Legal Certainty

Çalışmamız, hukuki güvenlik ve hukuki belirlilik ilkelerinin hukuk devleti ile ilişkisini açıklamakta ve bu ilkelerin alt ilkelerinden; hukuki öngörülebilirlik, hukuki istikrar, kazanılmış haklara saygı, haklı beklentinin korunması, geçmişe etki yasağı ve idari faaliyetlerin belirliliği ilkelerini incelemektedir. / Our study explains the relationship between the principles of legal security and legal certainty and the state of law and examines the sub-principles of these principles which is legal predictability, legal stability, respect for vested interests, protection of justified expectations, prohibition of influence to the past, and certainty of administrative activities.

As ações coletivas têm como pontos sensíveis a discussão acerca da legitimidade e da coisa julgada. O presente estudo tem por escopo a análise desta última, em que o debate se justifica porque a coisa julgada reflete as consequências do processo no mundo real. A coisa julgada nas demandas coletivas teve sua extensão ampliada para operar-se erga omnes ou ultra partes (redação original do art. 16 da Lei n. 7.347/1985 e art. 103 da Lei n. 8.078/1990), objetivando evitar a multiplicação de demandas com o mesmo pedido e causa de pedir e a existência de decisões conflitantes. Ocorre que a Lei n. 9.494/1997, até hoje em vigor, alterou o artigo 16 da Lei da Ação Civil Pública (Lei n. 7.347/1985) para limitar a coisa julgada à competência territorial do órgão prolator. A partir de então, surgiram grandes celeumas na doutrina e na jurisprudência pátria quanto à constitucionalidade, eficácia e aplicabilidade desta alteração, que ainda não foram definitivamente dirimidas. Diante desse cenário, são feitas considerações críticas, mediante emprego do método dedutivo, acerca da limitação da coisa julgada pela competência territorial do órgão prolator da decisão, que permitem concluir pela sua incompatibilidade com o microssistema processual coletivo e, também, que ela representa barreira ao acesso à justiça.

Français : https://web.lexisnexis.fr/fb/Supplement_JCPG_01.2021/80/
English : https://web.lexisnexis.fr/fb/Supplement_JCPG_01.2021/86/
Deutsch : https://web.lexisnexis.fr/fb/Supplement_JCPG_01.2021/90

Les limites des remèdes textuels et jurisprudentiels à la dégradation de la qualité du droit conduisent à prôner un changement d’ordre culturel. Il convient alors de modifier non seulement les pratiques, en identifiant et généralisant les bonnes pratiques, mais également les représentations, les mentalités. La qualité du droit doit devenir une éthique partagée par les citoyens et les pouvoirs publics afin de faire de cette question une priorité. L’amélioration de la qualité du droit gagnerait notamment au développement d’une véritable politique juridique.
English translation by Robert Fletcher : The limits of legislative and jurisprudential solutions to the deteriorating quality of the law are such that we must advocate for cultural change. We must alter not only practices, by identifying best practices and rolling them out across the board, but also perceptions, representations and mindsets. If the quality of the law is to become a priority, then citizens and public authorities must all recognise its importance. In particular, the quality of the law would benefit from the development of a real legal policy.
Deutsche übersetzung von Alexander Konzelmann : Die Grenzen der textlichen und rechtswissenschaftlichen Mittel gegen die Verschlechterung der Qualität des Rechts veranlassen uns, für eine Änderung der Rechtskultur im Rahmen der Normsetzung einzutreten. Es ist notwendig, nicht nur die Praktiken zu ändern, indem „best practice“-Beispiele identifiziert und verallgemeinert werden, sondern auch Zuständigkeiten und geistige Haltungen. Die Qualität des Rechts muss zu einer gemeinsamen Handlungsmaxime werden, die von Bürgern und Behörden geteilt wird, um diesem Thema zu Priorität zu verhelfen. Die Verbesserung der Qualität des Rechts würde vor allem von der Entwicklung einer echten Rechtspolitik profitieren.

In this article, the author addresses the issue on the differentiation of legality and legal certainty principles in the field of criminal law. Review of the main scientific positions, decisions of the European Court of Human Rights on the application of Article 7 European Convention on Human Rights, as well as decisions of the Constitutional Court of  Ukraine on the constitutionality of several articles of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, allows us to conclude the debatability of this issue. Despite the positions of several scholars and decisions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, the main thesis is that legality and legal certainty do not set a similar scope of requirements in the field of criminal law. The legal certainty requirement to the content of law and its application are more general than the requirements established by the principle of legality. But the legality principle as a part of the general legal principle of legal certainty sets up more specific provisions to the process of creation, adoption, and application especially criminal statutes than the previous one. To this conclusion the author came after a retrospective analysis of the philosophical and historical grounds for these principles.

"Among jurists and law philosophers is today  diffused an attitude of general disillusionment towards certainty-predictability of law, sometimes referred to as a dinosaur, if not a chimera, of the juridical philosophy. Many skeptical authors easily showed that the creative element of every “application” of law does hinder every chance of an exact prediction of the legal consequences of facts and behaviours. With the analytical re-construction of a dispositional and non classificatory concept of certainty-predictability, this work tries to avoid this and other problems, proposing, in the meanwhile, a return to the original ratio of the concept itself: the functionality of predictions towards the goals of individual actions, with particular attention to the possibility to plan our own lives in a legally aware and informed way.

---

La ricerca verte sulla certezza giuridica intesa come possibilità di prevedere le conseguenze giuridiche di atti o fatti. In particolare, vengono divisate due distinte “dimensioni” della certezza intesa come disposizione alla previsione: una dimensione “orizzontale”, data dalla diffusione di tale capacità entro una data classe di previsori, e una dimensione “verticale”, data dall’attendibilità, dall’accuratezza e dalla durevolezza delle previsioni. Tale operazione ridefinitoria mira anzitutto a fornire le basi analitiche per una qualche forma di rilevamento del grado di certezza-prevedibilità sussistente entro i vari contesti ordinamentali, eventualmente in una prospettiva de jure condendo. In secondo luogo, mediante la ricostruzione di un concetto non-classificatorio di certezza, si tenta di superare una serie di problemi che hanno determinato un clima di generale disillusione, quando non di sarcastico scetticismo, nei confronti di questo classico valore del liberalismo moderno. Infine, vengono evidenziati alcuni conflitti potenziali o attuali tra la concezione della certezza come prevedibilità delle conseguenze giuridiche effettive e altre concezioni tradizionali della certezza giuridica. L’indagine cerca di dar conto anche degli inevitabili costi della ridefinizione proposta. Si ritiene peraltro che tali costi siano almeno in parte ripagati da un ripristino della ratio originaria del concetto di certezza, ovvero la funzionalità della previsione rispetto alla possibilità di pianificare la propria esistenza in modo giuridicamente informato e consapevole."

Çalışmada genel olarak hukuk devletinden bahsedilerek, bireyin hu­kuki güvenliği ve bunu gerçekleştirebilmek için gerekli olan ilkeler ele alına­caktır. Ayrıca çalışma içerisinde teorik bilgilerin yanında konuyla ilgili mah­keme kararlarına da yer verilecektir.

The book looks at the issue of the relationship between public decisions and " truth " , reflecting on questions such as: the administrative investigation of the facts , the relationship between decision and proof of the facts , the technical discretion , the principle of material truth , the impact of information technologies on public sector information.

In queste pagine si intende tornare su di un tema senz’altro dibattuto ma ancora fortemente controverso, relativo al valore che il soft law può assumere rispetto alle fonti dell’ordinamento internazionale e, segnatamente, al diritto internazionale generale. Negli ultimi decenni, infatti, si è assistito ad una proliferazione senza precedenti di questo tipo di atti, di cui si registra un ricorso sempre più ampio in sede giurisdizionale, ma rispetto a cui la dottrina sembra provare ancora una certa diffidenza. In questa sede si proverà a dimostrare che il valore del soft law, più che dal posto che (non) occupa tra le fonti del diritto, dipende dal modo in cui con esse interagisce in una prospettiva dinamica. In particolare, l’analisi si incentrerà sulle possibili forme di interazione tra soft law e diritto internazionale generale, ordinate secondo modelli teorici mutuati dal più noto rapporto che intercorre tra diritto internazionale generale e pattizio, il quale trova nelle convenzioni di codificazione un punto di osservazione privilegiato. L’individuazione, nella seconda parte del lavoro, di un metodo attraverso cui accertare il tipo di dinamica eventualmente occorsa tra soft law e diritto internazionale generale intende aiutare l’interprete nell’impiego del soft law, al fine di accertare il diritto internazionale generale.

This thesis is about the legal protection of the Intellectual Property (IP) of the design of the graphical user interface (GUI) for computer programs aka software. The research into this matter of law was done by finding out and analysing how this protection is provided through international treaties, statutory law and case law. It concludes that there is a certain amount of legal uncertainty within the area researched and that full harmonization of IPRs within EU most probably would remove this issue and thereby benefit the individual author. This thesis takes the reader on a journey where we will explore the dimension where law and technology meet and merge.

El objetivo de este trabajo es defender una concepción de la seguridad jurídica que resulte coherente con las exigencias normativas del Estado constitucional de derecho. Como intentaré mostrar,  ello  implica  «sustantivizar»  un  tanto  las  exigencias  que  se  derivan  de  este  valor,  que suele presentarse —de manera un tanto imprecisa— como exclusivamente «formal.

Robert Alexy, „Unbestimmtheit des Rechts und Rationalität der Rechtsprechung“, in: Peter Koller/Christian Hiebaum (Hg.), Jürgen Habermas: Faktizität und Geltung, Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter 2016, S. 85-97 ff; Chinesische Übersetzung von Wei Feng, in: China Applied Jurisprudence 2 (2017), S. 135-147 ff.

哈贝马斯的法律商谈理论致力于解决事实性与有效性之间、法律安定性与裁判正确性之间的紧张关系，使法律适用既获得内部的一致性与外部的理性证立。实证法必然同化了道德内容。相互碰撞的原则只有在适用商谈阶段进行全盘考量后才获得确定的可适用性。法律由此是具有理想融贯性的规范体系。他的程序主义的法律观还将理想的法官置于商谈情境之中，但是反对阿列克西的特殊情形命题。阿列克西则认为，法律商谈是普遍实践商谈的特殊情形，它同时向道德理由、伦理—政治理由、实用理由开放；法律判断的不确定性使实证法成为必然，制定法、司法判例与体系构成法律商谈的权威理由；法律商谈同时包含理想面向与现实面向；法律商谈作为整体具有特殊的法律属性。

In this paper, I suggest conceiving the 'Age of Aesthetics' and its theo-retic attempts form Baumgarten to Hegel and from Lessing to Schiller as a quest for certainty within the utterly uncertain field of the sensuous. Though this quest may not be an exclusive trait of that age, I claim it is essential for understanding the driving forces of classical aesthetics. Drawing largely from Ernst Cassirer's reconstructions , I also try to link my conception of the Age of Aesthetics to the recently discussed problem of intuitive understanding as articulated by Eckart Förster. Finally , I am giving a speculative outlook on the notion of 'aesthetic certainty'.

O tema deste trabalho são os novos dispositivos da Lei de Introdução às Normas do Direito Brasileiro (LINDB). A delimitação do tema foi a análise do impacto destes novos dispositivos no Direito Público como um todo. A segurança jurídica sempre foi uma preocupação do Direito, e é neste sentido que foi promulgada a Lei 13655 de 2018, que inseriu nove artigos na LINDB visando a eficiência e a segurança na aplicação do Direito Público, que  contam com três eixos temáticos: clareza normativa (artigos 29 e 30), responsabilização do agente público por infração hermenêutica (artigos 22 e 28)  e invalidação do ato administrativo (artigos 20, 21, 23, 24, 26 e 27). Neste ínterim, o objetivo geral deste trabalho consistiu em analisar dogmaticamente os dispositivos inseridos na parte final da LINDB através dos três eixos citados anteriormente. Por ser uma lei de vigência recente, fazem-se necessários estudos que aprofundem o sentido e o alcance de seus enunciados normativos, o que por si só já demonstra a relevância do presente estudo na construção de uma seminal agenda de pesquisa. A metodologia contou com o emprego do método qualitativo e a abordagem e análise de publicações e textos normativos, logo, este trabalho é tipificado como uma pesquisa descritiva literária.

La costituzionalizzazione degli ordinamenti giuridici accresce la flessibilità del diritto a detrimento della certezza e impone a tutti – legislatori, giudici e individui soggetti al diritto – di assumersi le proprie responsabilità e i rischi che ne conseguono. Il modo in cui il legislatore, a diversi livelli, fronteggia l’attuale pandemia da Covid-19 costituisce un interessante angolo visuale per riflettere sugli effetti – alcuni positivi, altri negativi – prodotti dall’indeterminatezza del diritto contemporaneo.

Wśród nazw oznaczających wartości prawne są stare i powszechnie znane jak "sprawiedliwość" czy "wolność", ale są i takie, którym przeciętnemu użytkownikowi języka polskiego trudno byłoby przypisać jakąś wyraźną treść. Do tych ostatnich należy "pewność prawa". Niewiele jest polskojęzycznych opracowań na jej temat. Książka jest próbą spojrzenia na pewność prawa z teoretycznoprawneog punktu widzenia. Autor prowadzi swoje analizy w obszarze decyzji tworzenia prawa oraz pewności decyzji stosowania prawa. Stawia również pytanie o status pewności prawa.

My idea in this paper is that Article 111 of the Constitution is a strong reflection of the doctrine of binding precedent and it obliges the judicial organ to maintain a legal certainty. My submission is that a wide discretionary power entrusted to the judges under section 302 of the Penal Code leaves room for inconsistent and individual centric judgements which consequently is hindering the judicial organ to maintain a legal certainty. The focus then largely revolves surrounding the exercise of the discretionary power by the judges in the present sentencing system. First, whether there is any inconsistency in the decision of the HC benches while using their discretion under section 302 of PC. Second, whether bench system encourages inconsistency in the decision of the HCD and prevents the HCD to work as a whole. If so, can one HC bench can per incuriam the decision of another HC bench? Third, whether HCD has provided any specific direction for sentencing that has developed into a precedent. Keeping these questions in mind, this article makes an attempt to examine the application of Article 111 and 107 of the Constitution to maintain a legal certainty while sentencing.

In questo scritto si sostiene che le regole tecniche e la certezza del diritto sono collegate da una relazione simbiotica. La certezza consiste infatti nella prevedibilità delle conseguenze delle azioni prescritte da norme giuridiche concepite come regole tecniche (ossia, regole che prescrivono comportamenti come mezzi diretti a conseguire i fini dell'agente). La mancanza di certezza del diritto è uno svantaggio perché impedisce di usare le norme giuridiche come strumenti per scegliere le linee di condotta più adeguate a raggiungere i fini che ci prefiggiamo. Invero, solo se il grado di certezza di un ordinamento giuridico è sufficientemente elevato, gli agenti possono collegare la condotta prescritta dalle norme giuridiche a conseguenze desiderabili o indesiderabili, usando le norme giuridiche come regole tecniche efficienti. Solo in questo caso è possibile determinare ex ante quali siano le scelte “sbagliate”, evitando quei piani di azione che producono, più o meno probabilmente, conseguenze non volute.
---
The paper maintains that technical rules and legal certainty are linked by a symbiotic relation. Certainty amounts to predictability of the consequences of actions prescribed by legal norms conceived as technical rules (i.e.: rules prescribing conducts as means directed to achieve the agent’s goals). The lack of legal certainty is a shortcoming because it impedes to use legal norms as instruments for choosing the lines of conduct more suitable to achieve our self-assigned goals. Indeed, only if the degree of certainty of a legal system is high enough, the agents can link the conduct prescribed by legal norms with consequences desirable or undesirable, using legal norms as efficient technical rules. Only in this case, it is possible to single out ex ante the «wrong» choices, avoiding those action plans that produce, more or less probably, unwanted consequences.

The historically endorsed principle of caveat emptor is argued to have been substantially eroded by the implied terms of the Sale of Goods Act 1979 and judicial attitudes toward freedom of contract and party autonomy. This paper explores the approach of modern law in respect of legal certainty and the extent to which the codification of the law of sale fulfils the expectations of buyers and sellers. Furthermore, the deviation from a laissez faire attitude in favour of one of judicial and legislative intervention is examined in light of the requirements imposed by the key implied conditions of satisfactory quality and fitness for purpose. The article also considers the impact of the determination of the status of terms, concluding that the law in this area is unduly complex and technical. This extraneous intricacy supports a much needed and welcomed consolidation of this area of law recently introduced by the enactment of the Consumer Rights Act 2015 in the context of consumer sales.

This thesis is based on research into the area of the complex legal situation behind EU’s external affairs with the conflict between external and internal legal matters in regards to the area of shared competences within the Union. EU legislation, by its own structure, has a unique position in the hierarchy of laws. As can be seen by case law and documentation presented here it also contains its own internal contradictions between the external and internal legislation. The conclusions drawn from these sources leads to an interesting but also debatable answer to the research question – there is no guarantee of legal certainly for third countries under Free Trade Agreement’s concluded with the EU in the area of shared competences. What is presented here should be able to provide a platform for further studies and a better understanding of potential legal issues facing the EU’s trading partners in negotiating FTA’s with the Union.

bu eser iki bölümden oluşmaktadir. birinci bölümde, hukuki guvenlik ilkesinin teorik çerçevesi, ikinci bölümde ise pratik çerçevesi ele alinmiştir. teorik bölümde, öncelikle, hukuki guvenlik ilkesine ilişkin lafzi ve kavramsal tartismalar, ilkenin tarihsel ve felsefi arkaplani, adalet ve hukuk devleti ile ilişkisi incelenmiştir. bunun yaninda, hukuki güvenlik ilkesi, belirlilik, istikrar ve ongorulebilirlik seklinde üç alt ilkeye ayrilmistir. bu ayrimlar içerisinde, her üç alt ilkenin kurallar, idari uygulama ve yargisal uygulama acisindan teorik çerçevesi ele alinmistir. teorik kisim içinde son olarak, hukuki güvenlik ilkesinin saglayacagi bireysel otonomi ve ekonomik refah gibi olumlu neticelere yer verilmiştir.
ikinci bölümde, hukuki guvenlik ilkesinin pratik görünümü, yasama organi ve anayasa mahkemesi uygulamalari kapsaminda ele alinmiştir. bu kisimda öncelikle, yasama organinin pratiği ideal kural koyma ilkeleri kapsaminda incelenmiştir. burada, türkiye'de çikarilan kanunlardan çeşitli örnekler verilmiştir. bunun yaninda, anayasa mahkemesi uygulamasi iki acidan incelenmiştir. birincisi, mahkemenin hukuki guvenligi nasil ele aldiği, ikincisi mahkemenin kendi kararlarinda hukuki güvenliğe ve onun alt ilkelerine uygun davranip davranmadiğidir. bu bölümde son olarak, anayasa mahkemesinin hukuki güvenlik anlayisi yargisal aktivizm, gerekçelendirme ve yorum yöntemleri açisindan değerlendirilmiştir.
Kanunların geçmişe yürümezliği, geriye yürümezliği
             
              This thesis consists of two chapters. It is discussed theoretical framework of the principle of legal certainty in the first chapter and the practical framework of this principle in the second chapter. In the theoretical chapter, firstly, it is studied literal and conceptual issues on the principle of legal certainty, its historical and philosophical background, and its relationship between justice and the rule of law. In addition to, the principle of legal certainty is divided three sub-principles in the form of ''clarity'', ''stability'' and ''predictability''. In each of these sub-principles, it is analysed theoretical framwork from the point of rules, administrative and judicial practices. In this theoretical chapter, finally, it is examined positive results which will ensure by the principle of legal certainty such as individiual autonomy and economical proserity.
In the second chapter, it is discussed the practical perspective of the principle of legal certainty within the contex of practices of the Legislative Organ and the Constitutional Court. In this chapter, firstly, it is analysed the practices of the Legislative Organ within the contex of the principles of proper law-making (rule making or good legislation). Hereby, several examples are given laws enacted in Turkey. Furthermore, the practices of the Constitutional Court are examined as two perspective. First of them is how the Constitutional Court puts to use the principle of legal certainty, and the other is whether the Court complys with the legal certainty and the its sub-principles in Court own decisions. In this chapter, finally, the legal certainty approach of the Constitutional Court is criticised in the perspective of judicial activism, argumantation and interpretation methods.

Rule of law, legal certainty and the value of precedent.-The article analyses the relationship between the rule of law and precedent from a comparative perspective considering Italian scholarship in the field. After sketching out Dicey's description of the rule of law, it reviews various interpretations of the concept and how they have balanced the rule of law's concerns for fundamental rights with predictability. Then it summarizes how precedent is applied in common law jurisdictions within case law, statutory legislation and constitutions, how pan-European and Italian courts have reconceptualized the role of precedent, and how it now serves to justify legal development. The article wraps up by emphasizing how differently common law and civil law jurisdictions understand precedent and its legal force.

The revolution of big data is giving rise several legal issues, putting some pressures on the traditional paradigms. In this scenario, the UE is fostering a substantial reform of its data protection regulations, and the GDPR is the cornerstone of this new normative structure. At any rate, at the base this architecture there is the notion of personal data: a concept that in a datified society has become increasingly difficult to define. This essay, as first, explores the current legal status of data, considering personal data, pseudonymised data, and anonymous data. In light of this preliminary study, it focuses on the evolution of the legal definition of personal data, considering the guidelines of the Working Party Article 29 and the case law of the EUCJ. The aim is to highlight how an over-inclusive interpretation of basic concepts may pave the way to build up new legal certainties, risking for a normative disconnection between the law on books and law in action.

My idea in this paper is that Article 111 of the Constitution is a strong reflection of the doctrine of binding precedent and it obliges the judicial organ to maintain a legal certainty. My submission is that a wide discretionary power entrusted to the judges under section 302 of the Penal Code leaves room for inconsistent and individual centric judgements which consequently is hindering the judicial organ to maintain a legal certainty. The focus then largely revolves surrounding the exercise of the discretionary power by the judges in the present sentencing system. First, whether there is any inconsistency in the decision of the HC benches while using their discretion under section 302 of PC. Second, whether bench system encourages inconsistency in the decision of the HCD and prevents the HCD to work as a whole. If so, can one HC bench can per incuriam the decision of another HC bench? Third, whether HCD has provided any specific direction for sentencing that has developed into a precedent. Keeping these questions in mind, this article makes an attempt to examine the application of Article 111 and 107 of the Constitution to maintain a legal certainty while sentencing.

Neste artigo, defendemos que esforços de uniformização jurisprudencial os quais não levem em conta a coerência do sistema jurídico têm um potencial de arbitrariedade incompatível com o projeto de Estado Democrático de Direito consagrado na Constituição Federal. Para fundamentar nossa posição, criticamos uma noção de segurança jurídica que se limite à previsibilidade do resultado das ações judiciais, deixando claro que a uniformização jurisprudencial se refere necessariamente à unificação da interpretação do direito e, portanto, das razões de decidir. Em seguida, expomos o papel essencial da coerência no processo de uniformização das razões de decidir. Por fim, explicitamos o risco de arbitrariedade da uniformização de jurisprudência feita sem atenção à coerência das razões de decidir, tomando como exemplo a tentativa de superação de divergência interna corporis a respeito da responsabilidade civil por “abandono afetivo” no Superior Tribunal de Justiça.

I take example of a clause in a contract about liquidated damages to demonstrate how the many judgments interpreting section 74 of the Indian Contract Act have made this branch of law uncertain and unpredictable for contracting parties.
Read it here:
https://obiterdictadotin.files.wordpress.com/2019/09/commercial-law-must-be-certain-and-predictable.pdf

The title pages of multiple editions of the most popular German language
notarial treatise from the sixteenth century, Rhetoric und Teutsch Formular, feature woodcuts depicting an array of writing utensils, sometimes complemented with a writing notary and some further tools. Those pictures bare striking similarity to the imagery used to illustrate the booming genre of practical guidebooks for artisans of various sorts. As such they bring to the fore a peculiarly materialist understanding of legal work and offer thus a welcome counterpoint to most jurisprudence. In some title pages, the composition of writing utensils is supplemented with emblematic
tools of both mechanical and liberal arts thus pointing to notarial art as carrying elements of both and standing between the two. Those illustrations also match the vision of the book which in its theoretical section defines the notarial art as consisting in saving transactions and agreements from the feebleness of human memory and oblivion by giving them endurance by way of diligent writing. Overall, the book and its title page illustrations thus emphasise what is becoming the central contribution of the craft of law to the development of capitalist modernity: fixing agreements in potent writing. Understanding notarial art as the artisanship of document fabrication, those images also show the transformative power of writing.

O Supremo Tribunal Federal julgará se é possível perdoar créditos tributários decorrentes de incentivos concedidos unilateralmente pelos Estados e Distrito Federal, no passado, se houver posterior concordância do CONFAZ sobre a matéria. Considerando que a inconstitucionalidade formal é sanável, legislação superveniente que tenha obedecido ao procedimento previsto constitucionalmente não poderia ser taxada de inconstitucional em razão de vícios de forma presentes nas legislações anteriores. Não se trata de modular a eficácia das leis anteriormente declaradas inconstitucionais. As leis mais recentes, com amparo no princípio da separação dos poderes e no pacto federativo, tratam de outra matéria, isto é, do tratamento normativo dos créditos tributários nascidos em decorrência da utilização dos benefícios fiscais declarados inconstitucionais. Impedir a referida remissão retiraria dos Estados que compõem a Federação um dos instrumentos que, no contexto do federalismo de coordenação e cooperação, possibilitam a negociação em torno dos problemas relativos à Guerra Fiscal em busca do bem-estar coletivo e em respeito às expectativas dos contribuintes.

Centar za ljudska prava Univerziteta u Sarajevu predstavlja Vam analizu stepena harmoniziranosti krivičnog zakona i prakse sudova u krivičnim stvarima u Bosni i Hercegovni, koju potpisuju Midhat Izmirlija i Adnan Kadribašić, istaknuti stručnjaci u oblasti prava.
Cilj analize jeste uspostaviti jasnu i preciznu platformu za rješavanje pi-tanja harmonizacije zakona i ujednačavanja sudske prakse u krivičnim stvarima u Bosni i Hercegovini sa argumentima, podacima i potencijal-nim rješenjima problema.
Analiza odabranih krivičnih djela entitetskih krivičnih zakona i sudske prakse je sprovedena u cilju jačanja sveukupnih kapaciteta organizacija civilnog društva u Bosni i Hercegovini u sektoru pravde.

Mi investigación examina el papel sociohistórico y político del derecho después de la Revolución de 1959 en Cuba. Sigo una comprensión de la Revolución como una dinámica entre la redención y la resistencia, donde la ley no solo es parte de la narrativa oficial de la redención, sino también parte de las historias de la resistencia popular. En este sentido, este estudio rastrea el surgimiento histórico y el desarrollo de formas particulares de conciencia legal entre los ciudadanos cubanos. Específicamente, exploro cómo las prácticas cotidianas de juego, innovación y oposición a la ley para sortear prohibiciones estatales y superar la escasez material expresan formas de conciencia legal. Sobre la base de investigación de archivo, y como resultado de observación etnográfica y de entrevistas, sostengo que estas prácticas implican un uso estratégico y, al mismo tiempo, desafían espacios inciertos y ambiguos de la legalidad socialista (es decir, espacios de incertidumbre jurídica) que han sido producidos históricamente por el estado revolucionario como formas de control social. En este sentido, la investigación avanza una comprensión socio-jurídica de la Revolución Cubana.

Abstract
My research examines the socio-historical and political role of the law in the aftermath of the 1959 Revolution in Cuba. I follow a comprehension of the Revolution as a dynamic between redemption and resistance, where the law is not only part of the official narrative of redemption but also part of the stories of grassroots resistance. In this regard, this study traces the historical emergence and development of particular forms of legal consciousness among Cuban citizens. Specifically, I explore how everyday practices of playing, innovating and opposing the law to avoid state prohibitions and surpass material scarcity express forms of legal consciousness. Drawing on archival, ethnographic and interview data I argue that these practices strategically use and, at the same time, challenge uncertain and ambiguous spaces of legality (namely, spaces of legal uncertainty) that have been historically produced (and reproduced) by the revolutionary state as forms of social control. By doing so, this research advances a socio-legal comprehension of the Cuban Revolution.

The occurrence of falsification of land certificates, multiple land certificates or overlapping land certificates and the rampant land mafia are the causes of various land disputes which will ultimately harm the citizen. This means that land rights certificates no longer provide legal certainty for the citizen. So basically the government does need a new legal breakthrough by the Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/Head of the National Land Agency Number 1 of 2021 concerning Electronic Certificates. The type of research used in this research is normative legal research (doctrinal legal research). The approach method in this study uses a statutory approach, an approach using legislation and regulations. The results of this study are the mechanism of the land registration system based on an electronic system will produce an output in the form of an electronic document in the form of an electronic certificate (e-certificate). The e-certificate will provide benefits to the citizen in the form of easy access to digital data and will be free from falsification of land certificates which are the basis for guaranteeing legal certainty for ownership of land rights.

Legal Certainty, Professional Ethics and Translation: Case Study (Moroccan Notarial Document Written in French)

The aim of this paper is to reflect, from the interdisciplinary perspective of forensic linguistics as a meeting point between language and law, to what extent professional ethics and translation can contribute to guarantee legal certainty. For this purpose, a case study on the translation of a Moroccan notarial document written in French will be presented, specifically, the signing of a promise of sale between a Moroccan citizen and a Spanish citizen. Based on a problem observed in professional practice, we will be consider how the translation of a notarial document can affect the people involved in the purchase and sale of a home. The reflection on professional ethics, the function of legal translation to guarantee the safety of those affected and the intervention of the translator as a social agent is based on the analysis of the social, legal, linguistic, communicative and professional coordinates around which the signing of the document in question is framed. 
Keywords: legal certainty, professional ethics, legal translation, notarial document, case study.

TÍTULO: Seguridad jurídica, ética profesional y traducción: estudio de caso (documento notarial marroquí redactado en francés)

RESUMEN: La finalidad del presente trabajo es reflexionar, desde la perspectiva interdisciplinar de la Lingüística forense, como punto de encuentro entre el lenguaje y el derecho, en qué medida pueden contribuir la ética profesional y la traducción a garantizar la seguridad jurídica. Con este propósito se presentará un estudio de caso sobre la traducción de un documento notarial marroquí redactado en francés, en concreto, la firma de una promesa de compra-venta entre un ciudadano marroquí y un ciudadano español. A partir de un problema observado en la práctica profesional se planteará cómo puede afectar la traducción de un documento notarial a las personas implicadas en la compra-venta de una vivienda.
La reflexión sobre la ética profesional, la función de la traducción jurídica para garantizar la seguridad de los afectados y la intervención del traductor como agente social se fundamenta en el análisis de las coordenadas sociales, jurídicas, lingüísticas, comunicativas y profesionales en las que se enmarca la firma del documento en cuestión. 

Palabras clave: seguridad jurídica, ética profesional, traducción jurídica, documento notarial, estudio de caso.

У тезах наукової доповіді автор розмірковує про недопустимість гіперболізації правової визначеності. Розглядаються потенційні ризики ототожнення правової визначеності та абсолютної визначеності у контексті оголошеної урядом реформи кримінального права.

In theses of the scientific report, the author reflects on the inadmissibility of hyperbolization of legal certainty. The potential risks of identifying legal certainty and absolute certainty in the context of the criminal law reform announced by the government are considered.

Why did the famous North Indian modernist and founder of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh, Sayyid Aḥmad Khān (d. 1315/1898), lash out against emulation (taqlīd) in Islamic law (fiqh)? The usual explanation is that he wanted to shift religious authority away from the religious scholars (ʿulamāʾ) toward ordinary Muslims. Countering this claim, I argue that his goal and that of his followers and associates at Aligarh was not primarily to 'democratize' Islamic knowledge by doing away with the traditional edifice of Islamic law in general and the four established Sunni legal schools in particular. Rather, Sayyid Aḥmad Khān and his associates attacked taqlīd because, in their view, it failed to yield reliable, certain knowledge (yaqīn). Drawing on Urdu writings , I demonstrate that these modernist thinkers did not engage with the inner logic of Islamic law but rather measured it according to higher, theological, and philosophical standards. In their quest for certainty, they were inspired both by a scientific worldview as well as colonial conceptions of law.

Get the full paper here: https://brill.com/view/journals/ils/aop/article-10.1163-15685195-00260A15/article-10.1163-15685195-00260A15.xml