Private law

In modern internet age, demand of society on using the technology is growing, however, development of technology expands possibility of private interest infringement. Accordingly, legal grounds of personal data protection, especially, in the framework of relationships between private individuals should be studied. Structural analysis of Article 18 prima of Civil Code of Georgia (hereinafter the Code) is essential from this approach. Firstly, considering the aim of the research, the scope of the term ‘personal data’ and limits of its protection should be established, where does the interest of informing the society commence and end. From this approach, in order to define correspondence between national and European approaches, main essence of public and private interest conflict should be shown in accordance with European standards. Research established that personal data is one of the parts of private life. Moreover, personal information includes data of different form and content that are directly or indirectly connected to an identified or identifiable physical person. In order to avoid private interest infringement, personal data should be processed with strict protection of regulations stipulated by the law. The law has legal gap. Accordingly, it should be determined, how should private individual protect its own interest on personal data, while the law on Personal Data Protection sets forth measures that should be used during infringement mainly having public law nature. Research has revealed that Civil Code does not include sanctions that should be used during infringement and Georgian Civil legislation is not in compliance with European standards, as the law should be clear, precise, stipulate effective, corresponding and efficient sanctions. It should be noted that if the content of personal data is connected to illicit and faulty infringement of different private goods (respect, honor, private life secrecy etc.), victim is entitled to request compensation of relevant damages. In order to protect private interests, this gap could be filled with using analogy of Article 18 and interpretation of delict responsibility under Article 992 of the Code expended for purposes of solving this problem. Different regulation exists in relation to non-material damage compensation. According to Article 413.1 of the Code, events of non-material damage compensation is narrowed and issue should be considered in the limits of teleological reduction. Article 18 prima of the Code does not indicate on damage compensation for violating rules of personal data distribution. Accordingly, on legislation level, Article 18 prima of the Code does not compensate non-material damages. It is reasonable, that the following sentence - “person is entitled to receive damage compensation for non-material damage in case of violation private information or confidentiality” should be added to Article 18 prima of the Code. At this stage, legal burden of proof is complicated for the claimant, until there is no indication on such possibility in Civil Code. If faulty and impermissible exposure of personal data results in non-material damages, in order to satisfy the claim on its compensation, the victim should prove that issuing private information was determinant of infringement of any right protected under Article 18. Accordingly, if both facts will be confirmed, non-material damage may be compensated based on Article 18.6 of Code and generalization of Article 992.

The aim of the contribution is to outline the history, the structure and
the functions of legal commentaries in the Italian tradition. After a historical introduction, which takes into consideration the relationships between the Italian, the French and the German scholarships, the author exposes the main characteristics of the different types of legal commentaries. The structure and the style of the main publications are put under scrutiny and compared to other literary genres, namely treaties and encyclopedias. The essay tries then to indicate the current “value” of legal commentaries for doctrinal and practice-oriented research purposes. Finally, it discusses the future of the literary genre and its possible implementation in online databases.

Právo sa už od rímskych čias delí na súkromné a verejné, pričom prvý pohľad na toto rozdelenie priniesli práve Rimania, ktorí za verejné právo, teda ius publicum, považovali právo, ktoré : „...sa vzťahuje na úžitok rímskeho štátu,“  lebo: „...sa týka verejného úžitku“  a za súkromné právo, teda ius privatum, považovali právo, ktoré sa vzťahuje: „...na záujem jednotlivcov.“  Z pohľadu súčasnosti je relevantnejšie rímske súkromné právo, nakoľko práve to položilo základy európskeho súkromného práva, to ale neznamená, že skúmanie rímskeho verejného práva nemá žiadny význam, nakoľko aj to, aj keď v menšej miere, ovplyvnilo historický vývoj ústavných systémov štátov patriacich do kontinentálneho právneho systému. Zaujímavým sa ale môže javiť skúmanie prienikov rímskeho verejného a súkromného práva, nakoľko tieto prieniky mali rôznorodé podoby a v niektorých prípadoch významne zasahovali do vývoja oboch právnych odvetví. Nakoľko ide o pomerne rozsiahlu tému, rozhodli sme sa v tomto článku zamerať len na jeden jej aspekt, a síce na to, ako rímske verejné právo vplývalo na podobu súkromného práva, a to prostredníctvom jednotlivých zložiek rímskeho ústavného systému, teda magistrátov, senátu a ľudových zhromaždení. Zameriame sa prevažne na normotvornú činnosť týchto orgánov a budeme skúmať, akým spôsobom a s akým prínosom tieto normy formovali rímske súkromného právo, ktoré si aj napriek tejto normotvornej činnosti zachovalo formu prevažne nepísaného obyčajového práva.

El derecho de defensa del consumidor por intermedio de los cuerpos legales, tanto del régimen general (Código Civil y Comercial) como del especial (leyes 24.240, 26.993 y concs.) permite a los operadores jurídicos, siempre teniendo en cuenta la génesis constitucional de esta rama jurídica, encontrar soluciones para los casos concretos. De este modo, bien utilizadas las herramientas antedichas y abonadas por la doctrina como la jurisprudencia, habilitan la consolidación técnica y jurídica de los derechos de los consumidores en la vida cotidiana. El fallo que nos toca comentar es un ejemplo de la senda antedicha, porque revitaliza las nociones clásicas brindándoles un nuevo y rico contenido.

Although it emerged in the great European era of modernisation and was confirmed by the famously reform-minded Tsar Alexander II, the BPL remained in the family of modern European private law codifications as an alien from the past. Firstly, the BPL neither achieved, nor was meant to achieve, the unity of a private law. Secondly, this codification of Baltic provincial law was not allowed to create any new laws, but was merely and exclusively meant to consolidate existing ones.

RESUMO: Emancipar e proteger não parecem ser tendências plenamente conciliáveis no âmbito jurídico. Embora a proteção contratual da pessoa com deficiência mental comporte muitos mecanismos diferentes, há limites à liberdade negocial que se pode conferir a um indivíduo, na vida de relação, sem que para ele surjam deveres jurídicos correlatos. A invalidade negocial devidamente modulada pelo grau concreto de discernimento do indivíduo ainda se mostra, nesse sentido, um importante ponto de partida na tutela das pessoas com deficiência mental, caso se pretenda promover tal tutela sem prejuízo à segurança jurídica. Questiona-se, por outro lado, a utilidade de institutos como a tomada de decisão apoiada para uma efetiva tutela das pessoas com deficiência, nos termos em que se encontra atualmente disciplinado.

ABSTRACT: The urges to both emancipate and protect do not appear to be fully reconcilable in legal terms. Even though the contractual protection of mentally disabled persons might follow various mechanisms, there are limits to the negotiating freedom an individual can be allowed in a relational environment without having corresponding legal duties arise for them. The invalidity of the contract in such case, duly modulated by the concrete degree of discernment of the individual, still proves to be an important starting point in the protection of persons with mental disabilities, if one intends to promote adequate protection without harm to legal security. On the other hand, one might question the usefulness of categories such as the supported decision-making for an effective protection of the disabled person,
considering the terms in which it is currently disciplined.

The essay explores the intersections between succession agreements and the public policy defence within the framework of the European Succession Regulation. After narrowing down the relevant notion of succession agreements under the Regulation and illustrating the criteria to determine the applicable law, it will be argued that the hypothetical succession law best serves legal certainty and the desire of the person whose succession is concerned to plan his succession pursuant to predictable and indisputable provisions. The concept of public policy will be elucidated, drawing a clear dividing line between its domestic and international variations, and showing that the distinction lies in their content and function. The essay ends with some remarks on the possible conflict of succession agreements with public policy. While it is true that, in countries that prohibit them, succession agreements clash with domestic public policy, it is no less true that they do not per se run contrary to international public policy, except for some circumstances in which the solidarity-based reasons behind forced heirship are impaired.

Il Tribunale di Siena è chiamato ad affrontare, per la prima volta nella storia, la questione dei confini territoriali tra due Contrade. Il giudice, oltre a sostenere preliminarmente la giurisdizione del giudice ordinario, ritiene le Contrade di Siena dotate di personalità giuridica secondo antico diritto. Considera, poi, che le norme del Bando di Violante di Baviera del 1729, che ha stabilito i confini tra le Contrade, siano derogabili tramite convenzioni stipulate tra gli organi rappresentativi delle Contrade e fa salva la possibilità dell’esperimento delle azioni possessorie a tutela dei rispettivi confini, purché le azioni vengano esercitate rispettando i requisiti stabiliti dal codice civile.

A brief exposition of the grandparent's common law duty of support which is concomitant to the inability of parents to support in relation to the changed landscape which envisages co-assigned care rights and responsibilities for minor children in their best interests under the Childen's Act and Constitution; and the necessary procedural scheme provided by reg 3 of the Maintenance Act Regulations for enforcing such duty to support by grandparents.

Traditioneel omschrijft men 'bewijzen' als het aannemelijk maken van het bestaan en desgevallend van de inhoud van bepaalde feiten of handelingen op de wijze bepaald door de wet. Zowel in de rechtspraak als in de rechtsleer wordt er aangenomen dat die wettelijke bepalingen, behoudens enkele uitzonderingen, niet van dwingend recht of openbare orde zijn. Partijen kunnen dus in onderlinge overeenstemming van het klassieke bewijsrecht afwijken. Ze doen dat onder andere wanneer ze twijfel omtrent de toepasselijkheid van een wettelijk bewijsvoorschrift willen uitsluiten, een bepaald bewijselement willen bevoordelen, het toepasselijk bewijsregime willen verstrengen of versoepelen of onzekerheid over de aanwending van moderne communicatiemiddelen en digitale gegevens als bewijs in rechte willen vermijden. Deze bijdrage gaat in op bewijsovereenkomsten en-clausules, die partijen toelaten om één of meer aspecten van hun bewijsregime te regelen met het oog op de beslechting van een eventuele toekomstige procedure, maar nog voor er effectief sprake is van een geschil. Bewijsclausules zijn zo goed als standaard in de algemene voorwaarden van banken, verzekeringsmaatschappijen en openbare nutsbedrijven, maar komen ook voor in talrijke andere overeenkomsten.

The paper discusses Fibrosa S.A. v. Fairbairn Lawson Combe Barbour Ltd (1942), the case considered as one of several landmark cases in English law of restitution. What was at stake in litigation before the House of Lords was whether a Polish plaintiff should recover a prepayment transferred pursuant to a contract that had become frustrated because of the outbreak of war in 1939. The lords had to decide on the application of two potentially dissonant doctrines – the frustration and the total failure of consideration. But what made Fibrosa case famous was an obiter dictum delivered by lord Wright. This eminent judge declared that English law should provide remedies for unjust enrichment. That is the very reason why the case is still being cited by the lawyers today.

La cura e la protezione delle persone prive di
autonomia è, di per sé, un interesse giuridico
meritevole di tutela.
I trust interni di protezione possono consentire
un importante riequilibrio dell’interesse del beneficiario
con l’interesse dei terzi, la cui tutela
costituisce il tallone d’Achille della legge 9 gennaio
2004, n. 6.
I trust interni di protezione, quale autonoma
misura negoziale di protezione, sono uno strumento
complementare o alternativo alle misure
legali di protezione.
La complementarità del trust può accrescere la
funzionalità dell’amministrazione di sostegno,
come della tutela e della curatela.
L’alternatività del trust può garantire un sistema
maggiormente proporzionato alle esigenze,
anche di riservatezza, della persona priva di autonomia.

Theologians and Contract Law: The Moral Transformation of the Ius commune (ca. 1500-1650), (Studies in the History of Private Law, 4), Leiden - Boston: Brill - Nijhoff, 2013, 723p.

History of private law - contract law - moral theology - canon law - freedom of contract - justice in exchange

The Roman legal tradition is the ancestor of modern contract law but there is no agreement as to how and when a general law of contract emerged. Wim Decock’s thesis is that an important step in this evolution was taken by theologians in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. They transformed the Roman legal tradition (ius commune) by insisting on the moral foundations of contract law. Theologians emphasized that the enforceability of contracts is based on voluntary consent and that a contract should not enrich one party at another's expense. While their main concern was the salvation of souls, theologians played a key role in the development of a systematic contract law in which the founding principles were freedom and fairness.

This paper develops two main claims: first, the public law/private law divide is a «great dichotomy», as Bobbio puts it, in the history of legal thinking, since it offers two irreconcilable images of law and society. As such, it can be linked to other well-known binary taxonomies proposed in legal, philosophical and sociological discourse. Second, although this divide acquired its full meaning at the origin of modern society, it still appears to be a valid tool for interpreting historical as well as current legal and political issues.

This paper focuses on problems and their causes and cures in policy and planning for large infrastructure projects. First, it identifies as the main problem in major infrastructure development pervasive misinformation about the costs, benefits, and risks involved. A consequence of misinformation is massive cost overruns, benefit shortfalls, and waste. Second, the paper explores the causes of misinformation and finds that political-economic explanations best account for the available evidence: planners and promoters deliberately misrepresent costs, benefits, and risks in order to increase the likelihood that it is their projects, and not the competition's, that gain approval and funding. This results in the "survival of the unfittest," where often it is not the best projects that are built, but the most misrepresented ones. Finally, the paper presents measures for reforming policy and planning for large infrastructure projects, with a focus on better planning methods and changed governance structures, the latter being more important.

A propriedade desagregada dos recursos produtivos envolve direitos fragmentários e sobrepostos, temporários ou condicionais, titularizáveis por diversos perfis de agentes econômicos, como trabalhadores, investidores privados, bancos e agências públicas de desenvolvimento. Direitos reais e intelectuais compartilhados, empresas de participações, pirâmides e teias societárias, fundos de capital de risco para startups (venture capital e private equity) e parcerias público-privado-comunitárias (PPPCs) estão entre as ferramentas aptas à modelagem de regimes alternativos de propriedade empresarial. Esses arranjos jurídicos permitem concentrar ativos e descentralizar a economia de mercado, com potencial para a estruturação de uma democracia poliproprietária – capaz de difundir capacidades empreendedoras e de sustentar novos direitos fundamentais, que funcionem como equivalentes a dividendos universais. Disaggregated property and ownership of productive resources involves fragmented and overlapping, temporary and conditional rights that can be held by various profiles of economic agents, such as workers, private investors, banks, and public development agencies. Shared real and intellectual rights, holding companies, pyramids and corporate webs, venture capital and private equity funds for startups, and public-private-community partnerships (PPPCs) are among the tools suitable for modeling alternative business property regimes. These legal arrangements make it possible to concentrate assets and to decentralize the market economy, with potential for the structuring of a poly-owner democracy - capable of spreading entrepreneurial capacities and of sustaining new fundamental rights that function as the equivalent of universal dividends.

RIBEIRO, Gabriella Alencar. Necessidade de autorizar a substituição do depósito judicial por seguro garantia ou fiança bancária durante a pandemia do COVID-19. R. Fórum de Dir. Tributário – RFDT, Belo Horizonte, ano 19, n. 114, p. 69-82, nov./dez. 2021

textabstractThere is a shift taking place in the fight against corruption. Increasingly attention is turning to the role of the private actor.2 This can be characterized as a shift from a public approach that sees the state and government as the primary driving force in the fight against corruption to an approach that sees private processes and actors playing an equally important role. This begs the question: what is a private approach? What is its motivation, content, or method? How does a private approach interrelate with the public approach? This book on private remedies for corruption is a response to these questions from the perspective of private law.3 This chapter introduces the research question, the research method and the relevance of this research.

The idea that a simple unilateral promise, until it is accepted, is not binding according to natural law is defended by Grotius in his major work with an argumentation drawn directly from Lessius, an important source of inspiration for the Dutch jurist, who in turn solves the dispute rooted in the tradition of ius commune. This article aims to reconstruct, in its essential stages, an itinerary through the main positions of medieval and early modern civil and canon lawyers about this controversial issue. These sources constitute the background of early modern scholastics and Grotius as well. The paper analyses some of the principal texts of both bodies of law, highlighting arguments and adding new findings. Notably it is shown that Lessius' and Grotius's statements represent a turning point, as far as they react against the resumption of the theory of the binding force of simple unilateral promises in the sixteenth century. With Lessius and Grotius, on the other hand, acceptance became a necessary requirement for every transfer of rights and duties to be enforceable.

Rulfaini telah berhutang kepada Faizal Firdaus sejumalah Rp. 480.000.000 tetapi Rulfaini melakukan wanprestasi hingga pada akhirnya sampai kepersidangan tetapi dalam persidangan hakim, tetapi hakim memutuskan Rulfaini hanya perlu membayar sebesar Rp.270.000.000. Masalah yang diteliti adalah bagaimana pertimbangan hukum majelis hakim dalam memutuskan perkara Nomor 368/K/ PDT/2015. Sedangkan metode jurnal ini yaitu, jenis penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif, sumber data diperoleh dari tiga bagian maka sumber data yang digunakan adalah 3 bahan hukum, diantaranya bahan hukum primer, bahan hukum sekunder dan bahan hukum tersier.  Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah Dari hasil penelitian ini bahwa Majelis Hakim Mahkamah Agung dalam melakukan pemeriksaan terhadap perkara Nomor 368 K/PDT/2015 telah melalui prosedur hukum sebagaimana yang telah ditentukan undang-undang. Namun dalam memberikan pertimbangan hukum dalam menjatuhkan putusan hanya berpedoman kepada sahnya perjanjian yang dibuat oleh kedua belah pihak, tanpa memperhatikan eksepsi yang diajukan oleh tergugat, karena tergugat tidak mempunyai iktikad baik yang dibuktikan dari adanya pembayaran hutang.

Il contributo affronta il tema dell’impossibilità di restituzione delle azioni di una società holding posta in liquidazione. L’analisi muove dalla disciplina degli artt. 2037 e 2038 cod. civ. sull’indebito di cosa determinata, per verificarne l’applicabilità alla problematica oggetto dello studio. Dopo una breve ricostruzione del fenomeno della surrogazione reale, di cui un esempio viene individuato nell’art. 1259 cod. civ., relativo al perimento (anche giuridico) della cosa da rendere, ci si sofferma sulle dottrine del commodum repraesentationis e del tracing, per trarre un rapido confronto tra i due sistemi restitutori. Non vengono tralasciate le soluzioni del diritto uniforme (CISG) e dal diritto comune europeo (PECL, CESL, DCFR). La soluzione proposta all’esito dell’indagine consiste nella restituzione del “surrogato” della holding estinta, costituito dai “residui giuridici” della holding stessa, cioè le partecipazioni delle società controllate.

„Jó és kevésbé jó csengésű, társadalmi haladást és társadalmi reakciót kifejező nevek hosszú sorát lehetne még tanúként idézni annak bizonyságául, hogy egyes törvénykönyvek alkotása mindenkor az adott társadalmi struktúra mozgását kísérő politikai harc egy fontos küzdőtereként jelentkezett és – épp emiatt – sohasem volt csak a jogászok belügye.” Mádl Ferenc

RESUMO: O presente trabalho busca lançar novas luzes sobre o instituto do abuso do direito, identificando sua atual posição no quadro geral de mecanismos de controle valorativo das situações jurídicas subjetivas, como degrau intermediário entre o juízo (negativo e de natureza estrutural) de simples licitude e o juízo (positivo, relacionado à promoção da função social) do merecimento de tutela. Nesse sentido, apresenta-se o abuso como exercício contrário à função, vale dizer, à síntese de interesses que qualifica a situação jurídica subjetiva. Afirma-se a responsabilidade pelos danos advindos do abuso baseada no critério da culpa normativa, apresentam-se as consequências in natura do ato abusivo, e apresentam-se as potencialidades do instituto em sede de situações jurídicas existenciais. Adota-se como marco teórico a escolado direito civil-constitucional, que melhor congrega, em sua doutrina, as duas principais preocupações que orientaram a produção deste trabalho: formalmente, o esforço de reordenação sistemática e, materialmente, a efetiva promoção dos valores que guiam nosso ordenamento.

ABSTRACT: The present work seeks to shed new lights over the institute of abuse of rights, identifying its current position in the general frame of axiological control mechanisms over subjective juridical situations, as an intermediary step between the (negative, structure-centered) judgment of mere lawfulnessand the (positive, social-function-promoting) judgment of meritevolezza. Ac-cordingly, the abuse of rights is presented as the exercise against the function,that is, the synthesis of juridical interests that qualifies the subjective juridicalsituation. The responsibility for damages deriving from the abuse is affirmedon an objective concept of fault basis, and the in natura consequences ofabusive acts are presented, as well as the potentialities of this institute when it comes to non-patrimonial juridical situations. This work adopts as its theoretical mark the diritto civile-costituzionale school, which best congregates,in its doctrine, the two main concerns that have directed it: in the formal field,the efforts of systematical restructuring and, in the material field, the effective promotion of the values that guide our juridical system.

Il factoring ricopre una posizione primaria nel panorama economico mondiale. Da presenza consolidata nelle realtà economiche più sviluppate a mero input nelle economie di più recente evoluzione, l'attività di factoring si pone come costante indiscussa. La funzione di finanziamento, affiancata ad una serie di attività parallele, rende il factoring uno strumento duttile, capace di rispondere alle diverse esigenze di coloro che vi fanno ricorso. Il presente contributo si prefigge l'obiettivo si tracciare un'analisi della disciplina, a partire dalle sue origini storiche e rendendo conto delle differenti forme che ha assunto sotto il profilo comparatistico. A seguito di tale ricostruzione si ripercorreranno i punti più salienti dell'applicazione della disciplina italiana, soffermandosi sulle problematiche di più recente emersione quali la cessione dei crediti futuri e le sue conseguenze. Sommario: 1. Il factoring e le sue origini storiche 2. La realtà degli Stati Uniti 3. Factoring in a comparative perspective 4. Legge 21 febbraio 1991, n. 52: attività

RESUMO: As situações jurídicas subjetivas, a serem estudadas sempre em perspectiva relacional, constituem importante instrumento para o intérprete na análise valorativa dos atos de autonomia privada. Seu estudo em perspectiva funcional fornece subsídios para identificar os valores e interesses que devem orientar cada situação jurídica, seja em sua gênese, seja em seu exercício, o que permite aplicações em campos tão variados quanto o da invalidade do negócio jurídico, o do abuso do direito e o do merecimento de tutela. Este trabalho visa a oferecer um enfoque funcional sobre a matéria, ressaltando também alguns aspectos controversos do tema.

ABSTRACT: Subjective legal situations, which must always be studied in a relative perspective, are an important tool for the interpreter in the evaluation of private autonomy acts. Their study in a functional view offers resources for identifying values and interests that must guide each one of them, be it in their genesis or during their exercise. That allows applications in varied fields, such as the validity of juridical acts, the abuse of rights and the juridical worthiness of private acts. This work seeks to offer a functional focus on the matter and also to point out some of its controversies.

The rules governing impaired transfers are widely thought to lie at the core of unjust enrichment law. This essay defends two propositions about these rules. First, there is no duty, in the common law, to make restitution of benefits obtained as the result of an impaired transfer (for example, a transfer made by mistake or as a result of fraud or compulsion). Rather than imposing duties to make restitution, or indeed duties of any kind, the rules governing impaired transfers impose only liabilities, in particular liabilities to judicial rulings. The only legal consequence of a mistaken payment is that the recipient is liable to be judicially ordered to repay a sum of money equal to the payment. Second, it matters that the law governing impaired transfers imposes only liabilities, and not duties, because, inter alia, explaining and justifying liabilities is different from explaining and justifying duties. In particular, certain well-known objections to attempts to explain impaired transfer law can be avoided once it is recognized that this law is concerned exclusively with liabilities. In summary, this essay argues that the distinction between duty-imposing and liability-imposing rules has important implications for understanding the foundations of the law governing impaired transfers.

Perlindungan terhadap potensi produk daerah sudah merupakan kebutuhan bagi daerah. Kurangnya pemahaman terhadap pentingnya perlindungan indikasi geografis bagi stakeholders di daerah menjadi salah satu terhambatnya upaya melindungi kekhasan produk yang dimiliki daerah. Penelitian ini berupaya untuk mengetahui kendala yang dihadapi daerah dalam memberikan perlindungan indikasi geografis, sekaligus menemukan keberadaan lembaga lokal sebagai legal standing bagi daerah.

Kata Kunci: pemerintah daerah, indikasi geografis dan legal standing

Per anni la Cina ha richiamato l’immagine del 'paese contraffattore' che si serviva di attività illecite, sfruttando le conoscenze e le tecnologie di stati stranieri più avanzati, al fine di sostenere la propria economia. Tuttavia, per presentarsi al
mondo come nuova potenza economica concorrente, ma anche come desiderabile e affidabile alleato nel mondo degli affari, la Cina ha fatto propri principi riconosciuti internazionalmente in materia di proprietà intellettuale. Il presente scritto, quindi, mira ad indagare le ragioni sociali, culturali ed economiche alla base di questa evoluzione e, conseguentemente, a valutare l'efficacia delle novità normative introdotte soprattutto con riguardo alla disciplina di marchi, brevetti e diritto d'autore. Si concluderà osservando che, sotto lo spinta di pressioni sia esterne sia interne, la Cina si stia facendo attiva promotrice di una quanto più soddisfacente tutela della privative industriali.

I trust interni autodestinati possono costituire
una misura di protezione, in sé efficace e adeguata,
delle persone prive in tutto o in parte di
autonomia: una misura negoziale complementare
o alternativa alle misure legali. Un recente
decreto offre interessanti spunti di approfondimento
dell’argomento. L’Autore, nello scandagliare
la previsione della sorveglianza e dell’intervento
del giudice italiano, toglie il velo dal
dogma della tipicità dei provvedimenti di c.d.
volontaria giurisdizione. E, nelle conclusioni,
apre una finestra sui trust gratuiti: accanto ai
trust donandi o solvendi causa c’è spazio per i
trust a causa familiare.