Private law

Il presente lavoro descrive il nuovo diritto reale di conservazione ambientale recentemente introdotto nell’ordinamento giuridico cileno. Si analizzano gli aspetti critico-comparativi dell’istituto allo scopo di fornire i suoi elementi piú salienti nel quadro dell’implementazione delle misure di protezione della natura dalla prospettiva del diritto privato.

This paper describes the new in rem right of conservation recently introduced in the Chilean legal system. Critical comparative issues are emphasised to illustrate the most significant features of the new right within the framework of the implementation of measures to protect nature from the private law sphere.

Through this paper I wil introduce, al the novelties of the new law "On civil status", a
comprehensive analysis of the changes that this law has made (Law no. 10129. dated.
1.05.209), in an argumentative way. Analysis of this article wil be made refering to the
decision of the Constiutional Court.I wil also review the scope of Law No. 8950 dated
10.10.202, in which we find what is the meaning and components of civil Albanian nationals
and stateles persons, as wel as the organization and functioning of the civil service in the
Republic of Albania.An important point wil be the Decision No.52 dated. 01.12.2001 of the
Constiutional Court, which requires the declaration as incompatible with Articles 16/1, 17, 19,
20 and 35 of the Constiution of the Republic of Albania, the term "nationality" and the term
"Nationality in acordance with the nationality of the parents", as defined in Article 42/2, leter
"e"; Article 58, wholy, of Law no. 10129, dated 1.05.209 "On the registry".The Constiutional
Court states that: "The Albanian Constiution does not have a clear definiton of the term
"nationality" or the term "national minority", though these terms are included in the
constiutional provisions.The Court also notes the absence of other laws or regulations that
contain adjustments in the terms "nationality", "ethnic minority" or "national minority".For the
first time the term "nationality" is mentioned in the Law no. 8950, dated 10.10.202 "For civil
status", repealed, but not defined as a term. The Civil status law, the provisions of which are
subject to this article, does not specify in an exact and clear way what is meant by the term
"nationality".
Key words: Law, Articles, Constiution, Changes.

Il commento muove dalla decisione del Collegio di Coordinamento A.B.F. sulla sorte di un contratto di fideiussione omnibus che contempla le clausole dello schema contrattuale uniforme predisposto dall’A.B.I., qualificate come anticoncorrenziali dal provvedimento della Banca d’Italia n. 55/2005. L’analisi si concentra esclusivamente sulla nullità della fideiussione stabilita dalla decisione. In questo senso, tale nullità viene fatta discendere dall’art. 2 l. 287/1990, il cui divieto abbraccia non solo le intese, ma anche i contratti attuativi, nella misura in cui ne realizzino il risultato. Con riferimento al caso in esame, la nullità investe, quindi, la fideiussione, nella parte in cui concretizza l’intento uniformatore contemplato dallo schema contrattuale A.B.I. Si tratta, pertanto, di nullità parziale, e non già di nullità «necessariamente parziale», poiché non risulta applicabile, come invece sostiene il Collegio in commento, la disciplina della nullità di protezione.

Although damage is an essential component of negligence liability, important extensions of the categories of actionable damage occur with little or no analysis or even acknowledgement of the fact. In this article, consideration is given to a number of new forms of actionable damage which appear either to have received recognition by the courts in recent years, or to be close to receiving such recognition. The article is divided into three core sections, dealing with negligent imprisonment, wrongful conception and educational negligence. The principal conclusions are that redress for negligent imprisonment is best achieved through recognition of imprisonment as actionable damage in negligence; that an unwanted pregnancy is a form of personal injury, albeit an unusual one; that the conventional sum award in wrongful conception cases is best analysed as compensation for a diminution in the parents' autonomy; and that while untreated learning disorders are now treated by the courts as a form of personal injury, in the absence of such a disorder educational under-development ought not to be recognised as actionable damage in its own right.

Keywords: negligence, damage, personal injury, negligent imprisonment, wrongful conception, educational negligence.

Il processo innovativo che ha coinvolto negli ultimi decenni il sistema finanziario ha assistito all’affermazione nei mercati degli Exchange Traded Products (ETP), la macrofamiglia di strumenti finanziari ad indice quotati e negoziati in un mercato regolamentato. Il presente lavoro si concentra nella disamina degli Exchange Traded Commodities (ETC), strumenti finanziari emessi da una società costituita ad hoc per effettuare esclusivamente una o più operazioni di emissione di strumenti finanziari a fronte dell’investimento diretto dell’emittente in materie prime o in contratti derivati su materie prime. Dopo un inquadramento della fattispecie, la disamina si sposta sulla riconducibilità di tali strumenti agli strumenti finanziari derivati e sulle principali problematiche di natura civilistica relative all’istituto, soprattutto alla luce della più recente evoluzione del panorama normativo comunitario.

The book strives to provide a historical, comparative, and multidisciplinary introduction to the study of private law. Against the backdrop of the predominant position enjoyed by legal positivism, private law is thus understood as a complex social phenomenon, which intercats with human culture as a whole. The national jurisdictions belonging to the Western legal tradition are mainly depicted, as well as the supranational trends that point towards a global law. Particularly, the rise of a European law is accounted for not only within the framework of the Union's legislature, but also through the development of a rediscovered ius commune that emerges from comparative studies conducted by scholars and from the creative attitude of the courts. A special attention is paid to the sources of uniform law and to the development of soft law as a means of integration of legal systems. Traditional doctrines of juridical facts and duties are finally reinterpreted as devices designed to construct a jurisprudence that extends beyond national borders.

Regulating Risk Through Private Law sets out, for nine significant legal systems, an overarching conception of risk in legal theory, particularly of the linked role of risk-taking in generating liability and in liability regulating risk. It examines and explains what risk-based reasoning adds to private law. Taking tort law as the core case study, the book analyses national variation in risk understanding, liability, culture and regulation and from that, develops a legal framework for understanding and responding to risk. Then, looking beyond tort, the volume examines the contextual and cultural setting of different risks and how different legal systems seek to regulate them. The volume draws on more than 25 leading scholars of private law and risk from around the world to develop a coherent and systematic study of risk. The legal systems included span the common law and civil law, large and small, codified and uncodified, as well as those with wider and narrower strict liability rules and causation rules.

in Research for Development Multidisciplinary Design of Sharing Services (M. Bruglieri ed.), Springer Polimi, 2018.

The article describes the main legal challenges for regulating the sharing (or collaborative) economy in Europe and explains how the existing body of EU law applies to these new business models. In the last part, it makes a few brief comments on the need for future regulation.

RESUMO: O escopo central do presente estudo consiste em investigar as respostas fornecidas pela dogmática do dano moral no direito brasileiro a dilemas contemporâneos na matéria. Para tanto, analisam-se, inicialmente, as imprecisões comumente presentes na enunciação teórica de “novos” danos extrapatrimoniais. Passam-se, então, em revista as noções de dano estético e dano existencial à luz unidade dogmática do dano moral. Na sequência, analisam-se criticamente as noções de dano moral in re ipsa e de dano moral da pessoa jurídica. Por fim, investigam-se aspectos relevantes para a necessária distinção funcional entre danos morais, com a identificação de possíveis reflexos em relação à liquidação e à prescrição da pretensão reparatória. O estudo, pautado na  metodologia do direito civil-constitucional, desenvolve-se a partir de consulta às fontes bibliográficas e jurisprudenciais nacionais e estrangeiras.

ABSTRACT: The central scope of this study is to investigate the answers provided by the dogmatic of moral damage in Brazilian law to contemporary dilemmas in the matter. In order to achieve this purpose, the study initially analyzes the inaccuracies commonly present in the theoretical enunciation of “new” non-material damages. Subsequently, the study reviews the notions of aesthetic damage and existential damage in the light of the dogmatic unity of moral damage. In the sequence, the study analyzes critically the notions of moral damage “in re ipsa” and moral damage of the legal entity. Finally, aspects relevant to the necessary functional distinction between moral damages are investigated, with the identification of possible consequences regarding quantification and prescription of reparatory claim. Based on the methodology of civil-constitutional law, the study develops itself from analysis of national and foreign bibliographic and jurisprudential sources.

Against the backdrop of the predominant legal positivism, this book strives to depict private law as a complex social phenomenon interacting with human culture as a whole and its history. The author sketches the national jurisdictions belonging to the Western legal tradition, as well as the supranational trends that point towards a global law. In particular, the rise of a European law is accounted for not only within the framework of the Union, but also through the development of a rediscovered ius commune that has emerged from comparative studies conducted by scholars and from the dialogue among national and international courts. Traditional doctrines regarding juridical facts and rights are presented as analytical tools aimed to construct a jurisprudence that extends beyond national borders.

It is not enough for conventional rules on traditional consumer protection to regulate remote contractual relations or online shopping. In the diversity and wide geographic environment of the global market through the Internet it can't provide adequate protection for the e-consumer. Most global legislations have intervened to amend the legal texts to be consistent with this development. The new rules have provided protection for the consumer in the pre-contractual stage through protection from misleading advertising and promotion of goods and services, as well as providing adequate information to the consumer about the product and the terms of the contract.

La diffusione del virus SARS-CoV-2 (Coronavirus, COVID-2019) ha comportato l’emanazione di drastiche misure di contenimento del contagio.
In seguito alla dichiarazione dello «stato di emergenza in conseguenza del rischio sanitario connesso all’insorgenza di patologie derivanti da agenti virali trasmissibili» proclamato con la Delibera del Consiglio dei Ministri del 31 gennaio 2020 si sono, infatti, susseguiti numerosi provvedimenti volti alla gestione dell’emergenza sanitaria in atto, a partire dal decreto legge 23 febbraio 2020 n. 6, convertito con modificazioni, dalla legge 5 marzo 2020 n. 13, in forza del quale sono stati emanati ulteriori decreti legge, decreti del Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri, ordinanze e decreti di diversi Ministeri, delle Regioni e dei Comuni. Tali misure hanno causato non poche conseguenze sul settore turistico. I provvedimenti emanati hanno, infatti, progressivamente limitato la possibilità di spostamento dei cittadini e, conseguentemente, la possibilità di godere vacanze programmate tempo prima.
Il contributo analizza i riflessi delle misure di contenimento del contagio da Covid-19 sui contratti del turismo e i provvedimenti emanati dal Governo in materia.

This review essay explores the role of classification in law, in particular the role of classification when it is done in a traditional or ‘doctrinal’ fashion. Three questions about classification in law are addressed: (1) Why (classify)?; (2) How (to classify)?; and (3) What (to classify)? The review defends the position that doctrinal scholarship of the sort exemplified in the reviewed books is academically significant — indeed it is indispensable.

Immediately after the constitution of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (1939 – 1945), the Nazis began with interventions in the labor law. Labor law was one of branches of law, which were influenced very much during the German occupation (compared, the civil law remained practically unaffected). This article involves following sections: introduction, labor law according to the Nazi ideology, creating of the forced and controlled labor system, regulations in labor relations and situations of Jewish employees.

It is accepted by judges and academics alike that the restitutionary liability of an unjust payee ought to encompass both the principal sum transferred and an additional sum that refl ects its "use value" over the period between receipt and restitution. The issues that divide opinion concern the proper method of conceptualising and calculating use value. Two theories have predominated: the first is that the defendant should pay compound interest on the principal sum for the period of the enrichment, as complete restitution of an enrichment unjustly received; the second is that the defendant should pay simple interest on the principal sum for the period of the enrichment, at a rate that (broadly) reflects the claimant's loss of use of that sum. In this article, I argue that there is a third, better, option: the defendant should be entitled to discharge her restitutionary duty by restoring the principal sum at any date before or in compliance with a court order to that effect. There should be no attendant liability for interest, compound or simple, as the "use value" of money paid.

سعيا من المشرع لتأطير النشاط العمراني والحد من مظاهر البناء غير المطابق لأحكام ومعايير التهيئة والتعمير قام بتنظيم عملية التعمير من خلال فرض مجموعة من الرخص والشهادات التي تضمنها قانون التهيئة والتعمير 90-29 المعدل والمتمم، والتي جاء المرسوم التنفيذي 91-176 بكيفيات إعدادها وتسليما، غير أنه قام المشرع مؤخرا بإلغاء هذا المرسوم بموجب المرسوم التنفيذي 15-19 والذي أصبح يطلق على هذه الرخص والشهادات تسمية "عقود التعمير". وتتمثل هذه الأخيرة في رخصة التجزئة ورخصة البناء ورخصة البناء، وكذا شهادة التعمير والتقسيم والإستغلال وشهادة المطابقة، وقد جاء هذا المرسوم بمجموعة من التعديلات والأحكام المستحدثة. حيث تعتبر عقود التعمير أدوات للرقابة القبلية أو البعدية لعملية البناء تهدف لضبط التوسع العمراني حسب مواصفات، معايير ومقاييس قانون التعمير ولكل شهادة أو رخصة أحكامها ومجالات تطبيقها لابد على كل شخص مقبل على إنجاز أي نشاط عمراني أن يمتثل لهذه الأخيرة وإلا تعرض لأحد الجزاءات المنصوص عليها قانونا.

The article discusses the issues of evolution and premises of the applying of English concept known as promissory estoppel. In the present paper the development of the legal doctrine referring to the aforementioned problems is illustrated with the examples of several leading cases such as that of High Trees (1947) and Combe v. Combe (1951). In these cases it was lord Denning who was a decision maker. The author of the paper analyzes the general principles on which the promissory estoppel might be invoked. He draws our attention to the fact that in the course of litigation it is necessary to prove the existence of a promise on the basis of which a promisee (the person who was promised something), while reasonably relying on this promise decided to do something or to refrain from doing it, and simultaneously it would be inequitable if a promisor (the person making a promise) could call off what he had promised. The author of the paper made an effort to answer a question whether the abuse-of-right clause provided for in Art.5 of the Civil Code may be regarded as the Polish equivalent of promissory estoppel.

W publikacji przedstawiono, jaki wpływ na różne gałęzie prawa cywilnego i regulowane przez nie stosunki prawne ma wystąpienie sytuacji nadzwyczajnej. Dokonano wyboru tych instytucji i pojęć prawa cywilnego, które w ocenie autora mają podstawowe znaczenie teoretyczne i największą doniosłość praktyczną.

W kompleksowy sposób omówiono m.in.:
• należące do prawa zobowiązań klauzule rebus sic stantibus i waloryzacyjne, a także wpływ sytuacji nadzwyczajnych na odpowiedzialność deliktową oraz odpowiedzialność z tytułu niewykonania lub nienależytego wykonania zobowiązania,
• instytucje prawa osobowego (uznanie za zmarłego i stwierdzenie zgonu),
• instytucje prawa spadkowego (testamenty ustne i wojskowe),
• zagadnienie dopuszczalności użycia, uszkodzenia lub zniszczenia cudzej rzeczy,
• wpływ sytuacji kryzysowych na instytucje dawności i sposób liczenia terminów.

Uwzględniono ponadto rozwiązania przyjęte w kolejnych tzw. tarczach antykryzysowych wprowadzanych w związku z pandemią COVID-19.
Książka jest przeznaczona dla pracowników administracji odpowiedzialnych za zamówienia publiczne i nadzór nad wykonywaniem umów, sędziów, adwokatów i radców prawnych, a także wszystkich zainteresowanych tematyką odpowiedzialności cywilnej.

Nel provvedimento in commento (Cass. 13 settembre 2016, n. 17953)  la Cassazione affronta il tema della valutazione equitativa del danno nella cornice della responsabilità precontrattuale. La sentenza in commento, dunque, rappresenta l'occasione per esaminare i due distinti istituti, soffermandosi in particolare sui presupposti e limiti, non sempre chiari, di applicazione degli artt. 1226 c.c. e 2056 c.c.

Il commento ha ad oggetto una pronuncia della Cassazione relativa al caso di una società che aveva installato un sistema di raccolta dell'impronta della mano dei propri dipendenti; impronta che veniva archiviata e associata ad un codice numerico, poi memorizzato all'interno di apposito badge. La decisione si sofferma soprattutto sul significato di « identificabilità » dell'interessato per precisare la nozione di « trattamento » dei dati personali, e offre l'occasione per riflettere su alcune novità dovute all'entrata in vigore del GDPR, anche in materia di dati biometrici.

The paper discusses varying jurisdictions and evolving structures of the law of succession in Poland within last 100 years. It proves that basic notions of the law of succession remain unshaken, because the stability of the private law has been guaranteed in Poland after 1918 by the acceptance of Roman legal tradition. The paper pretends to present practical legal history. The fact is that many cases of succession have been left neglected for decades. Practical legal history is designed to be a useful presentation of the day-by-day changes to anyone in need of instruments for orientation in the law of succession over the previous 100 years. And it is the practical considerations which demand delving back even to times before World War I. The analysis focuses on the legal status at a given place and time: just after 1918, in times of codifications of trade law, obligations or private international law, in the epoch of unification efforts after World War II and under the 1964 Polish civil code that has been amended several times. Because of the many changes to the Polish law of succession and the multitude of jurisdictions as well as variety of legal traditions, the example of evolution of Polish legislation on successions seems useful and instructive to everyone interested in the evolution of private law in Europe.

This paper in the field of extraordinary liability intends to get familiar to contemporary concepts (of doctrine and jurisprudence) for existential and biological damage as autonomous figure of non-pecuniary damage. This is a part of obligation law, which has for its object the regulation of the extraordinary relations.
Non contractual relationships have practical significance provided under the Civil Code and other laws. Taking into consideration the fact that the damage, not only his concept is very much present in our daily life I pose that is of particular interest a profound theoretical study for general notion of damage and in particular the concept analysis of existential and biological damage under the Albania law.
For a relatively long time non-pecuniary damage is identified only with moral damage. But over the 20 past years, initially doctrine and then jurisprudence has identified two new figures of non-pecuniary damage, damage to health or biological damage and existential damage.
Besides the contract, as an important source of obligations’ creation, an ordinary case we face by practice is damage causing and the compensation liability, as well.
The law of contract deals with those legal relations that arise because of mutual expressions of assent. The notion is not at all uncommon that legal relations called contractual cannot exist unless the parties intended them to exist meanwhile ‘damage causing’ creates its obligation under the fact that a person has caused damage to another person, utterly unforeseen by the parties. The question now is how the law protects the parties who are in view of these unknown or unanticipated circumstances?  To answer this question we analyzed how Albanian legal system has provided the situation.

Purpose Blockchain, which was originally created to enable peer-to-peer digital payment systems (bitcoin), is considered to have several benefits for different sectors, such as the real estate one. In a standard European-wide real estate transaction, several intermediaries are involved. As a consequence, these agreements are usually time-consuming and involve extra difficulties to cross-border operations. As blockchain, combined with smart contracts, may have an important role in these transactions, this paper aims to explore its prospective challenges, limitations and opportunities in the real estate sector and discover how the traditional intermediaries have to face a possible implementation of this technology. Design/methodology/approach This paper analyses the current intermediaries in the real estate sector in European Union (EU), their functions and how can blockchain strengthen the security of these transactions while reducing their time. The author uses a legal methodology t...

Portuguese report to the Common Core of European Private Law volume on "immoral contracts". Report includes analysis of case scenarios on a range of issues, from sex work to surrogacy, from freedom to marry to inheritance issues, from suretyships to usury.

The influence that advertising has on contemporary society is undeniable. Its importance transcends the original boundaries of its area of activity to boldly assume a position as a sort of “magical wise woman-cum-mother of our time” , with a presence in and hold over a multitude of aspects of people’s lives.
Within a legal context, advertising was seen until a few decades ago as an alien phenomena in respect of the general theory of Contract Law and, in particular, to its content. The incidents produced by eventual discrepancies between advertising and reality – as a result of a contract – were commonly resolved through the notion of pre-contractual liability .
The reason why advertising – or, more correctly, the information advertised – remained on the margin of contractual terms stems from a voluntarist concept of contracts . This notion has been gradually whittled away, not only in the area of consumer contracts but also in other specific (non-consumer) ones, allowing terms to be extended in order to include the information advertised.
In this incorporation of advertising into the content of the contract, we should stipulate the cause and scope of its binding nature, as well as its interaction with the sources of contractual terms. We will discuss this, in that order.

כאשר שניים מתקשרים בחוזה עלול הדבר להסב הפסדים לאדם שלישי. האם יש נסיבות שבהן פגיעתו של החוזה באינטרס של אדם שלישי מצדיקה התערבות לטובתו? כיצד ראוי לאזן בין עקרון חופש החוזים לבין הגנה על אינטרסים של בני אדם שלישיים העלולים להיפגע מן החוזה? על פי הניתוח המוצע במאמר, שיטות משפט מודרניות מתמודדות עם תופעה זו באמצעות הסדרים מקומיים בכמה ענפי משפט ספציפיים. לעומת זאת, במשפט העברי ניתן למצוא התמודדות עקרונית ושיטתית עם תופעת החוזה לרעת אדם שלישי. לפיכך, המשפט העברי יכול לשמש מקור השראה לפיתוח מודל של דוקטרינה מודרנית של חוזה לרעת אדם שלישי. מודל זה יעניק יתר שיטתיות להסדרים הקיימים בשיטות משפט בנות זמננו, ויאפשר גיבוש מענה למקרים בעייתים אחרים שאינם נופלים תחת הסדרים אלה. בד בבד הדיון התאורטי של המשפט המודרני יכול להעשיר את הבנתנו את יסודות גישתו של המשפט העברי
גופו.

Avant-projet de loi approuvé, le 30 mars 2018, par le Conseil des ministres, tel que préparé par la Commission de réforme du droit des obligationsinstituée par l’arrêté ministériel du 30 septembre 2017 et adapté, eu égard aux observations reçues depuis le début de la consultation publique lancée le 7 décembre 2017