Zoning

В статье авторы поставили задачу рассмотреть проблематику современного состояния системы зонирования территорий, его связь и место в системе управления земельными ресурсами.

Бибилиоссылка: Комаров, С.И. Современное состояние системы зонирования территорий в Российской Федерации и его место в системе управления земельными ресурсами [Текст] / С.И. Комаров, Д.В.Антропов // Современные проблемы управления проектами в инвестиционно-строительной сфере и природопользовании: материалы VIII международной научно-практической конференции кафедры управления проектами и программами, 11-15 апреля 2018/под.ред. В.И.Ресина. - М.: ФГБОУ ВО «РЭУ им. Г,В. Плеханова», 2018.-380 с.- С.171-176

Provides detailed coverage of zoning and planning with case law, including constitutional and statutory limitations on government zoning and planning powers, remedies for wrongful land use regulation, rezoning issues, and subdivision restrictions. Discusses tort actions and governmental immunities, especially beneficial in litigation, and provides extensive footnoting for state-specific referencing. Examines evolving issues such as: floodplain and wetlands regulation, growth management, regulation of hazardous wastes, historic preservation laws, variances, building permits, housing laws, restrictions on manufactured housing, private covenants, regulation of adult entertainment businesses, and regulation of religious land use. Provides procedural information, detailed index, and Table of Cases. With Dwight Merriam.

Статья посвящена вопросам анализа методов проведения кластерного зонирования территория региона для целей управления земельными ресурсами. Авторы проанализировали имеющийся массив литературных источников по теме и сделали вывод о незначительном внимании, которое уделяется непосредственно методам зонирования. Целью статьи является исследование раз-личных методов кластерного зонирования региона (кластеризации административных образований, входящих в субъект Федерации) для целей информационного обеспечения процесса стратегического управления земельными и природными ресурсами региона. Для достижения указанной цели было дано определение кластерного зонирования для целей управления земельными ресурсами, проанализированы методы древовидной модели, зонирования с помощью интегрального показателя и зонирования по показателю эффективности, позволяющие разделить провести кластерное зонирование муниципальных образований региона. С помощью указанных методов проведено зонирование территории Новгородской области. По результатам исследования сделаны выводы, что различные методы зонирования в 80 % дали схожие между собой результаты, но различия в основе каждого из трех рассматриваемых методов позволяют выработать рекомендации по их применению, исходя из целей зонирования. Например, метод древовидной модели наиболее целесообразно применять при наличии комплекса показателей, оказывающих одинаковое влияние на управление земельными ресурсами. Метод комплексного зонирования разумнее всего применять в случаях, когда значимость факторов, влияющих на систему управления земельными ресурсами, сильно различается. Метод зонирования по критерию экономической эффективности разделяет муниципальные образования по одному, но ключевому для системы управления земельными ресурсами показателю. Широкие возможности открываются для использования результатов кластерного зонирования в системе стратегического планирования использования земельных ресурсов на региональных и муниципальных уровнях, т. к. в результате применения кластерного зонирования образуются группы муниципальных образований, однородных по показателям, влияющим на использование земельных ресурсов, или однородных по качеству управления ими.

The article focuses on methods of land management cluster zoning analysis. The authors have analyzed a lot of articles and books about zoning and concluded that there was insufficient attention to zoning methods. The article goal is to study different methods of cluster zoning (clustering of the municipal districts of a Russian region) for purposes of land management information support. The authors have defined the concept of “land management cluster zoning”, have analyzed the tree model method, the integrated zoning method and zoning based on the criterion of the efficiency of land management. These methods allow for cluster zoning of municipal districts. These methods have been tested using data from Novgorod Region. Based on the results of the study the authors have concluded that various zoning methods have yielded
results close to 80%, but the choice of method should take into account the zoning purposes. For
example, the tree model method is the most suitable one in the case of zoning based on indicators that have identical impact on land management. The method of integrated zoning is the most appropriate for application in the case of indications having different impact on land management. Zoning based on the criterion of land management efficiency separates municipal districts by one indicator. But this indicator is the key one.

Комаров, С.И. Методы кластерного зонирования территории региона для целей управления земельными ресурсами [Текст] : / С.И. Комаров, Д.В. Антропов // Вестник УрФУ. Серия экономика и управление. - 2017. - № 1. - с. 66-85

The Municipality of Lingayen being the capital town of the Province of Pangasinan is an
attractive site not only because of its rich history but the present tourism and trading condition that makes
it more welcoming. As the municipality becomes a better place to live and to invest, increase of population
is an inevitable phenomenon that needs legislative and administrative measures in order to have less
negative consequences in the future. The Municipal Zoning Ordinance and the Comprehensive Land Use
Plan are the two important documents in this research. These are guides in the construction of survey
instrument. This research looked into the provisions that make concerned local offices responsible in
implementing and monitoring the priority projects. It was conducted in the Municipality of Lingayen from
January to April 2014. It found out that all the provisions stated in the Municipal Zoning Ordinance were
observed and the priority projects of the municipality are in on-going status. It is recommended that there
should be monitoring and assessment activities to be done in order to remind those in-charge of the projects
to finish them according to plan. Also, partnership with private enterprises and other local government
units should be strengthened in order to implement the priority projects

С 2017 года в процессе Государственной кадастровой оценки произошли значительные изменения. Основанием для них стало принятия в прошлом июле Федерального закона № 237-ФЗ «О государственной када-
стровой оценке». Этот закон стал специальным правовым актом, детально регулирует процедуру оценки, начиная от подготовки к ее проведению и до внесения результатов определения кадастровой оценки в Единый
государственный реестр недвижимости.
Кроме главных нововведений – образования государственных бюджетных учреждений, фактическом выведении кадастровой оценки в отдельный вид, удлинении сроков проведения ГКО – отдельного внимания заслуживает возвращение в законодательное поле понятия «оценочное зонирование».

Автореферат на защитена дисертация в научно направление 3.9 „Туризъм”. Целта на докторската й теза  е анализ и оценка на ресурсния потенциал за устойчиво развитие на туризма в община Ботевград. Обект  на изследване  е туристическият потенциал на община Ботевград. Предмет на изследване са проучването, анализът и оценката на туристическия потенциал (туристически ресурси/ атракции, човешки ресурси, материална база, административен капацитет). Защитаваната изследователска теза  е, че постигането на устойчиво развитие на туристическа дестинация на местно ниво е възможно само при системно използване и прилагане на критериите и показателите за анализ и оценка на туристическия потенциал, ясно дефиниране и следване на стратегическите цели и приоритети за устойчивото развитие за развитие на туристическа дестинация Ботевград.
 
За повече информация:  http://ibsedu.bg/bg/page/156-PhD

Este trabajo es parte de la Guía de Ordenamiento Territorial en espacios rurales ISBN 978-9968-809-97-9. ProDUS-DEMUCA
El Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial define la mejor manera
en la cual se pueden utilizar los recursos de una zona determinada,
pero para llegar a esto se requiere de un proceso de
gestión que procure desde el inicio la búsqueda de un desarrollo
que optimice el uso del suelo, contribuya a disminuir la
desigualdad y proteja los recursos naturales.

Tourism destinations are generally delimited on the basis of the different administrative boundaries of the territory involved, whether at local, regional, national or international level. However, these are probably not the most suitable for the destination's management purposes and interests. We wonder whether the actual tourist activity (as consumers, transient population or other criteria) corresponds to the space bounded by administrative limits. It is probably a better effective solution to delimit destinations from the perspective of its management and planning. This study challenges the conventional way of delimiting tourism destinations, mainly based on administrative boundaries. The research introduces a spatial analysis model which points to an alternative territorialisation of destinations, arguably more useful for management purposes. In this sense it represents a methodological exercise (based on a combination of methods such as spatial clustering) which frames the formal geography of destination areas in the actual spatial patterns of consumption defined by tourists' activity. It is argued that the definition of new administrative areas based on such criteria will reflect more closely the needs of tourists, defined by the spatial relation between attractions and accommodation hubs.

At the heart of this proof of evidence is an evaluation of the regeneration
benefits and disbenefits of the First Development Site (FDS) proposals for the Compulsory Purchase Order (CPO) Land. In my evidence I will describe, explain and analyse how the FDS proposals are likely to impact on the Aylesbury Estate and contribute to the well-being of Estate residents in Sites 1b and 1c, in the interests of the residents and in the wider public interest. In order to do this I will provide an explanation and discussion of four complex concepts: ‘gentrification’, ‘community’, ‘regeneration' and ‘mixed communities’. I argue that the objectors favour the status quo and the Council and its partner Notting Hill Housing Trust favour change through estate regeneration. Each strategy, whether it be the status quo or change, brings benefits and disbenefits. So a major issue for this Public Inquiry is, what is the range of benefits and disbenefits and on whom do these benefits and disbenefits fall in the short, medium and long-term. Karl Marx said famously that all that is solid melts into air. By this he meant that under conditions of capitalism, changes especially in things we regard as permanent, are inevitable and relentless. However, for the Aylesbury Estate, do nothing is not a viable option.

Planning law is considered as a newly emerging legal field all over the world and with broadest definition, means body of law regulating development of lands which are subject to construction and settlement within the frame of a particular plan (a development plan). Thus, determination of how the other countries and cultures evaluate and regulate the fundamental principles of planning law is important. In this study, how the fundamental principles of planning law are understood and applied in the United States of America, France, Germany and England are analyzed and compared with principles dominating planning law in Turkey.

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İmar hukuku, tüm dünyada yeni gelişen bir hukuk dalı olarak ele alın-makta ve en geniş tanımıyla, yapılaşmaya ve yerleşmeye konu olan yer-lerin belirli bir plan (imar planları) çerçevesinde bayındır hale gelmesini düzenleyen hukukun bütününü ifade etmektedir. Bu nedenle de, imar hukukuna hâkim olan temel ilkelerin farklı ülke ve kültürlerde ne şekilde değerlendirildiği ve düzenlendiğinin tespiti de önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmada imar hukukuna hâkim olan ana ilkelerin Amerika Birleşik Dev-letleri, Fransa, Almanya ve İngiltere'de nasıl anlaşıldığı ve uygulandığı incelenmiş ve Türkiye'de imar hukukuna hâkim olan ilkeler ile karşılaş-tırması yapılmıştır.

Homebuyers – predominantly ethnic minorities members – in the US are currently entering into predatory agreements that combine all the responsibilities of homeownership with all the disadvantages of renting, while offering the benefits of the neither. Especially during the aftermath of 2008 subprime mortgage crisis, the lack of equal access to credit for homeownership led many people to buy houses “on contract”. This research aims to demonstrate that these contracts, which represents the US homeownership informal market, increases spatial injustices (and ghettoization), and therefore undermines the goals of sustainable urban development. To do so, the paper analyzes the phenomenon in an historical perspective and attempts to show the existing link between current predatory practices and Redlining. The inquiry also suggests the urgency of a holistic approach to sustainable urban development.

The article conducts research on the use of groundwater resources in regions with
intensive human activities. In consequence of the increase human impact on the
environment in many regions of the Russian Federation has now significantly reduced
water resources and pollution of natural waters has increased, which is associated
with the transformation of natural conditions in result of intensive human activity. The
main source of urban and agricultural water supply are groundwater, the increase in
the selection of which for economic needs in the present can lead to the depletion of
the resources of major aquifer. In some places, there is also deterioration in the
quality of groundwater in as a result of their pollution, which is associated with poor
geological protection of these waters from surface contamination and a significant
amount of poorly cleaned industrial and municipal wastewater discharged into the
local hydrographic network

Предмет. Большинство регионов Российской Федерации обладают значительной территориальной протяженностью, различными климатическими и природными условиями. Муниципальные образования отличаются обеспеченностью и эффективностью управления земельными ресурсами, являющимися одними из главных поставщиков доходов в бюджет. Предметом настоящей публикации является процесс зонирования территории субъекта
Федерации для целей повышения эффективности управления земельными ресурсами.
Цели. Определение методики комплексного зонирования территории региона Российской Федерации в целях управления земельными ресурсами.
Методология. В работе используется метод кластерного анализа на основе интегрального критерия, отражающего различия муниципальных образований региона по природным, экономическим и управленческим характеристикам.
Результаты. Предлагаемая методика апробирована на материалах Новгородской и Ивановской областей. Приведены картограммы полученных результатов и даны рекомендации по совершенствованию управления земельными ресурсами в каждой из полученных зон.
Выводы. Зонирование в настоящее время является одним из самых оптимальных решений для качественного анализа систем управления земельными ресурсами и их оценки. Оно позволяет выявить положительные и отрицательные характеристики для каждого конкретного объекта. На их основе необходимо разрабатывать и применять мероприятия, направленные на повышение качества управления земельными ресурсами. Это повлечет за собой не только совершенствование всей системы управления, но и увеличение прибыли в бюджет, доверие граждан. При этом земельные ресурсы будут использоваться более рационально и эффективно, а регионы будут стремительно развиваться.

Importance Most regions of the Russian Federation occupy considerable geographical areas, have
different climatic and natural conditions. Municipalities run significant land resources and
demonstrate their effective management, being one of the principal taxpayers. This publication
concentrates upon the zoning of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation for enhancing the
effectiveness of land resource management.
Objectives The research determines methods for comprehensive zoning of a region of the Russian
Federation for land resource management purposes.
Methods We used a cluster analysis method on the basis of the integral criterion that reflected
differences of the region's municipalities in terms of natural, economic and administrative aspects.
Results The proposed methods were tested on the basis of materials on the Novgorod and Ivanovo
oblasts. The article presents cartograms of the results and provides recommendations for improving
land resource management in each area. Conclusions and Relevance Currently, zoning is one of the most appropriate solutions to properly
analyze and evaluate systems of land resource management. Zoning helps identify positive and
negative aspects of each area in particular. Those aspects are important to arrange and effectuate
activities so to improve land resource management quality. It will entail not only the improvement of
the entire management system, but also increase budgetary revenue, and public confidence. Land
resources will be used more reasonably and effectively, with regions rapidly growing.

Комаров, С.И. Интегральный подход к зонированию территории региона для целей управления земельными ресурсами [Текст] : / С.И. Комаров, Е.Б. Савельева, Т.О. Полякова. // Региональная экономика: теория и практика. – 2016. - № 10. – с. 190-202

Eco-environmental change prediction models are important decision tools for policy makers, as they help to quantify environmental sensitivity and to understand the relationship between human activities and environmental quality. Thus, this paper aims to analyze eco-environmental changes in Monteiro County, a semi-arid zone within northeastern Brazil between 1987 and 2010, by means of satellite images, geographic information system and global positioning system techniques, topographic map, climatic data and soil maps, as well as field survey. The resulting outputs were evaluated for their ability to accurately predict the most sensitive and least sensitive areas. The results showed that land cover changes have modified the environment in general and the land degradation and low soil loss processes were identified. The mean soil loss decreased from 9.67 t ha −¹ yr −¹ in 1987 to 2.67 t ha −¹ yr −¹ in 2010, as an effect of vegetation gain and particularly the conversion of thousands of square kilometers of Tropophile caatinga middle slope and barren land into Tropophile caatinga plain and Tropophile caatinga high strand. Thus, this study provides insight on territorial ordering and management of environmental services with a regional perspective. ABSTRACT

This op-ed uses the case study of a mixed-use rezoning in Elmhurst, Queens to demonstrate a common dynamic in New York City planning politics: rezoning as ransom. Whether it comes from a developer or a city agency, working class communities of color are commonly threatened with terrible as-of-right developments as a way to coerce them into accepting equally terrible rezonings. Despite the mayor's and the real estate industry's claims, there are alternatives, and groups like Queens Neighborhoods United are fighting for them.

The Alpenplan (AP) was implemented as an area-wide zoning tool for the Bavarian Alps in 1972. The AP regulates transport infrastructure and leads tourism development towards stronger sustainability. Its top-down approach is based on the rational, technocratic planning paradigm of the 1970s unlike today’s governance approaches which are mostly footed on bottom-up concepts. As the empirical results show the AP prevented the Bavarian Alps from an overdevelopment of tourism infrastructure and provided important improvements for nature protection – without restricting tourism, its economic impact or recreational function. The AP today faces another problem: It is not suitable for solving issues arising from the post-Fordist recreational demand which leads to a stronger differentiation and individualization of outdoor recreation activities.

El propósito de este trabajo es describir la metodología empleada en la zonificación de la susceptibilidad a los procesos de remoción en masa en cuencas del estado Vargas. La metodología consistió en: elaboración de mapas digitales temáticos; tratamiento estadístico univariado para determinar la susceptibilidad específica de cada variable; procesamiento geo-estadístico para determinar cuantitativamente la relación de cada unidad de parámetro con respecto a los procesos de remoción en masa; elaboración del algoritmo de mapa para realizar el cruce de capas; y tratamiento estadístico multivariado para obtener el mapa de susceptibilidad final. Este procedimiento se ejecutó de manera experimental en la cuenca de la quebrada Curucutí, y como muestra piloto en las de las quebradas Piedra Azul, San Julián, San José de Galipán y Cerro Grande. En todos los casos los mayores pesos en orden decreciente lo obtuvieron las variables geología de superficie, geomorfología, pendiente del terreno y conflicto de uso.

Las temáticas relacionadas con el agua y el ambiente están integradas y en cada reunión que congrega a expertos y académicos se obtienen nuevas formas de análisis y propuestas variadas para el planteamiento de posibles soluciones en la gestión del recurso hídrico. Los escenarios de cambio climático que incluyan a las comunidades y, en ese sentido, que pueden manifestarse con mayor rigor en las zonas perimetrales donde las afectaciones a la salud, por cuestiones ambientales, se consideran en su punto más alto. Cuando se incluyen a las comunidades vulnerables en la búsqueda de soluciones a la contaminación de aguas servidas, se logran nuevas aplicaciones de las llamadas tecnologías limpias, que permiten minimizar el impacto producido por las actividades domésticas y que además pueden aplicarse a los procesos industriales. El papel de la academia y el de las instituciones públicas y privadas que se propone en la Catedra del agua de la Universidad Francisco José de Caldas está dirigido a la generación de conceptos claros que le permitan entender los procesos complejos al tomador de decisiones, para generar acciones concretas que busquen la solución de los problemas actuales, lo cual genera nuevas rutas al desarrollo socioambiental y una visión proteccionista y respetuosa del medio ambiente. Agua y ambiente Experiencias y reflexiones frente al desarrollo sostenible y sustentable Yolima del Carmen Agualimpia Dualiby Compiladora 97 89587 870381

Resumo: o artigo busca revisitar a criação do zoneamento, em 1891, em Frankfurt. Tentando evitar o dogmatismo que cerca a discussão jurídica sobre a norma, o texto busca trazer elementos para uma compreensão do instrumento limitador do uso e ocupação do solo sob um espectro mais amplo. Analisando tanto o contexto alemão do final do século XIX quanto as demais ações urbanísticas do município, o artigo busca também compreender o zoneamento como parte integrante de uma política pública de regulação do espaço, que tinha como principais elementos a preservação da expansão industrial e a salvaguarda dos interesses de proprietários de imóveis, removendo a classe trabalhadora para áreas afastadas do centro urbano. Nascido sob a égide da exclusão espacial, o zoneamento frankfurtiano se prestará a preservar a acumulação de excedente econômico tanto do setor industrial quanto do processo de produção da cidade.

This paper aims to revisit Frankfurt‟s creation of urban zoning, back in 1891.Trying to avoid the dogmatism that surrounds the juridical discussion of the zoning law, the text intend to bring elements that allows a boarder analysis of the instrument. Analyzing the German context of the end of the 19th Century as well as the other urban policies taken by Frankfurt-am-Maim Administration, the article also aims comprehend zoning as a part of a public policy of the urban spatial regulation. Having as main elements the preservation of German‟s industrial expansion and the  safeguard for the realty owners of the city, this paper tries to demonstrate that zoning was born under the sign of the spatial exclusion. Moreover, zoning will help to preserve the surplus accumulation both of the industrial sector as the real estate market.

RESUMEN: La ordenación autonómica, territorial o urbanística, se ha visto históricamente condicionada por la responsabilidad patrimonial, que ha operado como freno en la de protección de espacios tan sensibles como el litoral. El ejemplo en Cataluña de los llamados planes directores urbanísticos del sistema costero nos sirve para ilustrar, a través de la jurisprudencia, los supuestos en que puede operar la responsabilidad patrimonial ante modificaciones de planeamiento de escala supramunicipal. El artículo apunta, finalmente, posibles soluciones para avanzar en la ordenación supramunicipal evitando el riesgo indemnizatorio.

ABSTRACT: The regional, territorial or urban planning, has been historically conditioned by the public authority liability, which has has operated as a brake to protect sensitive areas such as the coast. The example in Catalonia called plans of the coastal system serves to illustrate, through case law, how the liability can operate in the changes of regional planning. The article finally suggests possible solutions on how to avoid the liability.

Instead of a common good, urban land is a place for territorial, economic and even ideological dispute. Studying the reconstruction of Chillán after the 1939’s earthquake –a naturally
caused tabula rasa that offered the perfect opportunity for introducing modern urbanism– this text delves into the frictions between the possibilities of city planning and the safeguard of land ownership.

Serão abordadas as seguintes questões: a noção de Inteligência Territorial; a ideia de organização, ordenamento e gestão do território, que são utilizados frequentemente como sinônimos, mas que não possuem o mesmo sentido; o instrumento ZEE, considerando seus aspectos ambientais e institucionais; a relação entre vulnerabilidade natural e potencialidade social, que dá substrato à metodologia desenvolvida pelo LAGET para o zoneamento da Amazônia Legal; e, finalmente, dois avanços metodológicos mais recentes: a
Avaliação de Impactos Territoriais, que os europeus denominam pela sigla em inglês de TIA (Territorial Impact Assessment) e a Prospectiva Territorial.

Mayor Bill de Blasio's housing and zoning plan is being sold as the best we can do with the tools that we have. It is not. Instead, it puts to work the most lucrative and least effective tools available, and locks the city into repeated cycles of gentrification and displacement.

UDK 631.164(497.115) The soil is an important non-renewable resource that is vital to human life. It supports terrestrial ecosystems such as biodiversity, fresh air and water, food security, cultural heritage and the built environment, representing a natural and an economical asset of a country. Appropriate scientific information is crucial for sustainable soil management by local, national and regional governing institutions. Productive land is a critical resource for food and biomass production. In a broader sense land resources, management is the implementation of land use planning, as agreed between and with the direct participation of stakeholders. It is achieved through political decisions; legal, administrative and institutional execution; demarcation on the ground; inspection and control of adherence to the decisions; solving of land tenure issues; settling of water rights; issuing of concessions for plant and animal extraction (timber, fuel wood, charcoal and peat, non-wood...

The objective of this study is to integrate geographic information system and bivariate frequency ratio method for the mapping of flowing well zones in the west and southwest parts of the Euphrates river basin of Iraq. Ten groundwater conditioning factors are identified as controlling factors of groundwater movement based on data availability, literature review, and expert’s opinions. The spatial association between flowing well locations and groundwater controlling factors is investigated by means of a probabilistic frequency ratio approach. Seventy percent or 148 wells from an inventory of 211 flowing wells in the study area are randomly selected for training, and the remaining 30 or 63% wells are used for validation of the probabilistic frequency ratio model. The estimated probabilistic ratio values are overlaid and summed to produce the groundwater potential index map. The results reveal that groundwater potential in 128,547 km2 or 84% of the total area is very low to low. The moderate potential zone covers an area of about 11,210 km2 or 7%, while the high and very high potential zones are found in an area of 12,982 km2 or 9% of the study area. Validation of obtaining results by means of a receiver operating characteristic technique reveals that the predictive accuracy of 94% indicating the excellent performance of the proposed approach for spatial zoning of groundwater flowing well boundary at Iraqi desert.

The different environmental features of the Central Iranian Plateau and the Central Zagros region, including the type of access to hydrological resources adjacent to the climatically high pressure regions, such as desert lands and mountainous locations, and the communication constraints are characteristics that throughout the millennia shaped the cultures of these areas. It seems that according to the recent archaeological discoveries and the natural and geographical features' effects on determination of cultural zones, the revision of archaeological divisions of the central plateau and Zagros is an obvious and essential issue. In the past, the definition of the Central Plateau mainly included the plains of Kashan, Qom and Saveh, Qazvin, Tehran, and the margins of Kavir desert, but did not mention Kurdistan and Hamedan at all. Also, in the Central Zagros area, never mentioned any sites beyond Asadabad and Nahavand. Thus, the role of these regions in the course of cultural transformation, like a blind spot, has always been neglected and archaeologists never considered important places in the areas located between the central plateau and central Zagros, until now. Whereas, geographical divisions, despite the differences between the views of some geographers, emphasize the geomorphologic distinctions of these regions against the Central Plateau and Zagros. Thus, by a review of the factors such as geographical features, catchment areas, quality of communication routes, and the distributional coherence of some cultural materials, especially pottery, the necessity of defining an independent identity for the "Near west" of central Iran, which corresponds to the geological zone of the Sanandaj-Hamedan, distinct from the Central Zagros and the Central Plateau zone, will simply be accepted.

RESUMO: O Zoneamento, como instrumento de ocupação do solo na Cidade de São Paulo, não tem discutido a Forma Urbana desde sua criação. Três momentos distintos marcaram a revisão destes instrumentos e foram responsáveis pela paisagem urbana atual: Lei Geral de Zoneamento de 1972, Plano Diretor Estratégico 2002 / Lei de Parcelamento, Uso e Ocupação do Solo 2004 e Plano Diretor Estratégico 2014 / Lei de Parcelamento, Uso e Ocupação do Solo 2016. Cada uma desses conjuntos de leis gerou Formas Urbanas específicas de acordo com suas disposições legais e construtivas. É dentro deste campo que este artigo pretende estabelecer o seu foco: da quadra com baixa densidade característica dos bairros fora do centro da cidade, passando pelas alterações geradas pelos zoneamentos paulistanos anteriores, que construíram uma nova paisagem e finalizando com os instrumentos urbanos inovadores propostos pela legislação vigente. A análise consistirá em construir um comparativo em uma quadra hipotética em bairro existente consolidado, que passou pelas alterações formais destes períodos, simulando as formas previstas pelos instrumentos de cada uma das leis em questão. Os referenciais a serem utilizados serão da Forma Urbana proposta e a vitalidade urbana resultante segundo teorias do urbanismo moderno.
ABSTRACT: Zoning, as an instrument of land occupation in the City of São Paulo, has not discussed the Urban Form since its inception. Three distinct moments marked the revision of these instruments and were responsible for the current urban landscape: General Zoning Law from 1972, Strategic Master Plan 2002 / Installment Law, Use and Occupancy Law 2004 and Strategic Master Plan 2014 / Installment Law, Use and Soil Occupation 2016. Each of these sets of laws generated specific Urban Forms according to their legal and constructive disposition. It is within this field that this article intends to establish its focus: from the low-density square, aspect of neighborhoods outside the city center, going through modifications generated by previous São Paulo zoning, which composed a new landscape, and ending with the innovative urban instruments suggested by the current legislation. The analysis will consist of constructing a comparison in a hypothetical square within an existing well-established neighborhood, which went through the formal adjustments of these periods, simulating the forms anticipated by the instruments of each of the laws in question. The benchmarks to be used will be the proposed Urban Form and the resulting urban vitality according to theories of modern urbanism.

Britain’s wartime reconstruction plans are considered rightly to be a key milestone in the development of British planning. While some have received a good deal of academic attention others, such as Manchester’s 1945 Plan have been largely overlooked despite receiving high praise at the time as a ‘stupendous feat’. The research here is informed by Henri Lefebvre’s theories regarding the nature of urban space in which a historical perspective is seen as paramount for understanding issues of urban planning and redevelopment.  Archival sources form the principal basis for the empirical research. The paper argues for the importance of placing the Plan in the context of the 20th century modernist planning discourse. A comprehensive, rigorous analysis of the Plan’s production, reception and implementation is presented. The implications for the city generally and the Castlefield area are explored in detail. Through critical investigation the Plan is revealed to have been constituted in part by an influential collection of visual and textual representations of city space. These representations left complex and at times surprising positive and negative legacies. The Plan is seen to have stimulated a notable physical reconfiguration and inhibited the shift to a post industrial reimagining of the city.

Competing risks survival analysis is used to investigate tax and zoning policy impacts on residential, commercial, and industrial development timing in a rapidly growing Midwestern county. Industrial development appears both to precede and occur concurrently with residential development, while commercial development follows other types. Although residences appear to locate away from industrial land, zoning decisions favoring industry may attract rather than deter residential development within a jurisdiction. Regions with higher infrastructure taxes experience development later. Because school taxes fund local public goods important to homeowners, they have little influence on residential timing, but strong influences on industrial and commercial timing.

Script Identification is one of the challenging step in the Optical Character Recognition system for multi-script documents. In Indian and Non-Indian context some results have been reported, but research in this field is still emerging. This paper presents a research work in the identification of Gurmukhi and English scripts at word level. It also identifies English Numerals from Gurmukhi text. Gabor feature extraction is one of most popular method for script recognition. This paper presents a zone based gabor feature extraction technique. The given word image after normalization is divided into different zones of different sizes and then features from each of these zones are extracted in various directions using gabor filters. Script is then determined by using SVM classifier. The experimental tests carried out in the field of Gurmukhi and English Script recognition show that the proposed technique leads to improvement over the traditional Gabor feature extraction without zoning. I...

This study presents a proposal of ecological-economic zoning using the hydrographic basin of the Una River, Ibiúna, São Paulo, as a study area to subsidize the application of zoning as a management tool for water resources in the context of integrated environmental analysis. The zoning comprised four stages: delimitation of morphometric, physical, biotic, and socioeconomic parameters; definition of the environmental scenario; determination of management zones; and characterization of zones and definition of objectives, conflicts, permitted uses, potential, management actions, and legislation. The results indicate that the basin has 96 km2, with an irregular and elongated shape, an average altitude of 937 meters, a maximum elevation of 1,175 meters, and a strongly undulating relief. Temporary agriculture (36.33%), dense rain forest (37.05%), and oxisol or Argisols predominate in the area. The socioenvironmental characteristics indicate that the sanitation rate of households, residents, and environment were higher in the urban area. About 86% of the population living in the basin are literate, while the percentage of access to the water and sewage system in the rural area is precarious. The EEZ comprised eight management zones, the main ones being agricultural and conservation zones, considered satisfactory and efficient for environmental management and favoring coordination and replication in similar areas.

In this study, the arsenic polution of drinking water wells of rural areas was investigated for obtaining the extent of this pollution and also finding the possible sources for this pollution. So, the distribution of arsenic in 19 wells with different depth from 5 to 100 m and water flows were examined in a 6-month period from September 2016 to February 2017. These samples were compared with the international standards. Effects of well depth, water flow, rainfall, soil and land usage on the arsenic concentration were evaluated. The results show that places with the inceptisols have higher water pollution. The highest and lowest arsenic concentrations are reported in Daryache and Hokerd villages with 153 and 0.5 μg L-1 , respectively. In addition, matching the geographical map of water pollution with the land use map by hot spots analysis indicated that more polluted water wells have been located around the agricultural land. The results also indicated that the accuracy of the RBF method for obtaining the zoning arsenic concentration is higher than the other methods. The results of Pearson's correlation test indicated that there is no significant relationship among the depths, flows and rainfalls of wells and the arsenic concentration.

La propuesta del Ministerio de Vivienda busca crear un instrumento de financiamiento para costear servicios y equipamientos de las ciudades, gravando las Plusvalías Urbanas. Es decir, mediante esta regulación urbana se busca captar una mayor contribución de aquellos propietarios de aquellos inmuebles que se benefician con un incremento en su valor producto de las actuaciones o intervenciones urbanísticas diferentes a la inversión directa el propietario.