Commercial Transactions

To obtain loan from a bank, the property has to be charged1. A charge is an interest in land or a lease securing the payment of money or money's worth or the fulfilment of a condition.2 Simply put, a charge is a security for loan with an undertaking for repayment. I have hereby explained the process of charging the property. First, you have to obtain the original certificate of lease from the vendor upon a professional undertaking for payment on registration. Then conduct a search3 and investigation on both the certificate of lease and the property physically. Physical inspection should also include surveying the property to a certain the boundaries and real value of the property. Conduct the search to determine ownership of a property as well as other matters including encumbrances related to the property and which affect ownership of the property. Conduct the search at the land registry, company registry, survey department, courts and the county government. It is only after you have ascertained that it is a good title and free from any encumbrances that is when you should proceed with the process. Secondly, you must obtain a written consent to charge the property from the commissioner of lands. This is in line with paragraph seven (7) of the lease agreement. It is also a requirement as stipulated in section 54(1) and 55 of the Land Registration Act Cap 300. Also, obtain the consent of the County Management Board as set out in section 39 of the Land Registration Act. Because the property is situated within the City, you should also obtain Rates Clearance Certificate pursuant to section 24 of the Land Act. The Rating Act Cap 267 imposes the rates. Lastly, obtain the Land Rent Certificate, in line with section 39 of the Land Registration Act. The Land Registrar will not register the charge if any of the consents and certificates are not produced. 4

The historically endorsed principle of caveat emptor is argued to have been substantially eroded by the implied terms of the Sale of Goods Act 1979 and judicial attitudes toward freedom of contract and party autonomy. This paper explores the approach of modern law in respect of legal certainty and the extent to which the codification of the law of sale fulfils the expectations of buyers and sellers. Furthermore, the deviation from a laissez faire attitude in favour of one of judicial and legislative intervention is examined in light of the requirements imposed by the key implied conditions of satisfactory quality and fitness for purpose. The article also considers the impact of the determination of the status of terms, concluding that the law in this area is unduly complex and technical. This extraneous intricacy supports a much needed and welcomed consolidation of this area of law recently introduced by the enactment of the Consumer Rights Act 2015 in the context of consumer sales.

إن الأزمة بما فيها «أزمة الرهون العقارية الأمريكية»، تتجاوز الحدود الجغرافية لبلد المنشأ عبر قنوات «التعولم الثلاثي»، المتمثلة في قناة «الانفتاح التجاري»، قناة « الأسواق المالية »، وقناة « الاحتباس الدولاري»، ويتم  ذلك وفقاً لثلاث مستويات، ترتكز في مرجعياتها على مؤشر التجارة الخارجية ومعامل التحرير المالي ارتباطا بالبلد منشأ الأزمة، ومن ثمّ يتم تدويل الأزمات  بمستوى «خلل اقتصادي» : فيما تعلق بالاقتصاديات ذات «معامل الارتباط التجاري والمالي الضعيف» . وبصفة «مشكل اقتصادي» : فيما تعلق بالاقتصاديات ذات «معامل الارتباط التجاري والمالي المتوسط». وبسقف «أزمة اقتصادية» : فيما تعلق بالاقتصاديات ذات «معامل الارتباط التجاري والمالي المرتفع».
الكلمات المفتاحية : الأزمة، الصفقات التجارية، الأسواق المالية، الدولار.
رموز JEL: G15, F10 ,  E31  ،

2018 Özet: Türk Hukuk sisteminde taşınır rehnine dair genel hükümler 4721 sayılı Türk Medenî Kanunu'nda yer almaktadır. Bahsi geçen hükümler kural olarak teslime bağlı taşınır rehnini düzenlemektedir. Kanunkoyucu taşınırların teslim şartına bağlı olmaksızın rehnini mümkün kılarak küçük ve orta ölçekteki işletmelerin finansman sağlanmasını kolaylaştırmak amacıyla 6750 sayılı Ticarî İşlemlerde Taşınır Rehni Kanunu'nu yürürlüğe koymuştur. Gerçekten de Kanun taşınırların teslime bağlı olmaksızın rehnini mümkün kılmaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra Kanun ile düzenlenen Rehinli Taşınır Sicili, taşınır rehinlerini tek bir kayıt sistemi altına toplaması açısından önem arz etmektedir. Bu incelemenin ana amacı yürürlüğe konulan yeni düzenlemeye göre hangi taşınırların rehnedilip hangilerinin rehnedilemeyeceği hususunun belirlenmesinden ibarettir. Abstract: In the Turkish Law system, general provisions as to chattel mortgage located in Turkish Civil Code (The Law Number:4721). As a rule, mentioned provisions regulate the chattel mortgage which is engaged to traditio. The legislator had enacted The Law of Chattel Mortgage On Commercial Transactions (The Law Number:6750) for the purpose of making easier to provide finance for SMEs by making chattel mortgage possible without condition of traditio. Indeed, The Law makes mortgage movables without engaging to traditio possible. In addition to this,