Common Law

THIS IS NOT MY (FAJRI's) WORK, BUT OF DR MAJDAH ZAWAWI, I AM UPLOADING THIS ON HER BEHALF Legal analogy is the most common method of legal reasoning in most legal systems. However, there are differences in the application of legal analogy in the civil legal system if compared to its application in the Islamic legal system. The main aim of this article is to look into the discrepancies in applying legal analogy between these two legal systems, primarily by looking into the utilization of the method of masalik al-'illah under Islamic law as compared to the theory of ratio decidendi, and distinguishing under the civil law.

В статье анализируется применение норм международного частного права в юридической практике Республики Сингапур. Рассматривается место норм международного частного права в правовой системе Сингапура и их влияние на правоприменительную практику. Особенности сингапурской правовой системы демонстрируют успешное нормативно-правовое сочетание элементов англосаксонской и континентальной правовых семей, а также особое место
в этой системе норм международного частного права. Автор предлагает проанализировать особенности решения в судебной практике Сингапура вопросов, связанных с выбором места судебного разбирательства и выбором применимого права.

Rodriguez in the name of the Commonwealth of Virginia and as an “interested person” with standing does file this motion seeking a Writ Quo Warranto.  Defendants General Assembly of Virginia, Office of the Governor of Virginia, the Office of the Attorney General of Virginia, the Supreme Court of Virginia, the Virginia State Bar, and the Virginia State Bar Disciplinary Board (“Defendants”) have committed ultra virus acts to usurp the power of the citizens of the Commonwealth of Virginia to disregard the prohibitions under Art. 1 §§ 5, 9, 11 & 15, Art. VI §§ 1, 5, & 7, and Art. XII § 1 of the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Virginia

Desde hace décadas distintas voces han clamado advirtiendo que se estaban relegando las humanidades en beneficio de la economía, la ciencia y la tecnología. El ensayo de Donald Drakeman acerca de por qué necesitamos las humanidades tiene un tono diferente. Diferente porque él no viene del ámbito humanístico, sino del empresarial y, quizá precisamente por eso, no enfrenta los dos mundos. Es su propia experiencia en la búsqueda de la eficacia la que le ha llevado a darse cuenta de la necesidad de las humanidades.

It is proposed that legal "common sense reasoning" can be modelled by a many valued logic system, termed U4. In the jurisprudence of common law a binary verdict of guilty or not-guilty associated with the prosecution and defence suggests a two-valued logic. Observation of legal protocols, however, finds that in addition to truth and falsity associated with the verdict, the logic states of uncertainty, impossibility, relevancy and irrelevancy are also operating in court proceedings.

Legal discourse can be considered to be undertaken in a four-valued logic. Accordingly, the U4 logic system allows true, false, uncertain and impossible logic states, denoted respectively as {T, F, U, 0}. Relevancy of evidence and discourse is a strict requirement and any irrelevancy is excluded from court proceedings. Irrelevancy can be considered to be a logical state and in U4 irrelevancy is rendered impossible denoted, N = 0. Hence, all logic states in U4 are relevant.

A simple probability interpretation of the verdict in criminal common law "beyond reasonable doubt" derived from U4 has been posited. In civil common law, the application of the Dempster-Shafer evidential theory which can be derived from U4 shows that if relevant uncertainty is non-zero, the plaintiff must nevertheless obtain greater than 50% probability for a ruling in their favour. As illustration of this theory, an analysis of the "Gate Crasher Paradox" and a fair resolution of the paradox submitted in favour of defence.

U4 provides a reliable reference of logic that is an advance upon classical logic and an improvement upon common sense reasoning. The system can be further employed as a basis for legal artificial intelligence systems.

Data Profiling which aims to categorize people to decide their eligibility for certain services, inter alia social and economic services, where an automated decision is taken by computers based on people’s profiles. These decisions may pose risks to people’s lives without their awareness, or they might know only when negative consequences occur to them. This may rise questions regarding personal data protection when analyzing such data then categorizing it into different profiles. It also challenges the main principles of the EU Data Protection Directive in a way that makes the directive insufficient to provide protection to data subjects against such profiling risks.

An Insanity Defence precludes criminal liability, as the defendant was rendered incapable of understanding the consequences of the action. Due to the global relevance of the Indian Penal Code and the fact that "insanity is probably best suited for universal adoption since [it is] common to all human societies," this paper compares Singapore and India in how each state incorporates mental illness into its criminal law. While India and Singapore both adhere strictly to the common law M’Naghten Rules, Singaporean law through the concept of diminished responsibility has included provisions that nuance the role of mental illness in the commission of crimes. Although judges are not medical professionals, significant progress has been made in reliably diagnosing impulse control disorders, and making room for irresistible impulses in both criminal laws is thus long overdue.

No princípio, o direito era a expressão de um saber prático-prudencial que se traduzia em regras e princípios e que, por ser um saber, desfrutava de grande autoridade. A lei era um acidente na vida do direito, e ao próprio direito se subordinava. O poder político estava igualmente subordinado a esse direito. Se havia, portanto, um soberano, era o direito. Na modernidade, essa compreensão foi substituída por um conceito de direito que põe o acento na lei e subordina a juridicidade ao poder político.

Tudo se inverte. Antes do direito vem o poder. A juridicidade se reduz à legalidade, e esta à vontade de um soberano político. Já não se reconhece a autoridade sapiencial daquele velho direito forjado ao longo dos séculos por uma praxis prudencial voltada à justa solução de problemas prático-judicativos concretos. A juridicidade fica, assim,
subordinada a todo tipo de ideologia e passa a flutuar ao sabor do vento, em função do projeto político, dos interesses e das facções que prevalecem a cada momento. Este pequeno livro é parte de um esforço de restauração daquele velho paradigma sapiencial do ius, contra o modelo político da lex. Sustenta que o verdadeiro direito é, ainda hoje, uma ordem de validade normativa material emergente de uma prática prudencial intencionada ao justo concreto. Foi escrito na esperança de que aquela restauração seja ainda possível, pois parece não haver nenhum outro caminho para salvar o Estado de Direito e a ideia elementar de que o poder tem que ser limitado e as paixões e os interesses moderados, para garantia da estabilidade e a prevalência da verdade.

The development of the doctrine of good faith in common law has faced many challenges. This is because the courts have been reluctant at accepting the role of good faith in common law jurisdictions.Directives such as Unfair Contract Terms, Late Payment in Commercial Transactions and Commercial Agents have forced common law courts to recognise the role of good faith in English and Irish law. This essay, in particular, will consider the doctrine of good faith in commercial agency under Council Directive 86/553/EEC. The Directive 86/653/EEC on the coordination of the laws of the Member States relating to self-employed commercial agents imply an obligation that commercial agents must act dutifully and in good faith.

This new text provides the most comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of administrative law in Hong Kong. It includes original commentary on judicial review, administrative tribunals, the Ombudsman, the Legislative Council Redress System, Commissions of Inquiry, the Independent Commission Against Corruption, the Equal Opportunities Commission, the Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data, the Audit Commission, subsidiary legislation and more. Drawing on law, policy and practice, it offers detailed analysis while maintaining accessibility, charting developments as Hong Kong continues to evolve as a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. Administrative Law in Hong Kong is essential reading for judges, practitioners, policymakers, academics, students and commentators with an interest in public law, governance and administration.

Reviews & endorsements

Advance praise: 'The scholarship displayed in this work is of the highest quality. It is an authoritative text on administrative law in Hong Kong and makes a most important contribution to the learning in this field. It will provide invaluable guidance and assistance to judges, lawyers, public administrators, academics and students. This work will be a leading text and deserves to be widely read and used both in and outside Hong Kong.'
- Andrew Kwok Nang Li, First Chief Justice of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (1997–2010)

Advance praise: 'This closely focussed and precise account of administrative law in Hong Kong will prove very useful to the student approaching the examinations or practitioner wrestling with a difficult judicial review. Well and clearly written this book will surely make its mark. Dr Thomson deserves the gratitude of the profession.'  - Christopher F. Forsyth, Sir David Williams Professor of Public Law, University of Cambridge

Advance praise: 'A very welcome addition to the few books that deal with Administrative Law in Hong Kong. The author has produced a very readable guide to an area of law that is crucial to the maintenance of the Rule of Law in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Especially welcome is the author's attempt to locate the significance of Administrative Law within the unique constitutional structure of the HKSAR, including descriptions of the major public bodies that make decisions that resonate in public law.'  - Philip Dykes, Bernacchi Chambers, Hong Kong

The concept of right stands at the very center of our legal universe. An imaginary alternative legal universe might have similar legal norms to ours, except that they are centered on the concept of duty. Is there any significant difference between these two legal universes? The Hohfeldian assumption of complete correlativity between rights and duties might imply that the difference between these two universes is merely a matter of rhetoric. This article, however, argues that a rights-based legal world would presumably be significantly different from a legal world based upon duties. For this purpose, the article examines the way in which contradictory norms are resolved. A rights-based system decides cases of contradictory norms according to a process that is different from that used by a duty-based system. The article is devoted to examining the roots of this difference, its significance and its social implications. Alongside the discussion of the classical and modern legal sources from the Western legal tradition, the article contains a comparative discussion of Jewish law sources, which demonstrates a typical example of a duty-based legal system.

Although the process for registering domain names is a separate one from trademark registration, many countries have reached the conclusion that there is a strong need to take precautionary measures to prevent conflicts between trademarks and use of domain names.  Nigeria has, with the recent passing of the Cybercrimes (Prohibition, Prevention, Etc) Act 2015 joined the moving train in adapting its trademarks protection framework to the exigent demands of participating in the network of computers on the World Wide Web. This paper examines the concept of trademark infringement, cybersquatting and the use of domain names, as well as considers the appropriateness of an action for trademark infringement or passing off in the event of a dispute arising from use of domain names. The paper also examines the criminalization of cybersquatting in Nigeria and makes a bold attempt at imploring the judiciary to join the moving train in the fight against trademark infringement even as technology advances.

Versão pré-print - Artigo a ser publicado.

Resumo: A presente pesquisa busca refletir sobre o seguinte problema: quais as condicionantes normativas históricas do antigo Processo Criminal Brasileiro que influenciam hoje no âmbito da intrincada relação entre os modelos de legislação escrita e do sistema common law no Brasil? Para responder a questão, tem-se os seguintes objetivos: a) tratar das fontes normativas legais, em especial do Decreto 848/1890 e da breve inserção do Brasil no modelo do common law; b) pesquisar as fontes normativas judiciais a partir do Acórdão da ACi nº 745 e Embargos, cujos julgamentos se deram, respectivamente, em 6/8/1902 e 30/7/1904, do Supremo Tribunal Federal; c) verificar as condicionantes levantadas pela Suprema Corte para que se estabelecesse uma orientação common law no sistema jurídico brasileiro. A pesquisa se justifica na medida em que, no Brasil de hoje, é bastante criticada a postura do juiz criador do direito (judge made law), pois conflita com o modelo de legislação escrita, romano-germânico. Embora os críticos possuam certa dose de razão, ignoram, em sua maioria, certas premissas normativas históricas. O método de pesquisa a ser utilizado na investigação é o indutivo, o qual é sequenciado pelo método dialético crítico da história do direito.

Abstract: This research aims to solve the following problem: what are the historical normative constraints of the old Brazilian Criminal Process that influence today's within the scope of the intricate relationship between the models of written legislation and the common law system in Brazil? To answer the question, we have the following objectives: a) to deal with legal normative sources, in particular Decree nº 848/1890, and the brief insertion of Brazil in the common law model; b) search the judicial normative sources from apeal nº 745 and the Embargos, whose judgments were given, respectively, on 6/6/1902 and 7/30/1904, by the Brazilian Supreme Court; c) verify the conditions raised by the Supreme Court to establish a common law orientation in the Brazilian legal system. The paper is justified to the extent that, in Brazil today, the position of the judge who created the law (judge made law) is highly criticized, as it conflicts with the model of written, Roman-Germanic legislation. Although critics have a certain amount of reason,  they mostly ignore certain historical normative premises. The research method to be used in the investigation is the inductive one, which is sequenced by the critical dialectical method of the history of law.

San Marino trust law is embedded in a consolidated civil law tradition stretching back to the ius commune system of fiduciary instruments, thereby making it possible to trace, to a large extent, an itinerary related to common law trusts, and to challenge unwarranted allegations (now, fortunately, fading away) that trusts cannot be transplanted into civil law countries. San Marino has not confined itself to imitating other offshore legislation, but has drawn up a unique trust system reconciling the typical features of international models - thus embarking on the race to attract the trust business within its borders - with the peculiarities of its own system of sources. Hovering between the principles of confidence and patrimonial separation, the international models and ius commune, San Marino trust law proves to be the perfect combination of innovation and tradition, and longs to become a benchmark for the regulation of trusts established in civil law jurisdictions.

The United States Supreme Court has heard oral arguments in the case Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, No. 19-1392 (cert. granted May 17, 2021). During said arguments, by many accounts, the majority of the justices seemed to be showing their cards in favor of a pro-life ruling of some manner. This paper speculates on what pro-life litigation may look like in the future.

This article is concerned with the principle of horizontal effect of fundamental rights as this has been applied in Cypriot case law. The article begins with a brief introduction on the doctrine of horizontal effect and the various positions that have been expressed about this doctrine, as well as its development in private law. Following this analysis, reference is made to the landmark case of Yiallouros and the introduction into the Cypriot legal order of the above-mentioned doctrine by Cypriot courts. It will be indicated that, while the case of Yiallouros created new insights in the area of fundamental rights protection, at the same time it left issues of applicability of the doctrine and its effect of Cypriot private law unclarified. This article, therefore, seeks to consider how the above-mentioned gap is remedied through a review of case law in the Supreme Court of Cyprus following the case of Yiallouros.

It has become increasingly clear that courts across the globe must do more to better organize and manage their caseload and that automation alone is not the answer. In response to this need, case flow management has emerged to become the central method of promoting greater court responsibility and accountability for efficient case processing. For over thirty years court case management concepts have evolved, starting in the United States (U.S.), spreading to other industrialized common law countries initially. Yet, for many judicial systems, the concept, techniques, and supporting systems of case flow management are still relatively new ideas that need to be more fully understood. This paper helps develop a basic understanding of case flow management by defining the concept, outlining the various techniques used, presenting in general the different case management information systems that support those techniques, and outlining the core steps a judicial system can take to plan for, ...

I diritti umani appaiono ormai oggetto di una tutela frammentata e diffusa tra Carte e Corti nello scenario internazionale. Sul piano formale, infatti, da una parte la tutela “rigida” delle Costituzioni nazionali dovrebbe garantire il “nucleo duro” di principi e diritti fondamentali vigenti negli Stati. Dall’altra, con una forza normativa variabile nei diversi sistemi, le Carte sovra e inter-nazionali corroborano, indeboliscono o espandono la tutela costituzionale di quelle stesse situazioni giuridiche, in un’ottica di omogeneizzazione dei diversi ordinamenti nazionali.
Il compito di dare “sostanza” a tali operazioni spetta naturalmente alle giurisdizioni. Il formante giurisprudenziale, che piaccia o no, sembra difatti l’unico capace di garantire, caso per caso, le incessanti istanze di giustizia provenienti dalla realtà sociale. Istanze, queste, tese a dare concretamente senso e significato ai diritti umani sempre più “contaminati” dagli approdi della ricerca scientifica.
In questo scenario a “dialogare” di certo sono le Corti, ma non sempre le Carte. I giusdicenti appaiono infatti i protagonisti principali delle integrazioni ordinamentali nello scenario c.d. multilevel, mentre, paradossalmente, gli “antagonisti” sembrano essere, non di rado, proprio i legislatori. In tema di tutela dei diritti umani, dunque, l’impressione è che nei fatti sia la politica del diritto (dei legislatori nazionali) a creare attriti all’espansione del diritto (politico) formato dai giudici in conformità al diritto sovranazionale.
Partendo dall’assunto che nella realtà della dimensione giuridico-costituzionale il diritto è frutto di questo fisiologico dialogo/scontro tra legislatori e giudici (quella che, in altre occasioni, si è avuto modo di definire co-produzione normativa), nel paper si proverà a spiegare tale fenomeno prendendo come oggetto di studio la metamorfosi della “famiglia” a seguito del progressivo riconoscimento dei diritti vantati dalle coppie omoaffettive.

Монография посвящена институту судебной власти в правовой системе Англии. В работе дается характеристика исторического развития британской юстиции, институтов присяжных заседателей и состязательного судебного процесса, освещается система источников английского права. Раскрыты три ведущих функции судебной власти - правотворческая, интерпретативная и надзорная. Значимое место в монографии уделено доктрине судебного прецедента.

There are three key issues that should be addressed in the subject of pecunia traiecticia. First of all, a question whether the Roman concept of sea loan survived in the centuries following the Roman Empire. Secondly, did it inspire any other legal solution in the Western legal tradition? Finally, can one expect that pecunia traiecticia will return in the future? Answering these can help to find out whether the Roman concept of sea loan is applicable nowadays. The hypothetical revival of an ancient solution is more plausible thanks to the idea of Project Finance and the ongoing process of the decodification of private law.

The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Law and Literature addresses the need for an authoritative guide  through the bewildering maze of medieval law as well as the need for concise examples of how the law infiltrated literary texts. The Companion combines accessible essays written by leading specialists in legal history with essays exploring literary conversations with the law in the works of later medieval authors
from Chaucer to Malory. The first half of this book contains detailed introductions to legal concepts, practices, and institutions in medieval England. In the second half, experts cover a number of texts and authors from across the later medieval period whose verse and prose can be understood as engaging with the law. In this way, the Cambridge Companion to Medieval Law and Literature forms the basis for students wishing to explore this rich area or for scholars to familiarise themselves with literary uses of the law.

ISBN: 9781316632345

In this article, we analyse the history of land dealing in Hong Kong from 1843 onwards and also its current situation. Almost all land in Hong Kong vests in the State and there is, with the exception of St. John's Cathedral, no privately owned freehold land in Hong Kong. We also study how Land Law operates in the New Territories and also a very important topic: what will happen to Property and Land Rights after 2047? At last, a brief comparison with the Spanish system of landholding is made in order to see the main differences of both systems.

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa. - 2. La natura del trust. - 3. L'utilizzo di un trust. - 4. Il trust e le convenzioni bilaterali contro le doppie imposizioni. - 4.1. Principi generali sull'applicabilità delle convenzioni fiscali ai trust: qualificazione del trust come "persona". - 4.2. La residenza del trust ai fini convenzionali. - 4.3. Il "beneficiario effettivo" del trust ai fini convenzionali. - 5. Conclusioni.

The trust is undeniably a concept. È innegabile che il trust (la "fiducia", volendo tradurre il termine in italiano) sia un "concetto". Con questa affermazione - indubbiamente corretta, sul piano lessicale, anche nella nostra lingua - una voce autorevole nel campo del diritto internazionale del trust mette a dura prova le nostre capacità di poter inquadrare questo istituto giuridico, originario dei paesi di common law, utilizzando i classici canoni applicativi delle convenzioni bilaterali per evitare le doppie imposizioni. Come si arriva all'apodittica affermazione precedente? Per la tradizione giurisprudenziale anglo-sassone il trust non si può definire, può solo essere descritto. In effetti, sotto lo stesso nomen juris si celano complessi rapporti giuridici e strutture multiformi, che rispondono ad esigenze spesso molto lontane. Se le cose stanno effettivamente in questi termini, com’è possibile riuscire ad applicare una convenzione fiscale a un “concetto”? Inoltre, tale concetto è
sufficientemente uniforme da immaginare che le convenzioni fiscali possano trovarvi applicazione in tutte le sue varianti? Senza contare il fatto che il trust ha un’altra peculiarità che può rendere particolarmente problematico inquadrarlo nei canoni delle convenzioni bilaterali: la sua natura (almeno) trilaterale.

Данная брошюра открывает серию научно-методических изданий
“Академия сравнительного правоведения”. Цель серии — оживить
научную дискуссию по наиболее сложным и актуальным вопросам
сравнительного правоведения, способствовать усовершенствованию
преподавания сравнительно-правовых дисциплин в высших юридиче-
ских учебных заведениях.
Михаил Николаевич Марченко — доктор юридических наук, про-
фессор, Заслуженный деятель науки Российской Федерации, профессор
Московского государственного университета им. М.В. Ломоносова,
один из ведущих компаративистов России, автор учебников “Курс срав-
нительного правоведения”, “Источники права” и др. Открытая лекция
М.Н. Марченко представлена на втором международном научном семи-
наре “Сравнительное правоведение: современное состояние и перспек-
тивы развития” в г. Симферополе 25–29 апреля 2007 г.

The paper discusses the history of the English law doctrine according to which the mistake of law (error iuris) is a bar for restitution. The author seeks to analyze the premises of mistake that led to recovery of the payment. Since the adjudication of the leading case Bilbie v. Lumley (1802) it was settled by the courts that he who had paid while operating under mistake of fact could demand restitution. On the other hand the one who acted under mistake of law could not. Over the last two centuries, until the ground-breaking decision in Kleinwort Benson Ltd v. Lincoln City Council (1999), the distinction into mistake of law and mistake of fact was very important in cases of undue payment. The author ventures whether there are any foundations for the promotion of the thesis that the aforementioned distinction might be an example of the reception of continental doctrines by the English legal system.