ils dépendaient. Une partie de ces documents est aujourd'hui à la disposition des chercheurs. Par contre, d'autres documents, qui peuvent être extraits de leurs mémoires, ont disparu pendant les péripéties que les minéralogistes connurent quand l'Europe était secouée par des événements et des désordres politiques.
La contribution proposée est une réflexion sur une partie des documents relatifs au voyage minéralogique. Ces documents sont riches de détails techniques, de renseignements, de récits vivants et émouvants mais relatent également les expériences et les études des six minéralogistes, et rapportent également des propositions et des projets d'amélioration que les naturalistes envoyaient périodiquement au gouvernement napolitain.
Notre intention est en outre de reconstruire les fils conducteurs d’un “dialogue scientifique” - fait de rencontres, d’échanges et d'acquisition des connaissances scientifiques théoriques et pratiques – entre les contextes géographiques, historiques et culturels napolitain et européen du XVIIIe siècle.
La présence dans le Royaume de Naples de personnalités aux capacités scientifiques et techniques reconnues, acquises également grâce aux rapports et aux études dans les pays européens plus avancés, est attestée et documentée dans toute l’Europe mais ces scientifiques doivent affronter la méfiance et l’hostilité avec lesquelles le monde académique et les élites gouvernementales napolitaines accueillirent les requêtes innovatrices suite au voyage européen.

A presente comunicação se articula com uma pesquisa de mestrado, em estágio inicial, que tem como objeto a coleção do Collegium Romanum sob os cuidados do padre jesuíta Athanasius Kircher, no período entre 1651 a 1680. Propõe a investigação da circulação global de elementos da cultura material na interseção entre as práticas colecionistas da Alta Idade Moderna e as ações missionárias da Companhia de Jesus. A intenção da pesquisa é acompanhar objetos em seus deslocamentos, ao chegarem e saírem da coleção supramencionada, buscando delinear redes de relações sociais e significados que os envolveram. As principais fontes documentais mobilizadas são dois catálogos da coleção, publicados em 1678 e 1709, e cartas escritas e recebidas por Kircher, usados no esforço de identificar objetos e mapear seus deslocamentos na chegada e saída da coleção em foco.
As coleções no período moderno respondiam a uma miríade de intensões, podendo assumir funções políticas, econômicas, científicas, médicas, esotéricas e filosóficas, dentre outras. O Collegium Romanum localizava-se em um espaço privilegiado dentro da estrutura missionária jesuíta – o Collegium era local de formação dos missionários e Roma era o centro de recepção, tratamento e divulgação de relatos e notícias das missões da Companhia. O musaeum do Collegium Romanum e seu responsável, P. Athanasius Kircher, se configuravam como um importante nódulo (porém não como ponto final) no circuito de pessoas, informações e objetos que abarcava diversas partes do mundo. Neste sentido, ora propomos a reflexão sobre um pequeno número de objetos dentre aqueles apresentados no catálogo de 1678 – a saber, os objetos identificados como provenientes do Brasil: diversos espécimes de aves, um pedaço de pão “chamado de Mandioca”, cintos dos “Bárbaros, ou Antropófagos do Brasil” e dois trabalhos produzidos no Brasil pelo P. Valentin Stansel, SJ. 

ISBN 978-85-7843-846-3

Thèse d'histoire soutenue le 10 juin 2015 à Sciences Po, Paris

Longtemps en marge des pratiques stratégiques occidentales, la guerre irrégulière fut réintroduite au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale sous l’impulsion de la stratégie indirecte adoptée par la Grande-Bretagne. Les réseaux de coopération interalliés permettent alors à ces nouvelles conceptions de se diffuser auprès de certains acteurs français et américains, formant ainsi un réseau social, creuset générationnel d’une future communauté stratégique. Lorsque la « menace subversive » réapparaît avec la guerre froide, elle favorise l’entretien et le développement de ces savoirs stratégiques irréguliers, qu'il s'agisse de la guérilla ou de la guerre psychologique. Tantôt dans la coopération, tantôt dans la rivalité, les « défenseurs du monde occidental » développent peu à peu une communauté de pratiques, d’abord en Asie du Sud-Est, face à la menace révolutionnaire maoïste, puis dans l’ensemble du Tiers-Monde. Au cours des années 1960, ce sont les États-Unis qui prennent la tête de la croisade contre les ‘guerres de libération nationale’ en Amérique latine et au Vietnam et développent en réponse une grande-stratége intégrée sous le nom de « contre-insurrection ». L’échec de sa mise en œuvre au Vietnam, ainsi que ses faiblesses voire ses dangers politiques conduisent ainsi au rapide déclin de la guerre irrégulière en Occident jusqu’à sa réapparition au début du XXIe siècle, à l’aune de la guerre contre le terrorisme. En reposant sur des sources inédites et en adoptant les nouvelles méthodes de l’histoire connectée, ce travail cherche à mettre en lumière les structures, les réseaux et les vecteurs qui contribuèrent à la circulation des savoirs stratégiques associés à la guerre irrégulière. Il explore également les motivations poussant les acteurs à s’engager dans de tels échanges, ainsi que les limites freinant la circulation ou l’empêchant de porter ses fruits. Il tente enfin de proposer un narratif permettant d’appréhender l’évolution temporelle des concepts occidentaux de guerre irrégulière.